西北太平洋热带气旋变性阶段强度变化的比较研究

选取西北太平洋上两个生命史中发生变性的热带气旋Yagi和Francisco,前者变性后有一个24小时的再增强过程,而后者则继续减弱直至消亡。利用日本气象厅提供的热带气旋资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料,对比分析两个TC在变性阶段的形势场,发现两者在高低层的环境场均具有明显的差异:Yagi在变性阶段其高空槽较强且在低层有一个与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋合并的过程;而Francisco在变性阶段其高空槽较弱,且变性后自行消亡。另外探讨了导致Yagi变性增强的原因,结果表明:(1)Yagi变性阶段与高空槽前的急流相互作用时,高空急流入口区左侧和出口区右侧的次级环流将产生高空辐散低空辐合的趋势,有利于低层TC低压的发展。同时,当Yagi在穿越急流的过程当中,垂直风切变的增加将导致斜压不稳定增强,低层锋区强烈发展,锋区内的斜压能量可能向TC动能转化,从而使得Yagi发展增强;(2)高空槽所对应的高层湿位涡下传可使得低层正涡度增长,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流,有利于Yagi变性后重新发展;(3)Yagi与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋发生合并,温带气旋所带来的较高纬度冷空气的入侵增强了低层的水平温度梯度,使得低层锋区强烈发展,从Yagi以一个锋面气旋的形式而再度发展,促使其变性后进一步增强。而这些特征都是Francisco所不具备的。     

西风带高空槽对登陆我国变性热带气旋的影响及其机理研究

应用日本气象厅1979~2008年的热带气旋资料以及日本25年 (JRA-25) 再分析资料, 本文首先对登陆我国变性加强和变性减弱的两类热带气旋进行了合成对比分析, 发现热带气旋变性后的强度变化与相应的西风带高空槽的强弱有很好的对应关系。然后, 我们选取了2004年登陆我国的热带气旋Haima为研究对象, 通过中尺度模式模拟再现了其登陆后变性演变过程, 采用片段位涡反演方法改变了模式初始高空槽的强度, 研究了高空槽强度的变化对Haima变性过程的影响。研究表明: (1) 高空槽加强 (减弱) 后, Haima移速明显加快 (减慢), 此外深 (浅) 槽对应的Haima变性加强过程中心气压降幅较大 (小); (2) 不同强度的高空槽与Haima相互作用的过程中, 深槽对应的高空急流范围较大, 强度更强, 相应的高空强辐散有利于Haima明显的再发展; (3) 另外深槽对应着较强的高层正位涡带, 正位涡向下伸展诱发低层Haima正位涡明显增长, 从而导致低层锋区的强烈发展和低层气旋的明显加强。     

高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究

9711号台风Winnie是一个在中国大陆长久维持(2-3 d)并产生强降水的热带气旋(TC),在其深入内陆过程中变性加强为一个温带气旋.用MM5V3对不同强度高空槽影响下Winnie的变性加强过程进行了数值研究.结果表明:(1)Winnie变性加强过程表现为强锋面侵入台风内部、冷空气包裹台风中心、一个温带气旋在近地层锋面上强烈发展的过程;(2)Winnie在陆上的变性加强与西风带高空槽的强度密切相关.TC与不同强度高空槽相互作用过程中,较深槽携带较强冷平流、正涡度平流以及较强的槽前高空辐散,从而有利于TC的维持和变性发展.数值试验中,高空槽越强,Winnie变性加强越明显,温带气旋的发展越快;(3)模拟结果的位涡分析表明, Winnie的温带变性发展与对流层高层正位涡下传、低层锋区和TC低压环流三者之间的相互作用有关.     

