考虑晃荡效应的独立B型LNG液舱结构多目标优化

独立B型LNG液舱内部设置舱壁板材及多种桁材,有效缓解了液舱晃荡效应。针对晃荡载荷下的独立B型LNG液舱结构多目标优化,利用规范中的公式计算晃荡载荷,并引入液舱晃荡系数,以期综合反映液舱内部构件对晃荡特性的影响,在此基础上进一步建立以液舱结构重量和液舱晃荡系数为目标的多目标优化模型,采用多目标遗传算法(NCGA),计算得到改进的独立B型LNG液舱结构设计方案。     

大型LNG船典型节点疲劳寿命谱分析评估

基于S-N曲线和Miner线性累计损伤理论,采用谱分析方法对16万立方薄膜型LNG船典型节点的疲劳寿命进行了评估。建立全船结构有限元分析模型及典型装载工况下的水动力计算模型,给出不同浪向角及波浪频率下典型节点的热点应力传递函数及分布带宽系数,采用北大西洋波浪散布图,得到各典型节点的疲劳寿命结果,并对各节点的疲劳寿命进行评估和分析。分析结果可为同类LNG船的开发设计提供参考依据。     

200kW潮流能发电装置漂浮式载体运动对水轮机性能影响分析

200 kW潮流能发电装置是"500 kW海洋能独立电力系统示范工程"课题的重要组成部分,其采用的是漂浮式载体结构,漂浮式载体的运动对水轮机的效率和载荷有着重要影响。本文采用CFD方法对载体单自由度运动对水轮机效率和载荷影响进行研究,计算结果表明:漂浮式载体晃荡对水轮机平均效率和平均载荷影响不大,对水轮机瞬时效率和瞬时载荷影响较大,会使瞬时效率和瞬时载荷发生明显的波动,且使最大值增大。由于漂浮式载体晃荡对水轮机瞬时效率和载荷带来的影响对水轮机的结构是不利的,需要在设计时考虑水轮机实际运行时漂浮式载体晃荡的影响。     

基于谱分析LNG船典型热点疲劳可靠性分析

研究LNG船在疲劳载荷作用下应力热点的疲劳可靠性。通过整船有限元分析得到不同浪向角规则波中各热点的应力频响函数,用谱分析法确定各热应力点在各短期海况下的应力范围模型,进而通过长期预报,用Weibull分布对各热点应力范围分布模型进行拟合并探讨热点型式和受载特性对参数变化的影响。基于线性累积损伤理论,利用S-N曲线计算各热点的疲劳累积损伤值并建立极限状态方程,评估LNG船舯部典型热点的疲劳可靠性和结构的疲劳安全性。针对不同热点讨论了应力范围长期分布函数—Weibull分布参数的取值对典型热点可靠性指标的影响,并给出典型热点目标可靠性指标和长期应力范围极值之间的关系以用于指导设计和安全性评价。     

基于Level-set法和通度概念液体晃荡特性研究

液体晃荡现象在诸多工程领域具有深刻的研究意义,并引起了广泛的关注。基于Level-set方法,借助流场通度的概念,模拟了流场内具有障碍物的液体晃荡现象。选取不同形式的防晃结构分析研究对晃荡的抑制效果,得到几点关于防晃结构的设计与选择的重要结论。计算结果表明,通度系数法与Level-set方法的结合使用,能够有效地处理流场内带有障碍物的液体晃荡问题,该方法具有一定的可行性和应用前景。     

MPS方法数值模拟液舱晃荡问题

基于无网格粒子法MPS方法(moving particle semi-implicit method)研究了液舱晃荡问题。针对二维矩形液舱晃荡问题进行了数值验证,结果表明MPS方法能够很好地计算晃荡产生的拍击压力。同时将MPS方法应用到带隔板的液舱晃荡问题计算中,分析了二维和三维带隔板液舱晃荡问题。计算结果表明:隔板的存在很大程度地限制了流体的水平运动,隔板附近出现了自由面的翻卷、破碎和融合现象,MPS方法能够很好地模拟这些流动现象。计算得到的波高与实验测得的波高吻合较好,表明MPS方法模拟带隔板的晃荡问题具有一定的可靠性。     

