鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)后部侧线系统胚后发育

利用神经丘荧光染色、组织切片、扫描电镜对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)后部侧线系统的胚后发育过程与结构特点进行了研究.结果显示,在6-10dpf期间躯干已出现前体管道神经丘(L1-L7),至58 dpf后部侧线系统主要结构发育完成,23-58 dpf后部侧线系统神经丘结构变化、数量增长均较为明显,同时侧线管道...     

鳜捕食行为的研究

于1990年8月 - 1992年4月，在实验室内通过特定感官消除或抑制方法与单一感官刺激方法研究鳜捕食行为中几种相关感觉的作用及其相互关系。结果表明，鳜主要依靠视觉和侧线捕食，其精物的视觉特征是不连续运动和梭形形状演侧线主要对猎物的低频振动起反应；鳜首先依靠视觉捕食，仅在视觉受到限制时才依靠侧线捕食；嗅觉在鳜捕食中作用不大，味觉在鳜吞咽食物过程中起很大作用。由于鳜主委依靠仅对运动刺激敏感的视觉和侧线捕食猎物，且需对猎物窥视一段时间后才突发攻击，因而鳜一般不摄食人工饲料。     

Sdf1-Cxcr4信号在斑马鱼后侧线系统发育中的作用

为了探究Sdf1-Cxcr4信号在斑马鱼(Danio rerio)后侧线系统(Posterior lateral line system, PLLs)发育中的作用,本研究首先通过原位杂交发现斑马鱼cxcr4b在迁移的侧线原基-Ⅰ和原基-Ⅱ中表达,sdf1a在原基迁移路径上表达。进一步构建了由热激启动子控制的cxcr7b过表达转基因斑马鱼,在不同时间点过表达cxcr7b抑制Sdf1-Cxcr4信号。结果表明：相较于野生型斑马鱼,过表达cxcr7b的斑马鱼的原基-Ⅰ和原基-Ⅱ的迁移明显减慢。但体侧中线神经丘的腹部迁移、间生和针脚神经丘的形成不受过表达cxcr7b的影响。本研究为理解鱼类侧线系统发育调控和多样性产生奠定基础。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)摄食行为感觉作用的研究

采用实验室内鱼类行为学研究方法对半滑舌鳎的摄食行为进行研究。结果表明,嗅觉、味觉和侧线在半滑舌鳎的摄食中具有重要作用,视觉在摄食中的作用没有被发现。侧线在摄食中作用主要体现在头部侧线,躯干部侧线对侧面刺激有一定的攻击行为,但行为发生率与头部各部位受刺激时产生的行为发生率相比较低,且差异显著(P<0.05);躯干部对上部刺激仅发生警戒行为,没有观察到攻击行为。侧线和嗅觉在摄食中的作用大小比较差异显著(P<0.05),侧线的作用优于嗅觉。口咽腔对味道和硬度都有作用且对二者的敏感程度差异显著(P<0.05),对味道更为敏感。     

游鳍叶鲹和镰鳍裸胸鲹骨骼系统的比较研究

作者对游鳍叶Sen和镰鳍裸胸Sen两种鱼的骨骼作了比较，研究结果表明，两者脑颅中的上筛骨、围眶骨、蝶耳骨、翼耳骨等；咽颅中的前上颌骨、腭骨、前翼骨、中翼骨、尾舌骨、下咽骨等；肩带的主后颞骨、后匙骨和腰带骨等均有重要差异，某些特征可能是属间或种间的鉴别依据。     

中国鳜属一新种——柳州鳜

1984年6月和1986年2月，我们在广西壮族自治区柳州市柳江中采得鳜鱼类两批共16尾，体长从82.5一146.3 mm。经比较研究，认为系一新种，定名为柳州鳜Sini-perca liuzhouensis Zhou, Kong et Zhou，sp.nov.。新种一些特征接近于斑鳜Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner，而与暗鳜S.obscura Nichols更较相似。新种与已知种的不同点是:(l)前翼骨有小牙l丛，(2)鳔后端圆钝而非尖锐，(3)幽门垂24-38个，(4)全身花纹不同。     