承德市一次由快速发展气旋诱发的大风天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。     

ANALYSIS OF A CASE OF EAST ASIA COASTAL CYCLOGENESIS*

The evolution of an explosive cyclone off the East Asia coast in March 1979 is described.A shortwave trough in the southern branch of upper-level westerlies initiated the incipient cyclone.Later,a polar trough in the north amplified and became in phase with the southern shortwave to form a major trough.This major trough was responsible for the rapid intensification of the surface cyclone.In the early development stage,warm and moist air was transported northward to the developing area by a strong low-level jet.The ageostrophic wind associated with the low-level jet contributed to the frontogenesis,creating a favorable low-level environment for the rapid deepening.A low-level positive potential vorticity anomaly was created prior to the onset of rapid deepening.It was a result of frontal cloud condensation.The cyclone intensified rapidly when stratospheric air with high potential vorticity penetrated to the mid-troposphere.The rapid deepening took place at a location under the left-exit region of an amplifying jet streak behind the major trough and the right-entrance region of another anticyclonically-curved subtropical jet streak in a quasi-stationary ridge overJapan.Due to the blocking effect of the Tibetan Plateau,two shortwave disturbances were observed in the upper-level westerlies on the north and south sides of the Plateau.The southern disturbance initiated the incipient surface cyclone,while the amplifying northern disturbance was responsible for the rapid deepening.Thus,the evolution of the explosive cyclone in this case can be regarded as consecutive Petterssen's "type-B" cyclogenesis in two separate stages.     

两例爆发性东北低压的对比诊断分析

该文选择了发展变化机制有一定差异的两例春季爆发性东北低压（分别是1983年4月25～26日气旋（简称A例）和1983年4月28～29日气旋（简称B例））,进行了对比诊断分析。结果表明：（1）非绝热加热和局地斜压不稳定对A例气旋发展来说是十分关键的因子,而空正IPV平流的显著增强及其与低层IPV分布中两个局地最大值的垂直耦合是B例气旋增强的一个重要原因;（2）两个风暴最大不同点在于非绝热加热效应在影响气旋增强的程度上有所不同。另外,B例事件中对流层中部产生的较强高空锋生可以在低压范围内导致深厚的上升运动并使高空锋向下游的正涡度平流得以加强,这对系统的发展是十分有利的。     

山东省春秋季暴雨天气的环流特征和形成机制初探

对山东省春秋季暴雨的气候特征和影响系统进行了分析, 制作了春秋季暴雨的平均环流形势图。分析了2003年春秋季两次大范围暴雨的环流特征和影响系统及暴雨期间大气的热力特征和水汽输送特征, 应用k-螺旋度和倾斜涡度发展理论, 分析了暴雨的形成机制。结果表明:4月暴雨均受气旋影响, 10月暴雨以冷锋影响居多。2003年4月17—18日为气旋暴雨, 10月10—12日为切变线冷锋暴雨。两次暴雨前都有低空偏南风急流向暴雨区输送水汽, 大气强烈增温增湿, 对流不稳定度增大, 湿斜压性增强。强冷锋南下触发对流不稳定能量释放, 产生暴雨。暴雨期间低层正k-螺旋度猛烈发展。暴雨前期中低层MPV1 < 0且MPV2 > 0, 冷锋影响期间MPV1 > 0且MPV2 < 0, 都有利于倾斜涡度发展, 增强了上升运动。     

呼和浩特地区一次强沙尘暴天气分析

通过对2008年5月28—29日呼和浩特大部地区出现的沙尘暴天气进行分析得出:此次沙尘暴是由高空冷涡配合地面蒙古气旋形成的;沙尘主要源于蒙古国西部、南部,在高空锋区的作用下,由冷涡旋转携带而至;大气低层干燥的空气和较强的垂直上升运动为沙尘卷入空中提供了条件;较强的斜压作用出现在低层,这对于有效位能的释放、动能的产生以及气旋的发展有重要作用,同时斜压强迫使动量下传,从而形成强风,触发了沙尘暴;此次沙尘暴主要产生于冷锋附近及其后部。     

9617号热带风暴Tom变性过程数值模拟分析

利用中尺度模式MM5对西北太平洋9617号热带风暴Tom转变温带气旋的变性过程进行了模拟.通过对其变性过程的模拟分析发现:热带风暴Tom与西风槽相互作用,风暴东侧低层暖湿气流与槽前正涡度平流发生耦合有利于气旋发展;槽前暖平流与槽后冷平流使风暴形成具有西冷东暖的热力分布结构,诱使风暴向斜压转变;高空急流入口处右侧的气旋式切变及出口处右侧的反气旋式切变有利于风暴右侧气流上升和左侧气流下沉运动,有利于风暴由正压向斜压性转变;来自风暴西北侧的干冷空气自700hPa附近向风暴中心侵入,使风暴中心暖柱体发生自低层向高层的西北一东南向的倾斜,其暖性特征遭到破坏;由于干冷空气的侵入,低层700hPa分为南北两个暖中心,北侧暖中心北侧出现了明显的暖锋锋生,西南侧另一个暖心附近有冷锋锋生迹象;平流层高值PV异常下传有利于变性后的热带风暴的再次加强.     

