Mechanism of Underground Fluid Injection Induced Seismicity and Its Implications for CCS Projects

CO₂ capture and storage projects must consider the potential possibility ofinjection induced seismicity. Moderate earthquakes and strong earthquakes may endanger human life and property, and even felt earthquakes and microquakes also pose a threat to seal integrity of CO₂ reservoir and increase the risk of leakage. Underground fluid injection induced seismicity usually happens in some geoengineering projects such as waste fluid disposal, EOR and EGS, and it occurs when fluid is injected along the fault. Therefore, it can be studied through stress analysis. The density of supercritical CO₂ is smaller than water, which may develop density flow in the deep strata or water-rock interactions in pre-existing structures, and cause the variation in permeability and pressure to induce a seismic activity. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanism of underground fluid injection induced seismicity with the focus of CCS, combined with fluid injection projects and seismic monitoring analysis in both commercial scale and experimental scale, to investigate its impact on the integrity of the cap rock of the reservoir. Finally, we summarized the appropriate site selection, injection methods and monitoring programs to prevent the occurrence of induced seismicity.     

地热储层单裂隙岩体渗流传热数值模拟研究

研究地热储层裂隙岩体中的渗流传热过程对干热岩地热资源的开采具有重要的意义。本文以干热岩地热工程为背景,采用COMSOL Multiphysics数值模拟软件对地热储层单裂隙岩体中渗流传热机理进行了研究,并分析了流体注入速度和温度对岩体温度场的影响及其对干热岩地热工程的影响。研究发现流体参数对岩体温度场的影响主要体现在两个方面：一方面是对岩体温度场受扰动区域以及幅度的影响,另一方面是对岩体温度场达到稳态所需要时间的影响。流体注入速度的提升会降低系统的寿命和寿命期的出口法向总热量值,当考虑出口法向总热通量时,存在最佳流体注入速度,本研究中最佳流体注入速度为0.011m/s。流体注入温度的提升会增加系统的寿命和系统的出口法向总热通量和总热量。研究为干热岩自热资源的开发与利用提供了理论依据,为工程运行参数的设计提供了参考依据。     

火山岩盖层类型及封气能力——以松辽盆地徐家围子断陷为例

利用钻井、测井和分析测试资料,对徐家围子断陷火山岩盖层类型、识别标志、分布、封闭能力和对天然气成藏与分布的控制作用进行了研究,认为徐家围子断陷火山岩盖层分为火山碎屑岩和火山熔岩盖层2种。火山碎屑岩盖层主要是凝灰岩和火山角砾岩,具有井径扩容、电阻率小和高声波时差特征;火山熔岩盖层主要为流纹岩、凝灰岩和安山岩,具有井径不扩容、电阻率中等和低声波时差特征。利用高声波时差和声波时差值小于56 μs/ft可以分别识别火山碎屑岩盖层和火山熔岩盖层。火山碎屑岩盖层区域分布在断陷南部下白垩统营城组一段火山岩体的顶部,火山熔岩盖层局部分布在营一段和营三段火山岩体内部。火山碎屑岩盖层较火山熔岩盖层具有更强的封气能力,火山碎屑岩盖层控制着徐家围子断陷火山岩中天然气的区域聚集与分布,火山熔岩盖层仅控制着天然气在火山岩体中的局部聚集与分布。     

缝网间距对高温岩体储留层温度影响规律模拟

为研究高温岩体储留层注水过程中缝网间距对储留层岩体温度的影响规律,建立了考虑热对流和热传导效应的热流固耦合力学模型。以水平井多簇缝网地热开发为例,将缝网及其周围岩体简化为等效的多孔介质,利用ABAQUS二次开发功能实现了流固耦合和热对流耦合。模拟结果表明：储留层岩体温度的变化按注水持续时间分为3个阶段：初温保持阶段,该阶段储留层岩体温度保持原始温度,缝网间距的不同对储留层岩体整体温度无影响;快速降温阶段,该阶段储留层岩体温度下降随注水时间呈现负指数变化规律,缝网间距与储留层岩体温度呈正相关关系;温度缓慢下降平稳阶段,该阶段初期缝网间距与储留层岩体温度的关系和快速降温阶段一致,但后期缝网间距与储留层岩体温度呈负相关关系。空间上,在岩体温度高的区域,缝网间距越小,岩体温度变化梯度越大;在岩体温度较低的区域,缝网间距越小,岩体温度变化梯度越小。     

