Stress deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities

The results of an extensive literature survey on the stress deformation properties of rock materials and rock discontinuities are summarized. The results show that: (1) for rock tested under uniaxial conditions, the range of modulus is from about 1 to 100 GN/m², and the Poisson's ratio range is from 0.02 to 0.73 (0.46 if dilatant values are excluded) with an average value of 0.20; (2) for rock tested under triaxial conditions, the effects of nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock modulus are minor with hard, crystalline or homogeneous rock of low porosity, but are significant in porous, clastic or closely jointed rock; (3) anisotropy of the rock modulus is demonstrated mainly by variations in the modulus number or initial stiffness, while the nonlinearity and stress-dependency parameters are fairly constant with sample orientation; (4) nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock Poisson's ratio may be significant depending upon the magnitude of stress changes imposed, with the nonlinearity being more significant; and (5) limited data on rock discontinuities indicate that nonlinearity and stress-dependency effects may be quite large.     

大望海寨岩体岩石化学特征及岩石类型划分

大望海寨岩体位于营口—宽甸台拱与下辽河断陷连接带的东侧,侵位于燕山旋回晚期,其岩石地球化学特征与钙碱性花岗岩十分相似,通过花岗岩类自然矿物岩石化学换算法证明其应归于二长花岗岩类,其主要岩石类型应为斑状含黑云二长花岗岩和淡色二长花岗岩。其成岩物质主要由上地幔衍生出的岩浆与下地壳部分熔融所产生的岩浆同熔而成。成因类型属I型同熔花岗岩类。     

岩石风化与岩石化学成分的变化研究

研究岩石风化过程中岩石化学成分的变化规律,对于进一步研究岩石的风化机理以及岩石的物理力学性质变化过程有着十分重要的意义.本文通过对湘西地区陡山沱组黑色岩石不同风化程度的化学成分分析研究表明,岩石中的化学成分将随风化的进行而不断发生变化,在一定程度上反映了陡山沱组黑色岩石风化过程中其化学成分的变化趋势.     

岩体基本参数对岩质边坡变形的影响

文章利用有限差分程序FLAC,定量化讨论了边坡岩体(软岩)的变形模量、泊松比、密度、粘聚力、内摩擦角、边坡高度等参数对软岩边坡变形的影响。研究表明,边坡位移随变形模量E的增大而减小;泊松比μ的增加,则会引起x方向的位移的增加,y方向的位移减小;而岩体密度对岩石边坡位移的影响甚弱。边坡岩体的粘聚力c对边坡变形的影响程度与岩体的其他参数间存在很大关系。内摩擦角对边坡位移的影响大小,则取决于粘聚力c的取值。此外,随着边坡高度的增加边坡变形则会随之增加。其中x方向位移变化对边坡高度的变化更为敏感;同样,在边坡岩体其他参数不变的情况下,边坡倾角越大,边坡变形也越大。     

岩石（体）渗透性测试的体变量法研究

渗透性测试试验一般采用直接测渗流量的方法,难以对低渗透岩有效测定流量。利用新开发的高压渗透仪,采用“体变量法”进行渗透性测试,该法是通过精确计量渗透出水端水体积的变化量（最小有效测试精度可达0.03 mL）度量岩石（体）渗流量的大小。保持渗透水压差不变,当出水端水体积变化与时间呈线性关系时,即该时段渗透速度保持不变,则该时段试样渗透特性符合达西定律,可利用达西公式对试样渗透性指标进行分析计算。采用这种方式,即使是针对超低渗透性岩石（渗透系数小于10-9 cm/s）,在整个渗透端面形成以后,某一条件下渗透性测试仅需十几分钟甚至几分钟,大大缩短了测试时间,提高了测试精度。试验证明该方法是一种有效的测试方法。     

Evolution of sedimentary rock formation of a rock association level

The evolution of sedimentary rock formation of a highly organized level (paragenetic rock associations) is more complex than that of a poorly organized level (rocks). Subjacent rock associations are established for the entire geological evolution of the Earth: they varied in time and were obsolescent or, in contrast, nascent and momentary. A certain cyclicity of evolution is identified along with directed changes.     

Soft rock pillars

Summary Soft rock pillars can be designed by several methods available in the mining literature. All of these methods include the effect of shape, or geometry, on the average strength of specimens and pillars. All of the pillar design methods include some measurement of the strength of specimens of the pillar rock. The most common rock specimen strength property measured is the unconfined compressive strength. However, the average strength of triaxially confined rock specimens is much greater than the unconfined specimen strength, which can be more important to pillar strength. The estimation of the strength of a pillar is complicated by the decrease in rock specimen strength with increase in specimen size.Editor's note: In common with North American engineering practise, the paper uses English units throughout, where feasible conversions are included in the text. Where not, the following factors may be used: 1 inch=25.4 mm; 1 ft=0.3048 m; 1 lbf/in.^–2=6.895 kn/m^–2; 1Tonf.=8.896 kN.     

