月壤及模拟月壤微观结构的研究

为了对比研究月壤与模拟月壤的微观结构,介绍了月壤的形成作用过程和5种基本颗粒类型;通过真实月壤照片,对月壤微观结构进行了分析;利用火山灰为模拟月壤主体材料,对其成分进行了检测;对模拟月壤的火山灰颗粒进行了显微图像分析试验。结果表明,月壤存在胶结物微观颗粒,胶结物颗粒具有分支的组织形态和封闭的气泡,并且有金属铁珠存在;火山灰所含的主要成分及含量与月壤相似,经过粉碎的火山灰试样棱角较为明显,其纵横比峰值略小,稍显长条状,但与月壤比较相近,而复杂度因子则略有欠缺,说明颗粒还不够粗糙和多棱     

Surface history of lunar soil and soil columns

Measurements of cosmic ray track densities are presented for soil samples from Apollo 15, 16 and 17. Median track densities are used to infer total effective exposure times within ~15 cm of the lunar surface. Minimum track densities are used to derive the time of the last impact-produced rearrangement of soil grains. For samples from near various craters ages are derived of 40 m.y. for St. George, 6 (±3) m.y. for S. Ray, 25–90 m.y. for Plum, and 20–35 m.y. for Shorty. The material of 15003. the Apollo 15 deep core at depths of 120–160 cm, is inferred to have been deposited at an average rate of ≥0.35 cm/m.y. The Apollo 16 core at 41–47 cm depths. 60007, appears to be well mixed and was covered up by deposition at 0.3 cm/m.y. for the next few m.y. after its deposition.     

土钉与土体间的应力传递研究

根据土钉与土体间剪应力-相对位移关系曲线,分析了土钉与土体间荷载传递机理,建立了土钉与土体间应力传递的力学模型。利用截面上的平衡条件,推导了有别于传统假设的作用在土钉上的应力分布及变形表达式,从理论上分析了土钉与土体间的应力传递规律,并结合工程实测数据验证了该模型的合理性。     

非饱和土的性状及膨胀土边坡稳定问题

为探究膨胀土物理力学性质指标对其膨胀变形影响。结合陕西安康地区某膨胀土工程实例,基于大量野外岩土勘察和室内测试数据资料,采用主成分分析法研究了膨胀土的膨胀变形与其物理力学性质指标间相关性及不同指标重要程度,建立了以主要物理力学指标为参数的膨胀土膨胀变形判别公式。影响膨胀土膨胀变形的物理力学指标可划分为反映外界环境的指标(含水率、饱和度、液性指数及含水比)、反映土体构造特征的指标(密度、干密度及孔隙比)、反映土体结构强度特征的指标(压缩系数和内摩擦角)及反映土体组成特征的指标(塑性指数和黏聚力);含水率是影响膨胀土膨胀变形的关键指标,所建立判别公式可为类似地区膨胀土膨胀变形的判别提供参考。     

A simple mathematical model for soil nail and soil interaction analysis

Soil nails have been widely used to stabilize slopes and earth retaining structures in many countries and regions, especially, in Hong Kong. The analysis of the interaction between a soil nail and the surrounding soil is of great interests to both design engineers and researchers. In this paper, authors present a simple mathematical model for the interaction analysis of a soil nail and the surrounding soil considering a few key factors which are soil dilation, bending of the soil nail, vertical pressure, and non-linear subgrade reaction stiffness. The lateral subgrade reaction between the soil and the soil nail is assumed to obey a hyperbolic relation. Reported test data in the literature are used to verify the present model. The contributions of the soil-nail bending on the pull-out resistance are evaluated in two case studies.     

土壤添加物对土-水曲线和土体收缩的影响

为探索不同添加物(小麦秸秆、麦壳和植物油渣)对土壤持水性能和土壤收缩特性的影响,定量掺混3种粉末,采用离心机法测定土-水曲线,并对土壤持水能力和土壤收缩特征进行评价。结果发现:各处理土-水曲线形态无差异,van Genuchten模型可用于此条件土-水曲线拟合;3种添加物均可提高土壤容重和土壤含水率并利于保水,且土壤持水能力表现为油渣 >麦秆 >麦壳 >纯土;随着土壤脱水,土体以轴向收缩为主,三直线模型可用于土壤收缩曲线拟合,土体线缩率与吸力和含水率分别满足对数和Logistic函数关系;土体几何收缩量表现为麦壳 <油渣 <麦秆 <纯土,土壤开裂程度表现为油渣 <麦秆 <麦壳 <纯土。     