Geomechanical and geochemical effects on sandstones caused by the reaction with supercritical CO2: an experimental approach to in situ conditions in deep geological reservoirs

The geochemical and geomechanical behaviour of reservoir rocks from deep saline aquifers during the injection and geological storage of CO₂ is studied in laboratory experiments. A combination of geochemical and geomechanical studies was carried out on various sandstones from the North German Basin. After the mineralogical, geochemical and petrophysical characterization, a set of sandstone samples was exposed to supercritical (sc)CO₂ and brine for 2–4 weeks in an autoclave system. One sample was mineralogically and geochemically characterised and then loaded in a triaxial cell under in situ pressure and temperature conditions to study the changes of the geomechanical rock properties. After treatment in the autoclaves, geochemical alterations mainly in the carbonate, but also in the sheet silicate cements as well as in single minerals of the sandstones were observed, affecting the rocks granular structure. In addition to partial solution effects during the geochemical experiments, small grains of secondary carbonate and other mineral precipitations were observed within the pore space of the treated sandstones. Results of additional geomechanical experiments with untreated samples show that the rock strength is influenced by the saturation degree, the confining pressure, the pore fluid pressure and temperature. The exposure to pure scCO₂ in the autoclave system induces reduced strength parameters, modified elastic deformation behaviour and changes of the effective porosity in comparison to untreated sandstone samples. Experimental results show that the volume of pore fluid fluxing into the pore space of the sandstones clearly depends on the saturation level of the sample.     

塔西南前陆冲断带油气成藏地质条件的分段性

塔西南前陆冲断带成藏的地质条件具有分段性,即不同构造段成藏条件明显不同。成藏最有利部位是甫沙—克里阳、苏盖特—齐姆根两个构造带,发育了断层传播褶皱及三角带构造,集中了中—下寒武统碳酸盐岩、下石炭统—下二叠统及侏罗系暗色泥岩三套优质烃源岩,拥有下白垩统砂岩储层与古近系膏盐盖层、古近系碳酸盐岩储层与其上覆泥岩盖层、中新统砂岩储层与其中泥岩盖层以及上古生界等一系列优质储盖组合;其次为和田逆冲推覆构造带,准原地系统(原地系统)构造圈闭良好,但烃源条件和储盖条件相对较差,下二叠统克孜里奇曼(P1k)碳酸盐岩烃源岩达到气源岩的标准,下二叠统碳酸盐岩及砂岩储层、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层基本上都属低孔低渗型,下二叠统普司格组泥岩属优质区域性盖层;帕米尔前缘冲断带对成藏不太有利,虽有较好的生储盖组合,但发育大型推覆构造及强显露型冲断层,缺乏良好的构造圈闭。     

A fully coupled numerical modeling to investigate the role of rock thermo-mechanical properties on reservoir uplifting in steam assisted gravity drainage

One of the crucial consequences of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process is abnormal reservoir uplifting under thermal steam injection, which can significantly influence the reservoir rock deformation, specifically thin bed reservoirs and causes intensive failures and fractures into the cap rock formations. A thorough understanding of the influences of rock thermo-mechanical properties on reservoir uplifting plays an important role in preventing those aforementioned failures within design and optimization process in SAGD. In addition, coupling of reservoir porous medium and flowing of specific fluid with temperature as an additional degree of freedom with initial pore pressure and in-situ stress condition, are also very challenging parts of geomechanical coupled simulation which would be clearly explained. Thus, a fully coupled thermo-poro-elastic geomechanical model with finite element codes was performed in ABAQUS to investigate the role of rock thermo-mechanical parameters on reservoir vertical uplift during steam injection. It is clearly observed that, any increase in rock thermo-mechanical properties specifically rock’s thermal properties such as specific heat, thermal expansion, and formation’s thermal conductivity, have significant influences on reservoir uplift. So by coupling the temperature as an additional degree of freedom with the coupled pore-fluid stress and diffusion finite element model of SAGD process, the more realistic simulation will be conducted; hence, the errors related to not having heat as an additional degree of freedom will be diminished. In addition, Young’s modulus and specific heat are the rock thermo-mechanical parameters which have the maximum and minimum effects on the reservoir uplift, respectively.     