Temperature effect of rock burst for hard rock in deep-buried tunnel

Much research has been conducted on the influence of rock burst mechanisms and temperature on the mechanical properties of hard rock while research on the effect of temperature on rock bursts is scarce. Therefore, this paper focuses on Rock Burst Proneness Index tests and acoustic emission (AE) tests under the action of high temperature. It was found that the Rock Burst Proneness Index and the AE energy will rise as the temperature rises. It means that the degree of rock burst is increasing instead of decreasing with rising temperature. The research results revealed the temperature effect of rock burst in long deep tunnels under a certain thermal stress condition, which is helpful for explaining the rock burst disaster in tunnels at high ground temperature.     

Numerical model for rock bolts with consideration of rock joint movements

Summary The stability of any underground structure during and after excavation is the most important question for designers, because any kind of collapse may destroy large parts of a finished tunnel, causing major repairs and time loss. Preliminary calculations are therefore of great importance. A calculation is only useful, however, when the underlying numerical model correctly describes natural behaviour. The rock bolts used in tunnel excavations are mostly untensioned grouted bolts, and this type of bolt is the main focus of this work. From the model of the grouted bolt, other types of rock bolts can also be modelled by the theory presented herein. Bolt behaviour in intact rock mass is so different from behaviour when a bolt intersects a joint, that a model with two different elements is suggested for a numerical calculation; one element for the bolt in the rock mass and one as a bolt intersecting with a joint.The model for both elements is verified by the experimental results. The numerical results correspond favourably with the experimental work. A variation of the parameters important for the behaviour of the bolt in intersection with the joint is shown. As an implementation of the bolt model, the numerical simulation of excavation and stabilisation of one road tunnel is presented.     

PDC破岩条件下的岩石研磨性评价

岩石的研磨性是钻井过程中钻头的磨损预测及优化的重要因素。为了预测钻遇地层岩石的研磨性,建立了钻井过程中PDC复合片的磨损计算模型,从而得到了岩石研磨性的预测方法。首先,通过复合片与地层之间的受力分析并结合岩石的破碎条件,建立了不同钻压条件下地层对复合片的作用力计算模型。根据石英含量的概率密度分布情况,获得了岩石中参与磨损的颗粒与复合片底部的真实作用力。然后,根据PDC复合片磨损的几何原理,建立了地层对钻头复合片的磨损计算模型。通过室内实验对模型进行修正,分析了岩石各种属性对复合片磨损的影响规律,揭示了各参数影响复合片磨损的主次顺序依次为：弹性模量>石英含量>内摩擦角>表面粗糙度>泊松比>内聚力。基于该磨损模型建立了岩石研磨性评价指标,对制定了岩石研磨性的分级标准具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Sound level produced during rock drilling vis-à-vis rock properties

The process of drilling, in general, always produces sound. Though sound is used as a diagnostic tool in mechanical industry, its application in predicting rock property is not much explored. In this study, an attempt has been made to estimate rock properties such as uniaxial compressive strength, Schmidt rebound number and Young's modulus using sound level produced during rotary drilling. For this purpose, a computer numerical controlled vertical milling centre was used for drilling holes with drill bit diameters ranging from 6 to 20 mm with a shank length of 40 mm. Fourteen different rock types were tested. The study was carried out to develop the empirical relations using multiple regression analysis between sound level produced during drilling and rock properties considering the effects of drill bit diameter, drill bit speed and drill bit penetration rate. The F-test was used to check the validity of the developed models. The measured rock property values and the values calculated from the developed regression model are fairly close, indicating that the developed models could be efficiently used with acceptable accuracy in prediction of rock properties.     

岩石全应力-应变试验与岩爆理论研究

在高应力地区的地下工程中,岩爆现象日益受到重视.由于岩体自身的复杂性,岩爆的理论研究进展缓慢.用岩石刚性伺服试验机开展岩石力学试验,可得到完整的岩石全应力-应变曲线,对于揭示岩石强度、变形特征具有实际的意义,从而成为人们研究岩爆机理的一种首选方法.     

金川超基性岩体可分解为“南岩带”与“北岩带”

金川超基性岩体可分解为"南岩带"与"北岩带"."南岩带"由Ⅱ、Ⅳ号小岩体组成,"北岩带"由Ⅰ、Ⅲ号小岩体组成,南、北岩带分别位于大理岩构造透镜体的南、北两侧.在超基性岩体侵位前,古元古代地层产生了高角闪岩相峰值变质变形,顺大理岩层发育逆冲推覆型韧性剪切滑动系统,形成了变质带倒置的层状变质岩片、构造混合岩、剪切流变褶皱及...     