中国对虾Penaeus Chinensis细胞学研究——中枢神经系统神经元细胞体显微观察

描述中国对虾中枢神经系统神经元细胞体的细胞学结构：神经元细胞体分布在神经节的皮质，每个神经元外都有神经胶质细胞和其突起形成的鞘包裹着，细胞体质膜内陷分枝形成胞管系；尼氏体在各神经节神经元细胞体中都呈细颗粒状均匀分布，其数量随生理状况而改变；内质网膜外表面附有少量核糖体，内质网池不规则，均匀分布在细胞质中；高尔基体呈孤状、圈状和Ｕ状；线粒体丰富，为圆形和短棒形，嵴不规则，缺少基粒；细胞体中有糖元和其他碳水化合物存在     

中国对虾眼柄神经分泌结构的超微结构研究

利用电镜技术并结合半薄切片对中国对虾眼柄神经分泌细胞和窦腺进行观察，依据神经分泌细胞的直径以及细胞核、细胞器、分泌颗粒的特征将其分成6种类型，依据神经分泌颗粒的直径、形态、密度特征将窦腺中的神经分泌颗粒分成6种类型。     

东方对虾消化系统解剖和组织学的研究

本文对东方对虾消化道及肝胰脏进行大体解剖和组织学观察．并将其结构与功能同其它主要十足动物作比较。前肠和后肠内壁有几丁质层覆盖，中肠则没有，食道壁向四个角落内褶．在其表皮层之下的结缔组织中充满皮肤腺．环肌层连续．纵肌成束分散排列；胃的组织学结构除没有皮肤腺分布外．大体与食道相似。中肠从胸部延伸到第六腹节前区．约占消化道总长的60％．其上皮是一层柱状细胞．环肌层薄．纵肌成束分散排列：中肠前、后盲囊分别从中肠的前端和后端发出，后肠是一短管．内壁突出四个大的垫状隆脊，肛门开口于尾节腹面．和食道一样后肠壁分布大量皮肤腺：后肠上皮由单层柱状细胞组成，环肌层连续，纵肌在后肠前段成束分散排列于环肌之下，在后段则在环肌层之上。肝胰脏由许多分支肝小管构成．肝小管内壁为单层柱状上皮．中央为管腔；肝管细胞分为分泌细胞．吸收细胞、纤维细胞和原始细胞四种。原始细胞是一种未分化的细胞．分布于肝小管末端。     

1993年唐山市对虾流行病调查

１９９３年，唐山市对虾养殖业遭受了暴发性流行病的袭击，现将调查结果简述如下：ｌ９９３年对虾流行病调查概况１．ｌ调查范围本次调查范围为乐亭、滦南、唐海、丰南四县１３个集中养殖区，总面积３４５１０亩，占全市对虾养殖面积的１７·２５％。１．２调查初步结果１．２．１虾病基本情况从调查中发现，一池虾发病到全部死亡仅２～３ｄ；其体征：虾肝胰腺白浊，肿大，尾扇红、游泳足微黄，进一步可发展成虾体微粉红，肌肉白浊，前足变白；死虾规格４～８ｃｍ，平均６．４ｃｍ，７月ｌ～１５日为发病高峰期，流行期１０４ｄ。单方水体超…     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)与摄食行为相关的特定感觉器官研究

在实验室条件下,通过特定感官消除或抑制方法和特定感官刺激方法对半滑舌鳎摄食行为反应机制进行了研究。结果表明,半滑舌鳎主要依靠侧线摄食,其侧线主要对猎物的低频振动起反应;嗅觉起辅助作用,头部各边缘部位和躯干中上部各鳍具有部分作用;视觉在捕食中的作用不大,味觉在食物吞咽过程中起很大作用。由于半滑舌鳎主要利用侧线捕食猎物,嗅觉起辅助作用,在人工养殖条件下,应根据其摄食生理特点,设计投喂饲料,制定投喂策略。     

罗非鱼的味觉敏感性

应用氨基酸和配合饵料的水提取液刺激罗非鱼上唇的味蕾,记录面神经纤维上的生物电变化,研究罗非鱼味觉的生理特征。罗非鱼的味觉反应全部是瞬间的位相性变化,反映了味觉的快适应性。在试验所用的12种刺激物中,以精氨酸、谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸和配合饵料水提取液的刺激效果最强,我们认为,这是由于外周味感觉器对于摄食信息物质具有特殊的敏感性。     