CO_2注入下岩层变形和流体运移分析(I):两相流-岩层耦合模型

目前国内关于CO2咸水层封存尚处于先导性和试验性研究阶段,对超临界CO2注入过程中岩层力学响应和流体运移的理论与技术方面的认识还不完善。为研究CO2注入下岩层变形和流体运移,基于两相流动数学模型,给出了超临界CO2和咸水质量守恒方程;采用毛细压力和有效饱和度的关系式,将质量守恒方程变换成以毛细压力为变量的表达式,以便于考虑流体压力对岩层的影响。提出了无流体压力影响下的岩层力学本构模型,该模型能够同时考虑岩层的塑性变形和损伤。分析了两相流体-岩层相互作用机制:一方面,采用有效应力原理,考虑流体压力对岩层的力学影响;另一方面,通过岩层固有渗透率变化考虑岩层变形对流体运移的影响。     

超临界二氧化碳喷射破碎页岩试验

高效开发页岩气有利于满足日益增长的能源需求,但页岩储层的开发极为困难,超临界二氧化碳作为一种新型页岩气钻采流体,可以有效保护页岩储层,置换吸附提高页岩气采收率,并同时实现二氧化碳的埋存.研发了一套超临界二氧化碳喷射开发页岩气装置,并开展了超临界二氧化碳喷射破碎页岩室内试验.发现超临界二氧化碳射流喷射后岩石强度降低,且射流压力和温度越高,降低幅度越大;本实验条件下超临界二氧化碳射流破岩体积是水射流的1.73~6.51倍,破岩优势显著,井底环境温度对超临界二氧化碳射流的破岩性能有较大影响.表明超临界二氧化碳可显著提高页岩气钻井速度,有望形成一种高效的页岩气开发方法,应用潜力广阔.      

扬子地区二叠系油气地质条件综合研究

扬子地区横跨中国南方的中部及西部。在二叠纪,由于早期的广泛海侵及后期的多次构造活动,形成了海相、陆相交互发育的一套地层系列。其中烃源岩以栖霞组和孤峰组的暗色石灰岩以及泥岩、泥页岩为主,有机碳含量较高,热演化程度较低。油气储集岩主要包括碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩两类。沉积盖层以上覆的石膏岩及二叠系的石灰岩、泥质石灰岩、泥页岩、硅岩为主。扬子地区的桃源、通山、九江至南京、句容、南通的长江沿线地区为最有利的油气勘探区,万县、泸州、上思、个旧及西昌西方的九龙等地区为油气勘探的较有利地区。     

新疆三塘湖盆地石炭系含油气系统初步评价

新疆三塘湖盆地晚古生代发育哈尔加乌组和卡拉岗组陆相火山喷发岩系,二者在岩石组合上均以中酸性火山岩及其碎屑岩为主,局部夹基性火山岩。通过岩性剖面和化石组合对比认为哈尔加乌组和卡拉岗组为同一时代地层,没有上下关系,时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世。对哈尔加乌组火山岩进行锆石SHRIMP U Pb定年获取年龄值为3196±98 Ma,表明这套火山岩含有石炭纪的部分,限定这套火山岩系的喷发时限为石炭纪中期至早二叠世。哈尔加乌组和卡拉岗组火山岩发育多期的火山喷发—沉积旋回,形成巨厚层的火山岩和火山碎屑岩的互层,具备良好的油气储集条件,其下伏老爷庙组暗色泥岩夹层有机碳（TOC）含量较高（071％162％）,属于一般烃源岩—好烃源岩,这套烃源岩与哈尔加乌组—卡拉岗组火山岩构成生储盖组合,上覆上二叠统芨芨槽子群泥岩为盖层,构成盆地与火山岩相关的石炭系含油气系统,具有重大的石油地质意义。     