影响东北的两个罕见气旋发展机制对比

2007年3月3—5日和2016年5月2—3日有两个气旋（简称C304和C502）在江淮流域生成后,以相似路径影响东北地区,但发展强度不同。利用常规观测资料和NCEP FNL分析资料,通过对涡度平流、温度平流、湿位势涡度及锋生函数等物理量进行诊断并结合高、低空环流形势对两个气旋发展动力机制进行对比分析,结果表明：C304低空温度平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用,高空正涡度平流为地面气旋发展提供高空辐散场,地面气旋中心上空垂直上升运动增强,对流层低层斜压性明显,气旋性涡度增加主要在对流层下层,低空斜压强迫是主要发展机制;C502低空温度平流弱,斜压性不明显,高空正涡度平流促使高空闭合环流发展,对流层上层有高湿位涡舌发展下垂并与对流层下层正湿位涡柱耦合贯通,垂直上升运动分布在地面气旋中心两侧,高空位涡下传是主要发展机制。两个气旋发生发展在对流层上层两支急流共存、急流非纬向性反气旋性弯曲环流形势下,对流层低层为气旋式环流背景。     

锡林郭勒盟一次暴雪过程分析

2010年11月20日20时到21日08时锡林郭勒盟东北部出现了暴雪天气过程,这次暴雪是在两脊一槽的环流形势中西来斜压槽配合地面蒙古气旋产生的,属强冷空气类。极涡的维持使斜压槽加强,移动缓慢;在印缅槽维持的西南环流场中,700hPa西南槽为华北建立了水汽通道,暖湿的低空西南急流提供了较好的水汽和能量不稳定条件;高低空急流耦合产生了动力抬升作用,大、暴雪就发生在高空急流入口区右侧,低空急流左侧的耦合区。逆温层和高能舌的存在为暴雪的发生储备了潜在能量。     

台风Matsa(2005)和Wipha(2007)变性过程对比分析

利用日本气象厅热带气旋年鉴资料和JRA-25再分析资料,对0509号台风Matsa和0712号台风Wipha变性过程进行了对比分析。结果表明,台风Matsa和Wipha均是在我国登陆后转向东北方向运动过程中发生变性,但Matsa嵌入中纬度高空锋区,变性为温带气旋后有再加强过程,而Wipha仅外围环流与锋区接触,变性为温带气旋后无再加强过程。通过等熵面位涡分析进一步表明,Matsa变性加强表现为高层正位涡与低层暖平流的耦合,以及高层正位涡下传至中低层;Wipha的变性过程中,高层正位涡并未与低层暖平流耦合,高层正位涡无明显的下传。     

Growth and Decay of an Extra-Tropical Cyclone’s PV-Tower

Summary The surface low of a mature extra-tropical cyclone is often surmounted by a troposphere-spanning column of anomalously high potential vorticity (PV). In this study the growth and decay of such a PV-tower is traced for one major North Atlantic frontal-wave cyclone using the ECMWF analysis fields and adopting both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks. A tower’s structure and composition relates intimately to the strength, scale and structure of the associated surface cyclone. It is shown that the tower comprised a vertical superposition of three elements: (?) a quasi-seclusion of stratospheric air extruded from an upper-level trough, (ℬ) a mid-tropospheric layer of intermingled air from diverse sources, but with a substantial component originating from the system’s cold front, and (?) a low-tropospheric layer of diabatically-induced PV that was linked to and originated from flow along a bent-back warm front. An examination of the tower’s growth and decay helps identify the factors influencing the onset and rapidity of the cyclogenesis. There was first an in-phase development of a surface baroclinic wave with the precursor of element (?), and also the emergence of element (ℬ) in the form of a low-level elongated band of PV aligned along the cold front. Thereafter a short period of rapid growth was marked by the appearance of a low-level band of PV along the warm front (element ?), and it co-spiraled with and beneath the upper-level stratospheric intrusion (element ?). Demise of the tower followed a loss of amplitude of its central portion and a loss of coherency aloft. Evidence of the modulating as opposed to the dominating influence of diabatic processes upon the cyclone’s structure and strength is derived from consideration of: the tower’s durable and ephemeral potential vorticity, the PV production along the warm front, and sets of model simulations of the event that selectively suppress diabatic PV production. Received July 9, 1999 Revised December 2, 1999     