Tropical residual soil as compacted soil liners

A series of laboratory tests was conducted on a tropical residual soil, which is widespread and readily available over a considerable part of Peninsular Malaysia, to assess whether it could be compacted as hydraulic barriers in waste disposal landfills. Index properties, swelling potential, cation exchange capacity (CEC), compaction characteristics, and hydraulic conductivity of the soil indicate that it is inorganic, very plastic, inactive (activity <0.75), moderately expansive (modified free swell index is about 3.06), and of fair attenuation capacity (for inorganic contaminants). For hydraulic conductivity measurement, the soil was compacted in rigid-wall permeameter moulds at a variety of water contents and compactive efforts and then permeated with de-aired tap water. The results of hydraulic conductivity tests illustrate that hydraulic conductivity lower than 1×10^–7 cm/s can be achieved using a broad range of water contents and compactive efforts, including water contents dry of optimum. Its shrinkage and strength properties show that it has minimal potential to shrinkage and has adequate strength to support the overburden pressure imposes by the waste body. These findings suggest that the residual soil can be potentially utilized as compacted soil liner material.     

土钉与土体相互作用的仿真试验分析

运用快速拉格朗日元(FLAC3D)数值法,考虑土钉的加固作用及土钉与土体的相互作用,模拟土钉支护施工过程.选择能够反映开挖特点的土的本构关系、开挖支护模拟过程及双弹簧土钉单元,建立数值分析模型.分析了基底、基坑壁土体的变形响应及土钉在开挖、使用阶段的力学响应.结果表明:①开挖引起基坑壁变形,并导致拉伸与剪切破坏;对于拉伸破坏,应使土钉长度超过滑移面;对于剪切破坏,可增大土钉在剪出口位置的密度;②开挖完毕后,各层土钉轴力沿长度方向的分布不均匀,土钉轴力最大值位置可表征潜在滑动面的位置.FLAC3D能够对基坑分步开挖及支护进行模拟,建立的数值模型能够反映土钉支护基坑的真实情况,为基坑土钉支护技术的设计与施工提供指导.     

Influences of overburden pressure and soil dilation on soil nail pull-out resistance

Soil nailing is the most popular technique for stabilizing newly formed and existing sub-standard slopes in Hong Kong because of its economic and technical advantages. The nail–soil interface shear resistance is an important parameter in design of soil nailed structures. A three-dimensional finite element model was established and used for simulating soil nail pull-out tests. The finite element model was verified by comparing simulated results with measured data. The agreement between the experimental and simulated results in terms of both average pull-out shear stress and stress variation was very good. Using this finite element model, a parametric study was carried out to study the influences of the overburden pressure and soil dilation angle on the soil nail pull-out resistance. The simulated peak pull-out resistance was not directly related to the overburden pressure, which was coincident with the observations in laboratory pull-out tests. The simulated pull-out resistance increased significantly with the increase in dilation angle of the shearing zone. This analysis indicated that the constrained dilatancy of the nail–soil interface and the soil surrounding the nail contributed a lot to the development of peak pull-out resistance.     

膨胀土工程特性及其石灰改性试验研究

系统地开展了弱、中膨胀土及石灰稳定土的物理力学试验.试验表明:中膨胀土具有较强的吸水膨胀软化特性,其CBR值低于3%,不能满足路基对填料的强度要求,用作路基填料必须改性;当压实含水量控制得当,弱膨胀土CBR可满足规范要求,其压实含水量宜按最优含水量+(3～4)%控制;用石灰对中膨胀土改性效果显著,能有效抑制其胀缩潜势和提高土体强度,能满足路堤填筑的要求.中膨胀土石灰改性的质量掺合比宜按5.0%控制.     

北方某特殊土的工程试验及分类探讨

土工试验作为获取岩土体物理力学参数的基本手段,在工程设计、施工以及质量检测中起着十分重要的作用。结合多年来土工试验工作的经验体会,提出了对一些相关问题的看法。①以唐山某电厂土样为例,探讨了广泛分布于河北、内蒙古地区具有一定黏粒含量的特殊砂土的力学特性;②结合技术规范的试验要求对固结试验方法中“固结压力”和“应变控制连续加荷”提出了见解;③针对北方地区含水率较小的非饱和土的特性,分析了土抗剪强度试验操作难和结果失真的原因。最后提出了几点有利于工程实际应用的建议     

土钉支护中土钉力和位移的计算问题

土钉支护是一种比较经济的支护方式,工程实践中已广泛应用,但其设计理论则相对缺乏。针对目前土钉支护设计中存在的主要问题,即土钉力和土钉支护位移的计算分析,以工程实测资料为背景,根据侧壁主动土压力与总土钉力相等的原则,考虑施工过程的影响和增量法的思想,提出了基于经验和理论相结合的土钉力计算公式。按照弹性力学理论,对由于土的开挖引起支护的土体侧移提出了简易的位移计算公式。通过工程实测检验了公式的正确性。这些计算公式简便,其结果较符合实际,较好地解决了土钉支护设计的主要问题,可为工程设计提供参考。     