Analytical solutions for transient temperature distribution in a geothermal reservoir due to cold water injection

An analytical solution to describe the transient temperature distribution in a geothermal reservoir in response to injection of cold water is presented. The reservoir is composed of a confined aquifer, sandwiched between rocks of different thermo-geological properties. The heat transport processes considered are advection, longitudinal conduction in the geothermal aquifer, and the conductive heat transfer to the underlying and overlying rocks of different geological properties. The one-dimensional heat transfer equation has been solved using the Laplace transform with the assumption of constant density and thermal properties of both rock and fluid. Two simple solutions are derived afterwards, first neglecting the longitudinal conductive heat transport and then heat transport to confining rocks. Results show that heat loss to the confining rock layers plays a vital role in slowing down the cooling of the reservoir. The influence of some parameters, e.g. the volumetric injection rate, the longitudinal thermal conductivity and the porosity of the porous media, on the transient heat transport phenomenon is judged by observing the variation of the transient temperature distribution with different values of the parameters. The effects of injection rate and thermal conductivity have been found to be profound on the results.     

鄂尔多斯盆地JX井延长组砂岩固碳潜力分析

神华集团在我国CO₂地下埋藏的潜在目标区(鄂尔多斯盆地)实施的CO₂注入工程仍存在有关其注入层之上泥岩盖层安全性方面的争议.通过对与神华集团CO₂注入井相邻且钻遇地层系统、岩石组合一致的JX井三叠系延长组(位于注入层之上)的研究预测一旦CO₂透过盖层后的再续固碳能力.研究层位岩屑样品类型主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,其次为岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩;其物源区岩石类型主要为长英质火山岩、其次为中性火山岩及少量富含石英的沉积岩,具中性斜长岩成分特征;其上段(466~534 m)及下段(666~958 m)砂岩母岩受到弱-中等化学蚀变,并可能经历了再旋回过程;中段(534~666 m)砂岩母岩未受化学蚀变影响,并可能为第一次旋回沉积物.作为潜在的CO₂再续固碳场所,延长组砂岩具有实现CO₂矿物圈闭的物质条件及形成片钠铝石、方解石、铁白云石和菱铁矿等固碳矿物的潜力.     

Experimental Study of Cement - Sandstone/Shale - Brine - CO2 Interactions

Background

Reactive-transport simulation is a tool that is being used to estimate long-term trapping of CO₂, and wellbore and cap rock integrity for geologic CO₂ storage. We reacted end member components of a heterolithic sandstone and shale unit that forms the upper section of the In Salah Gas Project carbon storage reservoir in Krechba, Algeria with supercritical CO₂, brine, and with/without cement at reservoir conditions to develop experimentally constrained geochemical models for use in reactive transport simulations.

Results

We observe marked changes in solution composition when CO₂ reacted with cement, sandstone, and shale components at reservoir conditions. The geochemical model for the reaction of sandstone and shale with CO₂ and brine is a simple one in which albite, chlorite, illite and carbonate minerals partially dissolve and boehmite, smectite, and amorphous silica precipitate. The geochemical model for the wellbore environment is also fairly simple, in which alkaline cements and rock react with CO₂-rich brines to form an Fe containing calcite, amorphous silica, smectite and boehmite or amorphous Al(OH)₃.

Conclusions

Our research shows that relatively simple geochemical models can describe the dominant reactions that are likely to occur when CO₂ is stored in deep saline aquifers sealed with overlying shale cap rocks, as well as the dominant reactions for cement carbonation at the wellbore interface.     