湛江湾和平水母属2新种(软水母亚纲,锥螅水母目,和平水母科)

采自广东湛江湾海域软水母亚纲(Leptomedusae Claus,1877)、锥螅水母目(Conica Broch,1916)、和平水母科(Eirenidae Haeckel, 1879)、和平水母属(Eirene Eschscholtz,1829) 2新种,即大腺和平水母新种(E. macrogonia Huang, Sun et Liu,sp. nov.)和湛江和平水母新种(E. zhanjiangensis Huang, Zhang et Zao, sp. nov.)。其鉴别特征如下:(1)大腺和平水母,新种;伞扁于半球形,胶质中等厚;胃柄基部塔状,胃柄较长,伸出伞腔口外;垂管长度短于口唇,4个发达口唇边缘呈齿状皱褶;生殖腺发达波状弯曲,着生于辐管下伞部,从胃柄基部延伸到伞缘外;19～24条缘触手,5～8个缘疣,触手基部呈球状,无排泄乳突;每2条触手间或触手和缘疣间有1个平衡囊,每个平衡囊有1～2个平衡石;4条辐管,1条环管。(2)湛江和平水母,新种;伞半球形,胶质厚;胃柄基部呈塔形,末端变窄;垂管较长,约等于口唇长度,口唇边缘有齿状皱褶;生殖腺带状,从胃柄基部延伸至近伞缘;缘触手多,70～125条,触手基球有排泄乳突;平衡囊数目约为触手数的1/2;4条辐管,1条环管。     

Effects of acoustic alarms, designed to reduce small cetacean bycatch in gillnet fisheries, on the behaviour of North Sea fish species in a large tank

World-wide many cetaceans drown incidentally in fishing nets. To reduce the unwanted bycatch in gillnets, pingers (acoustic alarms) have been developed that are attached to the nets. In the European Union, pingers will be made compulsory in some areas in 2005 and in others in 2007. However, pingers may effect non-target marine fauna such as fish. Therefore in this study, the effects of seven commercially-available pingers on the behaviour of five North Sea fish species in a large tank were quantified. The species tested were: sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), pout (Trisopterus luscus), thicklip mullet (Chelon labrosus), herring (Clupea harengus), and cod (Gadus morhua). The fish were housed as single-species schools of 9-13 individuals in a tank. The behaviour of fish in quiet periods was compared with their behaviour during periods with active pingers. The results varied both between pingers and between fish species. Sea bass decreased their speed in response to one pinger and swam closer to the surface in response to another. Thicklip mullet swam closer to the bottom in response to two pingers and increased their swimming speed in response to one pinger. Herring swam faster in response to one pinger, and pout and cod (close relatives) showed no behavioural responses to any of the pingers. Of the seven pingers tested, four elicited responses in at least one fish species, and three elicited no responses. Whether similar responses would be elicited in these fish species in the wild, and if so, whether such responses would influence the catch rate of fisheries, cannot be derived from the results of this study. However, the results indicate the need for field studies with pingers and fish. Based on the small number of fish species tested, the present study suggests that the higher the frequency of a pinger, the less likely it is to affect the behaviour of marine fish.     

Early scale growth characteristics of the New Zealand snapper,chrysophrys auratus (Forster), with reference to selection of a scale‐sampling site

Scales from 17 body areas of juvenile snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus (Forster), were examined to determine scale growth characteristics, with the aim of denning the most suitable body site for routine scale‐sampling. Least‐square regressions of fish length on scale measurement from 0+ fish were calculated for several body areas, and back‐calculations were made to fish length at first annulus (L₁) from a sample of 1+ fish, using both the “uncorrected” and “corrected” formulae.

The overall fish/scale relationship is curvilinear, but high correlation coefficients show that fish/scale regressions from 0+ snapper may be taken as essentially linear. Such regressions give hypothetical fish lengths at scale formation of 8–23 mm. Mid‐body scales form at 10–14 mm, caudal scales earlier, head scales later.