倾斜细土平原盐渍土分布规律及盐胀作用分析

本文通过实例分析了倾斜细土平原盐渍土分布规律及盐胀性，盐类分布在平面上呈不连续性和不均匀性，中游以硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐为主，向下游逐渐变为以氯盐、亚氯盐为主，盐胀作用也由强变弱。     

打桩挤土的现场试验研究及土体位移的计算公式

打桩挤土使周围土体发生位移,对周围其他桩及附近原有建筑物和基础设施产生破坏。本文通过典型工程打桩过程中的监测数据,运用小孔扩张理论结合回归分析方法导出了计算土体位移量的经验公式。运用该公式可定量预估挤土程度,防止意外事故的发生。     

考虑软土结构性的折线型强度公式及应用

结合上海某植物园堆山工程,通过直剪试验及三轴剪切试验,得到考虑软土结构性的折线型强度公式和不考虑软土结构性的直线型强度公式的参数,采用这两种方法对山体荷载作用下不同位置处的软土地基的强度增长进行了预测,并与现场十字板剪切试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：由于该工程的软土地基具有明显的结构性,采用直线型强度公式得到的地基强度增长量要大于采用采用折线型的增长量;另外,在应用考虑土的结构性的折线型强度公式时,应该尽量采用三轴试验参数而不是直剪试验的参数,这样得到的结果更接近十字板试验结果。     

黏土单层击实试验与制样因子研究

使用非标准击实仪进行单层击样,获取非标准击实状态下单层击实样的密度与击实功及含水率之间的关系,并进一步以得到的击实样获得其抗剪强度。发现当击实功小到一定程度时,击实密度随含水率的增大而不断增大,两者近似线性变化,无峰值出现。密度峰值对应的含水率与抗剪强度峰值对应的含水率有一个差值,其值在3.4%～5.7%之间。内摩擦角随含水率增大而减小的规律仅适合于一定的击实功。内摩擦角在较小的击实功下有峰值出现,但随着击实功的增大,内摩擦角的变化呈线性而非曲线形式。另外,针对土工室内模型试验的重塑土样制备问题,结合试验数据,给出了试验最优制样参数,并初步提供了评价指标?。     

冻融交替对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤团粒结构的影响

为研究冻融交替对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤团粒结构的影响,采用室内模拟冻融实验方法,研究了不同冻融周期和黏粒含量对复配土壤团粒结构的影响.结果表明:冻融周期、黏粒含量及二者的交互作用对复配土壤各级团粒结构组成均具有显著或极显著的影响.复配土壤黏粒含量越高,团粒结构的稳定性越高;在冻融作用下,随着复配土壤中沙比例的增大,大团粒结构含量总体呈降低趋势,降低速率先减小后增大,且砒砂岩与沙比例为1:1时大团粒结构降低的速率最小.结果说明冻融交替作用降低了土壤团粒结构的稳定性,将较大颗粒团粒结构崩解破碎成小粒级颗粒,更易于砒砂岩和沙复配成土.     

雨季苏打盐渍土地区土壤水-地下水转化规律研究

通过野外定位观测,分析了苏打碱土土壤水和地下水的转化规律。微地貌格局是制约水分迁移的主要因素,并由此形成了土壤水-地下水转化的特殊模式。雨季,坡地土壤(苏打碱土)的整个土层含水率变化不显著,地表径流为水分迁移的关键环节;洼地土壤(盐化草甸土)成为地表水和地下水转化的通道,大量洼地积水垂直下渗,补给地下水。运用Vensim对土壤水-地下水的转化过程进行了模拟,结果与观测数据基本一致。     

离子土壤固化剂改性膨胀土的试验研究

利用离子土壤固化剂（ionic soil stabilizer,简称ISS）对河南安阳地区膨胀土进行化学改性试验研究,通过不同配比的自由膨胀率试验结果,结合施工成本,得出ISS溶液改良膨胀土的最优配合比为1:350。对ISS溶液最优配合比改性后土体进行收缩试验、膨胀性试验、固结快剪、高压固结及水浸泡试验。试验结果表明,改性土线缩率减小,膨胀性指标降低,抗剪强度增大,土体由亲水性变成憎水性,且能达到较好的水稳定性,即膨胀土经化学改性为非膨胀土。ISS改性膨胀土的机制可解释为,通过ISS溶液与土粒离子进行强烈的交换作用,打开土粒与水分子之间的“电化键”,降低土颗粒表面吸附水膜厚度,包裹在黏粒颗粒表面的疏水基团覆盖膜使土对水的敏感性减弱,从根本上减少了土体吸水性和膨胀性。