A study of formation and development of one kind of cyclone on the mei-yu (Baiu) front

The paper presents one diagnosis of baroclinity and the coupling of jets during the developing process of a cyclone that occurred on the mei-yu (Baiu) front around the end of the second stage of the mei-yu (Baiu)in 1998. Results have shown that: (1) The advantageous changes of upper-level large-scale circulation caused the appearance and maintenance of the coupling between the upper-level jet (ULJ) and lower-level jet (LLJ) over the cyclone‘s area. The coupling of jets in this case possesses some different characteristics from previous cases. Moreover, the coupling between the ULJ and LLJ caused the intensification of both lower-level convergence and upper-level divergence, which was favorable for the development of this cyclone. (2) From the analysis of the voricity budget, the role of lower-level convergence in the development of the cyclone was emphasized. Divergent wind in the lower troposphere was a direct contributor to the development of the cyclone. (3) During the development of the cyclone, cold air and warm air were_active over the cyclone‘s domain. Although this cyclone occurred at the mei-yu (Baiu) front, its development assumed baroclinity to a certain extent, which was just the main difference between this kind of cyclone and the first kind of low which is usually barotropic (or quasi-barotropic). (4) In recent years, studies on mei-yu front lows have paid more attention to the lower troposphere. In this paper, the analysis of the energy budget further supports this point: the certain effect of baroclinity forcing in the upper troposphere on mei-yu front lows cannot be ignored.     

2008年河南黄淮地区暴雨过程个例分析

利用常规气象资料和NCEP资料对2008年7月22日河南黄淮地区的暴雨过程进行了分析.结果表明:这次过程是在500 hPa槽前西南气流引导下,高低空急流耦合区内西南涡沿切变线移出,弱冷空气侵入暖倒槽触发不稳定能量释放造成的.垂直螺旋度计算结果显示:中低层正垂直螺旋度中心与降水落区有很好的对应关系,大暴雨中心位于正垂直螺旋度中心附近.湿位涡演变分析发现,这次过程有"干侵入"发生,暴雨区中低层对流不稳定和对称不稳定共存,有利于降水增幅.水汽条件分析表明:这次过程的水汽源地在孟加拉湾和南海,主要是低层和近地层的水汽辐合.     

从涡度、位涡、到平流层干侵入——位涡问题的缘起、应用及其歧途

由于从等熵位涡分析引申出来的平流层干侵入（以下简称干侵入）概念造成了当前天气预报思路中一些混乱和违背天气学常识的看法,文中回顾了天气预报原理从着眼气压变化到着眼涡度变化的发展历史和位涡问题的缘起。进而根据位涡的定义、数学表达式、物理意义,并结合实例的计算结果指出,位涡的大小主要取决于位温的垂直梯度;等熵面上的位涡分布形势实质是对流层顶高度的分布,因此可以间接反映极地气团、锋、高空槽和高空急流的形势。轨迹计算和数值预报都证明,低空的高位涡异常是地面气旋强烈加深和潜热反馈的结果,而不是干侵入的结果。指出位涡的守恒性不能替代斜压扰动发展的动力学机理;干侵入的错误概念来源于对位涡守恒性的绝对化和简单的推断,并犯了流体力学原理上混淆流线和轨迹两个不同概念的错误。     