浮托安装进船过程中护舷碰撞力实测研究

浮托安装法广泛应用于大型组块海上安装。导管架平台上部组块浮托安装进船过程中,风、浪、流引起的浮托驳船横向运动造成浮托驳船与导管架桩腿的碰撞,碰撞力可能会对导管架结构造成损伤。陆丰7-2上部组块浮托安装中,为了监测碰撞力大小,设计了碰撞力海上监测系统。通过在导管架外侧四个桩腿上安装光纤光栅应变传感器对碰撞过程中导管架桩腿进行应力监测,进而计算碰撞力。对碰撞过程,载荷作用位置、方向进行简化,并对载荷大小及垂向作用位置对计算的影响进行了研究。结构分析模型简化后,测点von-Mises应力与碰撞力大小成正比,对导管架整体结构建模计算并取局部结构计算比例系数,结合应力实测数据计算出进船过程中驳船对导管架桩腿碰撞力。     

中国液化天然气船舶制造业跨入国际行列的前景分析

为了解决天然气资源利用问题,我国在广东、福建等沿海地区开始布局液化天然气(LNG)接受站,从国外输入LNG。LNG从输出地到输入地需要通过LNG船运输。为了解决LNG的运输需求,需要生产运输LNG的LNG船。中国已在上海市建造14.7万m3的LNG船舶,并积极开展新一代大型LNG船舶的研发工作。根据我国LNG船舶的建造与发展,已与国际LNG船舶市场接执,今后将在国际LNG船市场占有重要地位。     

自动表面船用于岛礁水深测绘

岛礁具有重要的地位,然而对其附近水深的调查手段却不充分。比较了几种水深测绘手段的优缺点,设计了一种小型自动表面船用于岛礁水深测绘。该表面船底部安装声学测深仪,具备自动定位、导航与运动功能;其尾部安装两个电动推进器提供动力,通过独立控制两个推进器的转速,可实现船体的前进、后退和转向;利用无线电与岸基单元进行数据通讯。根据不同水深测绘条件,该船可以用三种控制方式进行水深测量:直接控制、间接控制和自主控制。测量数据实时传输到岸基单元,并自动存储于船载存储单元。初步试验结果表明,设计的自动表面船测量系统具有可行性。     

组合隔板抑制液舱晃荡机理的数值方法研究

液舱晃荡是船舶与海洋工程领域的热点问题,有效地抑制液舱晃荡、减小壁面冲击载荷关系着船体结构的安全。使用内嵌隔板是抑制舱内晃荡,减小壁面冲击载荷的有效手段。实际工程中,内嵌隔板的最优设计的前提是对隔板抑制晃荡的机理有深入了解。CIP法具有高精度、低耗散等特点,以THINC格式捕捉自由液面,可以再现液面破碎、翻卷、涡旋以及液滴飞溅等现象。基于此法,建立了数值液舱,对比了单一隔板和组合隔板抑制晃荡的效果。结果表明,内嵌隔板的安装在水平位置上应尽量靠近舱底中线,在垂直位置上应尽量靠近自由液面,且液面附近安装的双垂直隔板抑制晃荡能力最佳。     

Pressure resistance of the corrugated stainless steel membranes of LNG carriers

Corrugated stainless steel membranes have been used as the primary barriers for LNG carriers to reduce thermal stresses at cryogenic temperatures. As the capacity of the LNG cargo is increased, however, the corrugated stainless steel membranes suffer from buckling and collapse due to increased sloshing loads in large-capacity LNG cargo carriers. In this study, the pressure resistance of the corrugated part of the stainless steel membrane was evaluated using a finite element method for better design of the LNG containment system, and an experimental equipment was developed and the pressure resistance of the stainless steel corrugations was measured and compared with the calculated results. In addition, a new membrane with high-pressure resistance and its reinforcing method were developed and evaluated experimentally.     