巴西萨利莫斯盆地油气地质特征及油气分布规律

基于萨利莫斯盆地基础地质条件,以石油地质理论为指导,对盆地的生储盖条件及成藏特征进行了研究,并利用多因素叠合的方法对盆地潜在有利区进行了预测。分析认为,萨利莫斯盆地是新元古代末期克拉通内断陷基础上形成的克拉通盆地,形成古生界和中-新生界两套沉积充填序列。盆地内主力烃源岩和储盖层均发育在古生界序列中。泥盆系然迪亚图巴组页岩是盆地中的主力烃源岩;石炭系朱鲁尔组砂岩和泥盆系俄勒组砂岩是最有利的储集层段,与石炭系卡让利组、朱鲁尔组的蒸发岩和页岩构成良好的储盖组合。受岩浆侵入的影响,烃源岩的生排烃分为岩浆侵入前和侵入后两个阶段,并以第二阶段为主生排烃阶段;受晚期构造运动的影响,盆地具有多期成藏的特征,最后一期成藏决定了油气的最终分布。盆地勘探经验表明,油气田往往位于断裂带周围,并受烃源岩的发育位置控制。因此,认为盆地中烃源岩发育区内的断裂带周围是油气田,特别是气田的有利勘探领域。     

梨树断陷双龙地区火山发育特征及油气成藏规律

松辽盆地梨树断陷双龙地区白垩系火石岭组发育中心式和裂隙式两种喷发型火山,其在发育规模、油气成藏等方面存在不同。中心式喷发型火山活动剧烈,持续时间长,火山岩分布面积广,厚度大,岩性从基性火山岩逐渐向中性火山岩转变;裂隙式喷发型火山活动弱,持续时间短,火山岩分布面积小,厚度薄,岩性主要为中性火山岩。中心式喷发型火山与湖盆水体相邻,形成火山-湖泊沉积环境,火山岩、砂砾岩、深湖-半深湖泥岩交替沉积,使得中心式喷发型火山发育区的火石岭组具有良好的生、储、盖条件,并形成自生自储型生储盖组合方式;裂隙式喷发型火山远离湖盆水体,火山岩的分布与深湖相泥岩没有直接接触,加之储层物性差,因此裂隙式喷发型火山发育区的火石岭组油气成藏条件差。通过对研究区钻井、试油、地震等资料的综合分析认为,研究区西部中心式喷发型火山发育区是火石岭组有利的勘探区域,其烃源岩为深湖-半深湖泥岩,储集体包括火山碎屑岩、砂砾岩和火山岩,储集空间主要为裂缝和孔隙。     

四川盆地下寒武统膏盐岩发育特征与封盖有效性分析

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通过野外露头、钻井岩心、测井曲线和地震资料的综合分析,在识别出 4类不同成因类型和规模的层序界面基础上,将百色盆地那读组划分为 1个超长期、5个长期和 16个中期基准面旋回层序。并详细地讨论了层序与生储盖组合的关系,指出生储盖组合特征与长期基准面旋回关系最为密切,有利储层发育位置主要出现在长期基准面上升半旋回的早中期和下降半旋回的中晚期,转换面附近则是烃源岩和盖层的发育位置;各长期旋回层序的生储盖组合具不同特征,明显受基准面升降幅度、频率及其所影响的相组合、可容纳空间和A/S值变化控制;按生储盖组合在垂向和纵向上的配置关系,可划分为上生下储、下生上储、侧向运移等 3种基本组合类型。     

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安徽淮北石炭、二叠纪煤系有机质丰度高，热演化程度已达高成熟阶段，生气潜力很大。本区一次生气条件因构造活动遭到相当程度的破坏，但燕山期强烈的岩浆侵入和地区西部及北缘中、新生代大幅度沉降提高了有机质热演化程度，创造了二次生气的有利条件。     

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江汉海相探区内中寒武统覃家庙组膏盐岩盐下层系中发育有两套良好的生储盖组合.对盐下层系生、储、盖特点和分布规律的分析表明,上震旦统陡山沱组及下寒武统水井沱组发育页岩烃源岩,上震旦统灯影组碳酸盐岩和下寒武统石龙洞组碳酸盐岩有良好的储集条件,而覃家庙组的膏盐岩和下寒武统石牌组-天河组泥质岩又为盐下的油气聚集提供了区域性盖层条...