南方鲇的鱼体能量密度及其预测模型

于1992年和1993年2－4月由嘉陵江收集的野生南方鲇雌、雄成鱼各20尾；1996年1－4月取得了不同摄食水平处理的幼鱼19尾，饥饿处理的幼鱼18尾，测定了这4个样本的鱼体能量密度及化学组成。结果表明，各样本能量密度均分别与干物质和脂肪含量呈显著的直线相关关系；幼鱼2个样本的能量密度与蛋白质含量的正相关关系也达到显著性，而雌、雄成鱼样本的能量密度分别与干物质（DM：％B．W．）的直线回归方程的协方差分析，可将雌雄成鱼群体的两个回归方程合并为公共的成鱼能量密度（EA：kJ/g）方程：EA＝1．67＋0．302DM；将不同营养状况幼鱼的两个回归方程合并为公共的幼鱼能量密度（D1：kJ／g）方程：EJ＝－2．26＋0．329DM。     

微齿喜马拉雅低额溞生长及种群增长的研究

于1990年6月在哈尔滨市东北林业大学实验林场一水池中采到微齿喜马拉雅低额，根据实验结果应用生物统计学方法对它的生长和种群增长进行研究。结果表明，在不同温度条件下性成熟时间与水温的关系为，雌性（10-30℃）：h=8072t－1.313（r=0．985P＜0.01）；雄性（5－25℃）：h=1074t-0.855（r=0.9844，P＜0.01）。在20±1℃条件下，其体长增长模型为：lt=3.334-27345e－0.1117t。龄期（X）与年龄（t，d）的关系为：雌体：t=0·07l69X2＋1.3808X－l·7361；雄体：t=0.8425X2＋2.534x－l.8600。内禀增长率（rm）为0．4076。种群增长呈“logistic”型，其方程式为：     

斑节对虾摄食量与生长率的研究

本文在室内条件（水温24～28℃，盐度28～33．5）下以缢蛏鲜肉为饵料，对不同体长组斑节对虾的摄食量、生长速率等问题进行研究，得出斑节对虾体长（L）、体重（W）与摄食量（F）、摄食率（Ri）、生长率（Rg）和增重量（ΔW）的关系如下：W＝0．0112L3．1148F＝0．5625W0．1266Ri＝56．24W－0．2731Rg＝14．18W－0．5352ΔW＝0．0956W0．5552文中分析了对虾养殖池的生态特点，讨论了对虾中后期养殖管理过程中的某些对策问题。     

海水中铋(Ⅲ)的微分电位溶出分析

利用微分电位溶出分析法研究了海水中痕量铋（III）的最适测定条件。结果表明，实验条件选择电解电位（E）为-1．10V，溶出上限电位（E上）为-0.70V，溶出下限电位（E下）为-0．00V，工作电极旋转速度2500rpm.洗电极时间和富集时间分别为30s和600s。适宜的盐度和酸度为5．8－29．0×10-2mol／L和1．00-2.00×10-mol／LHNO3。对在海水中加入5μg／L铋（III）的样品8次测定的相对标准偏差为53％。校正曲线方程为Y=4.77＋55X,相关系数（γ）为0．9993。对青岛沿岸海水测定的加入回收率为96．5％。1994年利用该方法测定青岛沿岸海水中铋（III）的浓度为0．017－0．103μg／L。     

舟山渔场及其相邻赤潮高发区麻痹性贝类毒素研究

采用小白鼠生物检测法和高效液相色谱荧光检测法,对采自舟山渔场及其相邻赤潮高发区贝类的麻痹性贝毒素进行了调查分析与研究。结果表明,浙江舟山海域有毒贝类检出率为7．0％。利用高效液相色谱荧光检测法对2006年5月份采集的六横的西格织纹螺、岱山的毛蚶组织提取液进行麻痹性贝毒素测定,结果显示,六横的西格织纹螺体内麻痹性贝毒素含量为0．178Mu／g,毒力值为0．0356μg STXeq／g,其毒素成分由GTX2、GTX3、STX、dcSTX、C2组成：岱山的毛蚶体内麻痹性贝毒素含量为3．494Mu／g,毒力值为0．6987μg STXeq／g,其毒素成分由STX、NEO、C1、C2组成。浙江中、南部海域有毒贝类检出率为2．2％,利用高效液相色谱荧光检测法对2006年10月份在南麂列岛采集的棒锥螺的组织提取液进行麻痹性贝毒素的测定,结果显示棒锥螺体内麻痹性贝毒素含量为0．705Mu／g,毒力值为0．1409μg STXeq／g,其毒素成分有GTX1、GTX2、GTX3、NEO、C1、C2组成。     