Fatigue strength assessment of MARK-III type LNG cargo containment system

The aim of this paper is to investigate the fatigue strength of the GTT Mark-III type LNG insulation system. The LNG insulation system consists of several composite layers with various connections; plywood, triplex, reinforced polyurethane foam and mastic. Consequently, the LNG insulation system may include mechanical failures such as cracks as well as delaminations within the layers due to sloshing impact loads and fatigue loadings. In addition, these failures may cause a significant decrease of structural integrity. In this study, a series of fatigue tests have been carried out for Mark-III type LNGC insulation systems at room temperature considering the effect of sloshing impact. The load levels have been determined based on the ultimate strength of reinforced polyurethane foam. The aim of the study is to investigate the typical failure characteristics of the MARK-III LNG insulation system and to obtain the S–N data under fatigue loading. A consolidated single S–N curve is obtained based on a systematic finite element procedure. Future use of the S–N data in fatigue analysis requires that the response analysis is carried out using a finite element model with the same mesh density and material properties. This study can be used as a fundamental study for the fatigue assessment of the LNGC insulation system as well as a design guideline.     

A probabilistic assessment of design sloshing pressure time histories in LNG tanks

The violent motion (sloshing) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in cargo tanks has attracted significant attention. Transformations of the LNG market have led to the increased transport of LNG in partially filled tanks, but established technology is mainly based on engineering experience with completely filled containers. This paper investigates a large sample of sloshing pressure measurements. It focuses on the magnitude of individual sloshing impact events, and their associated temporal and spatial patterns. The durations of these impacts are comparable to the natural frequency of an LNG container wall, so the details of their time histories are important in determining the structural response. Experiments are performed on tanks with high (92.5%) and low (30%) filling levels, for various wave headings. The common post-processing approach of representing impact pressure histories by a triangular profile is studied, and an alternative approach is presented. Two statistical models are used to describe the distribution of maximal pressures in sloshing impacts: a three-parameter Weibull model and a generalized Pareto model. The latter is found to be of questionable utility due to small sample sizes. It is observed that for low filling levels the sloshing impacts are of greater magnitude, having longer durations, smaller ratios of rise time to duration, and larger spatial extents. All these factors should in principle increase the structural response.     

A parametric sensitivity study on LNG tank sloshing loads by numerical simulations

A series of parametric sensitivity studies on unmatched dimensionless scale parameters is carried out on the liquified natural gas (LNG) tank sloshing loads by using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. First, a brief dimensional analysis is conducted to identify the governing and non-matched non-dimensional parameters, assuming that Froude scaling law is adopted. Then the sensitivity of impact pressure is checked through numerical simulations against non-matched parameters, such as fluid viscosity, liquid-gas density ratio, and ullage pressure and compressibility. The CFD simulations are also verified against experimental results. It is concluded that the effects of viscosity and density ratio are insignificant, while the compressibility of ullage space plays an appreciable role, as was pointed out by Bass et al. [Bass, R.L., Bowles, E.B., Trudell, R.W., Navickas, J., Peck, J.C., Yoshimura, N., Endo, S., Pots, B.F.M., 1985. Modeling criteria for scaled LNG sloshing experiments. Transactions of the ASME 107, 272-280].     

The air–water sloshing problem: Fundamental analysis and parametric studies on excitation and fill levels

The problem of liquid sloshing has gained recent attention with the proliferation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers transporting liquids in partially filled tanks. Impact pressures caused by sloshing depend on the tank fill level, period and amplitude of oscillation of the tank. In this paper, we first present the rudiments of a linear potential theory for sloshing motions in a two-dimensional rectangular tank, due to small amplitude sway motions. Although this topic is fundamental, we clarify inconsistencies in the published literature and texts.Numerical investigations were carried out on the sloshing motions in a two-dimensional tank in the sway excitation. The fluid domain was modeled using a finite volume approximation, and the air–water interface was tracked using a volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique. Computational results for free surface elevation and impact pressure are found to be in good agreement with theory and published data. The fill levels were varied from 10% to 95%, and the excitation time periods were varied from 0.8 to 2.8 s for a constant sway amplitude of 0.25 m (peak–peak) at 1:30 scale. The results of the parametric study are compared with theoretical predictions and suggestions are made on incorporating sloshing effects in standard seakeeping analysis for LNG carriers.     