Estimation of the rock mass deformation modulus using a rock classification system

It is often difficult to directly obtain specific design parameters of interest. In these situations, estimation based on empirical correlations is an alternative. The deformation modulus of a rock mass, which is important to know for engineering projects, is measured by in situ tests, such as plate bearing, flat jack, pressure chamber, borehole jacking and dilatometer tests. Nevertheless, these in situ tests are expensive, time consuming and sometimes even impossible. Many attempts have been made to estimate the E modulus using easy-to-obtain parameters of a rock mass. This paper reviews previous studies and the equations that have been developed. In addition, this study presents a new relation developed using a database of 82 dilatometer test results gathered from two dam sites and a tunnel site. Statistical analyses were performed to correlate accessible rock parameters with measured E modulus values from in situ tests. Knowing that discontinuity characteristics and the strength of rock materials are the most important contributors to rock deformability, the focus was on identifying parameters that are affected by the mentioned properties. Among the tested parameters, RMR (Rock Mass Rating) showed the best correlation with the E modulus. Statistical analyses resulted in a new empirical equation that has an acceptable estimation ability.     

深部软弱岩体置换体对岩质边坡支护效果分析

大岗山水电站右岸边坡位于大渡河断裂和磨西断裂所切割的断块上,地震发生频繁且烈度高,岩体卸荷强烈,构造稳定性差,裂隙发育集中。已有研究成果显示出边坡开挖过程中锚索支护的重要性,也有较多学者对抗剪洞支护的设计进行了较全面的研究。在已有的锚索支护基础上,基于卸荷理论对设计抗剪洞的再次支护效果和和采用拟静力法模拟的抗震效果进行评估,通过不同高程的关键点的位移响应,较系统地论证抗剪洞设置的必要性。通过研究应力的变化发现锚索支护段和抗剪洞支护段之间形成较为明显的拉裂区域。对工程后期监测提出建议。     

Shear resistance of jointed rock masses and stability calculation of rock slopes

Summary Based on an extension to a model originally proposed by Zhang (1990), a method for estimating the shear strength of a jointed rock mass containing two joint sets is developed. Compared to the original method in which only a single en-echelon joint set was considered, the new method has the following advantages: (1) it allows a much more realistic joint pattern to be incorporated; (2) the effects of joint connectivity and intersection angle between joint sets on shear strength are included. Use of the new method is demonstrated by application to the calculation of the stability of slopes in jointed rock. The importance of joint connectivity, joint persistence and joint set intersection angle on slope stability, as predicted by the model, is revealed.     

花山岩画开裂岩体声波测试与分析

阐述了声波测试的方法和过程,通过在岩体中声波的传播速度,建立开裂岩体厚度与劣化程度的数学模型。结果表明,开裂岩体厚度小于30 mm时,强度损失较大;开裂岩体厚度大于30 mm时,强度基本保持不变,为今后花山岩画的保护提供科学可靠的理论依据。     

节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟

在非连续变形分析（DDA）方法中,通过跟踪炮孔扩张和炮孔周边裂隙的发展贯通求得爆腔的即时体积,进而根据爆生压力状态方程计算爆腔即时压力,并将爆生压力载荷作用到主炮孔内壁和贯通裂隙面上,实现了爆生产物作用下节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟。采用DDA方法模拟了节理岩体中的水平柱状炮孔抛掷爆破问题,得到了爆腔的体积扩张和压力衰减时间曲线,模拟很好的再现了岩石爆破过程中的炮孔扩张、岩体破坏、块体抛掷和爆堆形成过程。     

硬岩隧道高压气体膨胀破岩开挖试验

为了解决传统钻爆法在隧道工程中振动大的问题,引入一种新型破岩技术--高压气体膨胀破岩技术。通过在某隧道掌子面采用该技术进行现场试验,获得该技术试验时的振动速度值和试验后的破岩效果,将获得的结果与传统钻爆法得到的相应结果进行对比分析,结果表明,高压气体膨胀破岩技术在施工时产生的振动比钻爆法小,证明了将该技术应用在隧道工程中是可行的,解决了该隧道采用钻爆法施工振动风险大的问题,为类似工程破岩提供了一种新途径。     

基于岩体刚度的顺层岩质滑坡破坏特性研究

应用力学手段研究顺层岩质边坡失稳机理以及顺层岩质边坡稳定与其刚度密切相关在该领域获得了较多研究者认可,力学分析也成为顺层岩质边坡稳定研究的重要手段之一,在顺层岩质边坡刚度对其稳定的影响获得广泛的关注同时,却未能有人专门研究其刚度与其破坏特性之间的关系,为此在总结前人研究成果基础上,采用柔度作为其刚度指标,认为顺层岩质边坡破坏力学模型、破坏形态以及临界长度与其柔度大小密切相关,在其柔度小于临界柔度值时,可简化为杆模型,在其柔度值大于其临界柔度值时,根据其实际坡长,可简化为梁或杆模型,并分析了柔度大小与其破坏特征之间的关系,指出溃屈破坏一般只在特定的情况下发生。