养殖条件下暗纹东方鲀摄食与食性的初步分析

本文报道了养殖条件下暗纹东方Tun的摄食行为和不同生长阶段食物组成的变化，肠道食物分析表明，除主食配合饲料外，同时也摄食一些天然饵料（底栖类及小杂鱼等）。其肠长与体长呈直线相关，回归方程为Y．2.85x-32.36(X为体长，Y为肠长，单位：mm，相关系数R^2=0.9987),肠长为体长的2.35-2.74倍。同时对其食性的相关问题进行了讨论。     

极大螺旋藻胞内多糖IPSⅡA逆转化疗模型小鼠免疫功能的研究

研究了极大螺旋藻（Spirulina maxima）胞内多糖IPSⅡA对化疗模型小鼠免疫功能的影响。通过注射环磷酰胺构建化疗小鼠模型，再分别注射不同剂量（0．5、1、2μg/g）的IPSⅡA，14d后进行外周血白细胞计数、免疫器官称质量并且应用炭粒廓清法和溶血素测定法测定单核细胞吞噬功能和B淋巴细胞的体液免疫功能。结果发现IPSⅡA能显著改善环磷酰胺所致白细胞减少、胸脾指数降低，还能使单核细胞吞噬功能、B淋巴细胞的体液免疫功能得以恢复和提高，并且存在剂量累积效应。可见IPSⅡA能显著逆转化疗模型小鼠的免疫功能，具有成为癌症化疗辅助药物的潜能。     

胶州湾大型无脊椎动物数量的多年变化与趋势预测

利用1981，1985，1989，1993年5月和8月的定点拖网资料，选出大型无脊椎动物主要种，研究其多年变化规律，并预测其变化趋势，统计结果表明，各年5月份的平均捕获量分别为：1981年1252，1985年，1480，1989年1076，1993年556个／（网．时），呈明显的指数下降趋势，这种趋势符合X＝－4275.244e^-0.4302066t 5527.244的规律，每年8月份的资料量分别为：1981年3190，1985年8474和2027，1993年631个／（网．时），呈明显的指下降趋势，这种趋势符合X＝－4275.244e^-0.4302066t 5527.244的规律，每年8月份的资源量分别为，1981年3190，1985年8474，1989年2027，1993年631个／（网．时），亦明显的下降，符合X＝－1126．9e^-1.202198t 14456.9的规律，以上变化趋势表明，若不采取有关措施，资源将近枯竭。     

南日岛海域溶解态Cu、Pb、Cd含量及其与营养盐的关系

本文首次报道了福建南日岛海域溶解态Cu、PB、Cd的含量，探讨了它们与营养盐的关系。1990年5月溶解态Cu、Pb、Cd的平均含量分别为0．84、0．230、0．023μg／dm3；1990年10月分别为0. 78、0．290、0. 033μg／dm3。其5月溶解态Cu与无机氮N（NO3-＋NO2-＋NH4 ）线性回归的相关式为Cu（μg／dm3）＝-0. 789＋0．328N（μmol／dm3），相关系数r＝0．853，原子比△Cu：△N＝5．17×10－3：1。     

两种亚历山大藻产毒过程和毒素特征研究

对2种有毒亚历山大藻－引自台湾的微小亚历山大藻AMTK－1（Alexandrium minutum AMTK-1)和引自美国阿拉斯加的亚历山大藻KW06（Alexandrium sp.KW06)－在不同生长阶段的产毒状况、毒素组成和毒性大小进行了研究，比较了两者的异同。结果显示，2种藻的单位细胞毒素含量与培养阶段的变化趋势是一致的，即在对数生长初期达最高，之后逐渐下降；微小亚历山大藻AMTK－I主要生产GTXs毒素，从对数生长后期到静止期其毒素组成比有所变化，GTX1，TGX4比例增高而TX2，GTX3降低，亚历山大藻KW06主要生产STX毒素；亚历山大藻KW06的毒性高于微小亚历山大藻AMTK－1。     