Sloshing in a three-dimensional rectangular tank: Numerical simulation and experimental validation

Pressure variations and three-dimensional effects on liquid sloshing loads in a moving partially filled rectangular tank have been carried out numerically and experimentally. A numerical algorithm based on the volume of fluid (VOF) technique is used to study the non-linear behavior and damping characteristics of liquid sloshing. A moving coordinate system is used to include the non-linearity and avoid the complex boundary conditions of moving walls. The numerical model solves the complete Navier–Stokes equations in primitive variables by using of the finite difference approximations. In order to mitigate a series of discrete impacts, the signal computed is averaged over several time steps. In order to assess the accuracy of the method used, computations are compared with the experimental results. Several configurations of both baffled and unbaffled tanks are studied. Comparisons show good agreement for both impact and non- impact type slosh loads in the cases investigated.     

A modal approach to second-order analysis of sloshing using boundary element method

This paper aims at developing a modal approach for the non-linear analysis of sloshing in an arbitrary-shape tank under both horizontal and vertical excitations. For this purpose, the perturbation technique is employed and the potential flow is adopted as the liquid sloshing model. The first- and second-order kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions of the liquid-free surface are used along with a boundary element model which is formulated in terms of the velocity potential of the liquid-free surface. The boundary element model is used to determine the natural mode shapes of sloshing and their corresponding frequencies. Using the modal analysis technique, a non-linear model is presented for the calculation of the first- and second-order potential which can be used to obtain a reduced-order model for the sloshing dynamics. The results of the presented model are verified with the analytical solution for the second-order analysis of sloshing in a rectangular tank and very good results were obtained. Also, the second-order sloshing in some other example tanks with complex bed shapes is studied. The second-order resonance conditions of liquid sloshing in the example tanks are investigated and some conclusions are drawn.     

On the analysis of sloshing of water in rectangular containers: Numerical study and experimental validation

In this work the analysis of sloshing of water in rectangular open tanks has been extensively carried out. Two mathematical models are employed, respectively the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations (RANSE) and the Shallow Water Equations (SWE). The RANSE are solved using a modified form of the well established MAC method (SIMAC) able to treat both the free surface motion and the viscous stresses over the rigid walls accurately. The Shallow Water Equations are solved by means of a simple and powerful algorithm (CE-SE) able to deal with large impacting waves over the tank walls.Successively, in order to validate the mentioned algorithms and for a better understanding of the sloshing phenomenon, experimental tests have been carried out using a 0.5 m breadth rectangular tank in periodic roll motion.It has been shown that RANSE provide more accurate solutions than SWE for small or moderate amplitudes of excitation. In particular in this paper it is proved that the shallow water approximation can be efficiently adopted within liquid depth to tank breadth RATIO = 0.15, when examining the sloshing problem. By increasing the water level inside the tank, results by SWE show large qualitative and quantitative disagreement with experiments. Nevertheless, in the case of large amplitude excitation, when sprays and large breaking waves are expected, SWE provide a fairly good estimate of the sloshing induced waves.Finally a simple baffle configuration inside the tank has been considered. By the analysis of numerical results, it has been observed that the presence of a vertical baffle at the middle of the tank dramatically changes the sloshing response compared to the unbaffled configuration. It produces a jump-like effect, resulting in a weak magnification of the dynamic loads on the vertical walls out of resonance, and a strong reduction of the dynamic loads in the resonance condition.     

Finite-element computation of wave impact load due to a violent sloshing

A nonlinear sloshing problem is numerically simulated. During excessive sloshing, the sloshing-induced impact load can cause a critical damage on the tank structure. Recently the problem becomes an important research topic in LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Tanker and FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading) design. In this study, the wave impact load on the structure is obtained numerically by imposing the exact nonlinear free surface conditions and compared with that predicted by Morison's formula. As a theoretical model, a three-dimensional free surface flow in a tank is formulated in the scope of potential flow theory with the exact nonlinear free-surface conditions. A finite-element method based on Hamilton's principle is employed as a numerical method. The problem is treated as an initial-value problem. The nonlinear problem is numerically solved through an iterative scheme at each time step.