两类登陆热带气旋的大尺度环流特征分析

采用动态合成分析方法,对1970-2006年登陆后北上类TC（tropicalcyclone）和西行类TC各7个样本做动态合成分析和诊断,结果表明：（1）北上类TC在背景场长波槽前北移靠近中纬度斜压锋区,通过吸附运动使TC低压并入西风槽,而西行类TC背景场没有长波槽,离中纬度斜压锋区较远;（2）北上类TC登陆时存在西南低空急流水汽输送带,当其强度减弱后,TC东南侧存在东南暖湿气流作为补充,而西行类TC减弱后逐渐与之分离,且不存在东南暖湿气流作为补充;（3）北上类TC高层辐散区与高空急流边界靠近,因此增强了其向东北方向的辐散,低层由于高层动量下传,加强了低空西风,从而使TC低压环流维持,而西行类TC离高空急流边界较远;（4）北上类TC从中纬度斜压锋区获取斜压能量,其环流垂直切变增强,相对涡度差负值增大,在高空TC中心散度由大变小后又由小变大的过程中,TC发生了变性,而西行类TC没有环境能量补给,逐渐填塞消亡。因此,当一个TC登陆后,其预报移动方向、水汽输送状况、与斜压锋区的关系以及高空辐散气流等特征,可以作为初步判定登陆TC将减弱消亡还是将变性加强的可能原因。     

The role of oceanic fluxes and initial data in the numerical prediction of an intense coastal storm

On 18–19 February 1979, an intense cyclone developed along the east coast of the United States and produced heavy snowfall accumulations from Virginia to southeast New York. A series of forecast experiments was conducted to assess the accuracy of the GLA model's prediction of this storm and the importance of oceanic heat and moisture fluxes and initial data to the cyclogenesis. The GLA model forecast from the GLA NOSAT analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February correctly predicted that intense coastal cyclogenesis and heavy precipitation would occur, even though important subsynoptic details of the development were underestimated or not forecast. A repetition of this forecast with surface heat and moisture fluxes eliminated failed to predict any cyclogenesis while a similar forecast with only the surface moisture flux excluded showed only very weak cyclonic development. An extended-range forecast from 0000 GMT 16 February as well as forecasts from the GLA FGGE analysis or the NMC analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February interpolated to the GLA grid predicted weaker coastal low development than the forecast from the NOSAT analysis.Detailed examination of these forecasts shows that diabatic heating resulting from oceanic fluxes increased low-level baroclinicity, decreased static stability and significantly contributed both to the generation of low-level cyclonic vorticity, and to the intensification and slow rate of movement of an upper-level ridge over the western Atlantic. As an upper-level short-wave trough approached this ridge, the diabatic heating associated with the release of latent heat intensified and the gradient of vorticity, vorticity advection and upper-level divergence in advance of the trough were increased, which provided strong forcing for the surface cyclogenesis.An examination of the NMC and GLA analyses indicated that a weaker representation of the upper-level trough in the interpolated NMC analysis was primarily responsible for the resulting forecast differences. Comparison of the GLA FGGE and NOSAT initial analyses showed that the FGGE analysis of cloud-track wind data probably underestimated the maximum wind speeds associated with an upper-level jet streak near the east coast. This diminished the effect of the oceanic fluxes in the forecast from the FGGE analysis and resulted in weaker cyclogenesis.     

一次中气旋冰雹天气过程的诊断分析

对2002年9月27日发生在山东省境内的一次冰雹天气过程进行了中小尺度和雷达资料分析。结果表明:华北冷性低槽的东移南压,并配合低空切变线和地面冷锋的共同影响是这次过程的直接大尺度影响系统;高空冷平流、地面暖平流,在对流层中低层形成了大范围上冷下暖的不稳定层结;低层中尺度低压环流的扰动,并与高空急流南侧的辐散区耦合,产生强烈的上升运动;雷达回波分析也发现,这次过程具有典型的小型超级单体风暴特征,存在并维持尺度较小的中气旋结构。     

大连地区暖锋暴雨个例成因与雷达回波特征

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料和多普勒雷达资料等,对2009年7月14日大连暴雨局部大暴雨过程进行详细分析。结果表明：这是一次暖锋大暴雨过程,高空河套槽北抬和北支槽尾段相叠加,中低层在渤海北部到大连地区形成涡旋环流,700 hPa气旋式较大曲率处在地面暖锋上空,大连地区位于地面气旋顶部即暖锋顶部,造成强降水的产生。强湿区,配合暖锋前低层辐合中心、高层辐散中心,为暖锋大暴雨天气提供水汽和动力条件。从雷达回波分析可以看出,暖锋前部45dBz的β中尺度反射率及速度场上“单牛眼”特征,是造成此次暴雨过程及短时暴雨的直接原因。VWP资料分析表明,低层东南急流与高层西南急流形成切变层的高度以及两支急流的强度变化,与暖锋对应并决定降水的强弱。