海洋生物提取物“KEMH”研究Ⅱ．对实验动物免疫功能的影响

报导“ＫＥＭＨ”对昆明种小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明：不同剂量的“ＫＥＭＨ”（１００ｍ／ｋｇ、５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）试验组与环磷酰胺（５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）对照组比较，不论在非特异性免疫或特异性免疫功能方面，经Ｔ检验所得Ｐ值都显示出明显差异：与正常对照组比较则仅限高剂量组（ＫＥＭＨ１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）显示高度明显差异，中剂量组（ＫＥＭＨ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）略显差异或不显差异，小剂量组（ＫＥＭＨ２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）基本无差异     

黄渤海海域贝类麻痹性贝毒的检测与分析

采用小白鼠生物测试法和高效液相色谱法对2002~2005年我国黄渤海海域采集的贝类样品进行了麻痹性贝毒毒性检测,结果显示大连海域的虾夷扇贝含有麻痹性贝毒,有毒样品均出现在5月和6月,部分虾夷扇贝样品的毒素含量已经超过食用安全标准。通过高效液相色谱法分析了有毒虾夷扇贝体内的毒素成分,共检出了6种麻痹性贝毒组分,主要以毒性较低的C1和C2毒素为主,GTX3和GTX2次之,STX和neoSTX含量很低。通过高效液相色谱法分析得到的各毒素组分毒性总和与小白鼠生物测试法毒性测试结果基本相当。     

三种鲀的毒性及其与种的相关性研究

用小鼠生物检测法及薄层等电聚焦电泳法测定3种河鲀的毒性及其蛋白质组分的种属差异性．结果表明，河鲀的毒性强弱与其种属有密切关系，不同种河鲀的毒性差异很大；同种河鲀的不同个体以及同一个体的不同器官组织也有较大差异．这些结果可为河鲀资源的开发利用提供实验依据。     

人参醇提物及沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的：探讨人参醇提物及其沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法：利用环磷酰胺制备免疫低下小鼠模型,以人参水提物为对照,观察人参醇提物及其沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群的影响;肠道菌群数据采用Flash 1.2.11、Qiime 1.9.1、Mothur 1.30.2及PICRUSt 1.1.0等软件分析。结果：通过样本多样性指数分析,发现小鼠十二指肠、结肠、直肠所在部位肠道菌群结构差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。群落组成分析得知,小鼠肠道菌群差异较大的是Firmicutes(厚壁菌门),Bacteroides(拟杆菌门),Proteobacteria (变形菌门)与 Epsilonbacteraeota,Actinobacteria(放线菌门),Tenericutes(柔壁菌门)等。物种差异分析显示,免疫低下模型小鼠直肠部位的Epsilonbacteraeota数量显著增多(P=0.02),表明菌群失调;人参能调节肠道菌Epsilonbacteraeota失衡,其功效由大到小依次为人参水提物、醇提物及其沉淀。功能预测显示,肠道菌群结构改变,其对应的基因功能信息也改变,免疫低下模型小鼠直肠菌群结构与数量改变,引起RNA processing and modification, Chromatin structure and dynamics, Energy production and conversion 等方面基因改变。结论：免疫低下小鼠肠道菌群结构与功能改变,人参的不同提取物及其沉淀对小鼠肠道菌群有一定的影响。     

可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)重组铁蛋白富集Pb2+等重金属特性和功能研究

利用可口革囊星虫重组铁蛋白富集Pb²⁺、Fe³⁺、Cd²⁺、Cr³⁺、Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺、Sn²⁺和Zn²⁺等8 种重金属离子后, 通过透射显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱测定蛋白的超微结构变化和内部基团特性。以 天然的马脾铁蛋白为对照, 观察重组铁蛋白与天然铁蛋白的差别。结果显示, 重组铁蛋白富集Pb²⁺ 和其它7 种重金属离子后蛋白体积大小与重金属离子种类直接相关。重组铁蛋白相对天然铁蛋白来 说在富集不同种类重金属离子后, 除了非特异性酰胺特征峰和蛋白特征峰外, 还出现一些专门富集 某些重金属离子的特异基团, 如:-CH₃、-CH₂-、-CH-、-NH-、-SO₃-、-COOH、-S=S-和-C-S-C 等。 通过细胞实验进一步验证了铁结合蛋白能够通过富集重金属离子Pb²⁺来保护小鼠成骨前体细胞 MRC3T3-E1, 使细胞的死亡率明显降低(P<0.05).     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.