Back‐calculated L₁ values from each area were compared with the mean for the whole body. Using the uncorrected formula there is a general trend for them to be lower than the mean at the head and higher at the tail, while the mid‐body region shows minimum variation from the mean. These variations are caused at least partly by differences in time of scale formation. The corrected formula gives smaller L₁ variations and a mean back‐calculated L₁almost identical to an observed L₁ from independent length frequency data.

The observed variations in scale structure and growth suggest that the “pectoral area”, bounded by the lateral line and the ventral edge of the pectoral fin, is the most suitable site for scale sampling.     

Recreational fishing in a time of rapid ocean change

Fishing is an important recreational activity for many Australians, with one in every four people participating every year. There are however many different pressures exerted on Australian fish stocks, including climate-related changes that drive changes in local fish abundances. It is inevitable that recreational fishers will need to adapt to these changes. When resource abundance alters substantially, user adaptation to the new situation is required and policies and incentives may need to be developed to encourage behaviour change. It is important to correctly anticipate fisher's response to these policies and incentives as much as possible. Improved understanding of recreational fisher's likely adaptation decisions and the nature and timing of these decisions can help avoid unintended consequences of management decisions. Based on a survey of recreational fishers in the south-east Australian climate hotspot, we identify 4 relevant dimensions to recreational fisher's behavioural adaptation. There are differences in adaptation timing (early, late, and non-adaptors). Non-adaptors are characterised by greater cultural attachment to fishing and stronger perceptions of the factors that influence abundance change. The fisher's preferred adaptation responses and the timing of the behavioural response differs between decreasing versus increasing fish abundance. Insight into perspectives and expectations on how recreational fishers might adapt to changes is useful to develop a set of behavioural incentives that appeal to different groups but remain efficient and effective in their implementation. Such knowledge can create new pathways to achieve meaningful and targeted adaptation responses for different types of recreational fishers.     

Assessing neuroprotective P-glycoprotein activity at the blood-brain barrier in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) using behavioural profiles

The neuroprotective role of P-glycoprotein, a multixenobiotic resistance transporter (ABCB1/MDR1), in the blood-brain barrier in fish was examined using behavioural toxicological assays. P-glycoprotein acts as cellular efflux pump to prevent substrates from accumulating in the brain, including environmental contaminants such as ivermectin, a common aquaculture pesticide and mammalian anti-parasitic drug. The behavioural toxicological assays were developed to determine the neuropathological effect of ivermectin in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). P-glycoprotein function and thus blood-brain barrier integrity can be compromised by chemosensitizers that inhibit transport activity. Fish treated with ivermectin and the P-glycoprotein inhibitor cyclosporin A were significantly more sensitive and succumbed more rapidly to tilting, lethargy, slowing of pectoral-fin movement and loss of haptic-reactivity compared to fish treated with ivermectin-only. P-glycoprotein inhibition is associated with significantly earlier onset and increased mortality in ivermectin-exposed fish. Our results suggest that P-glycoprotein confers resistance against ivermectin-induced behavioural neuropathology and mortality in fish. This assay provides us with a non-invasive tool to study P-glycoprotein function in the blood-brain barrier and evaluate the behavioural effects of potential environmental neurotoxins.     

台湾海峡多管水母属——新种及基于线粒体COI序列分析鉴定多管水母

报道了中国台湾海峡多管水母属一新种——台湾多管水母(Aequorea taiwanensis n.sp.),详细描述其形态特征,并基于线粒体COI基因片段序列,比较、分析了该新种和乳突多管水母、锥状多管水母的序列差异及遗传距离。形态学和分子学数据都支持台湾多管水母为多管水母属有效种。3种多管水母mtCOI基因片断序列在种间存在明显的多态性,3种多管水母的种间序列差异为9.10%~11.9%,种间遗传距离为0.097~0.130,说明该基因片段适用于多管水母属种、种以下阶元及地理种群甄别和种间系统进化学分析。结合其他学者研究结果,认为mtCOI序列差异10%~20%可以作为多管水母属及其他水螅水母纲动物同属种间差异的标准。