天山北坡呼图壁河流域水资源变化及转化研究

利用天山北坡中段呼图壁河流域石门水文站1956—2011年径流量数据,以及2013年9月—2014年10月逐月呼图壁河地表径流和地下水的δD和δ18O数据,研究了呼图壁河流域地表径流和地下水位变化,并结合同位素和水化学方法探讨了地表径流和地下水之间的转化关系。结果表明,近55 a呼图壁河流域出山口径流量有明显增加趋势,在20世纪90年代之后增加了13.36%,而地下水位呈持续下降趋势。流域地表水与地下水水化学特征差异显著,地表径流受岩石风化作用影响,而地下水受蒸发—结晶沉降作用控制。该流域地表水与地下水出现了两次转化关系,上游地区地下水对地表径流的补给占到18.45%,而中下游区域地下水的补给占到92.31%。     

西拉木伦河流域降水和径流特征分析

在搜集整理西拉木伦河流域近30a(1981—2010年)降水资料和同期径流数据的基础上,运用统计方法分析了该流域的降水和径流年内和年际变化特征,并对年降水量和径流二者之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,西拉木伦河流域年内降水分配不均匀,降水主要集中在夏季,近30a年际降水量呈波动减少趋势。受降水影响,西拉木伦河流域径流年际变化同样也较为强烈。以西拉木伦河流域年降水量、径流量建立数学模型为:Q=-4.624+0.029P年(R=0.706)。     

新疆精河流域河川径流及对气候变化的响应

根据精河流域1957—2012年的气温、降水和径流量等资料,分析了精河流域近55 a来径流量的变化趋势和周期特征,研究了河川径流及对气候变化的响应关系,并建立基于多变量时间序列自回归CAR(Controlled Auto-regressive)径流预测模型。结果表明:(1)精河径流在年内分配不均,季节变化明显,夏季集中,枯水期长且枯季径流量小。6—9月为径流连续最大4个月,占全年径流量的74%。(2)从20世纪80年代开始,河川径流量增加,持续至90年代,在21世纪有减小的趋势,1981—2005年平均年径流总量比1957—1980年增加了3.24%。(3)精河流域年径流量序列在21 a和13 a左右的振荡周期最为明显,其次是32 a和9 a,而其中的21 a和13 a时间尺度上的振荡是全时域的。(4)建立了径流与降水和气温的CAR模型,发现拟合平均相对误差为6.54%,均方根误差为0.039。用CAR模型模拟河流年径流量误差在可接受范围内,可以利用该模型对精河流域年径流量进行预测。     

1953—2011年信江流域径流量变化特征及归因分析

利用信江流域梅港水文控制站1953—2011年径流量观测资料和11个气象站同期气象观测资料,采用统计方法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法、Morlet小波分析法,对信江流域径流量年内、年际变化的不均匀性、长期趋势、周期变化,及其与气候因素的相关性等进行分析。结果显示,信江流域多年平均径流量呈缓慢增大趋势,但具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,振荡周期明显,年际变化的主要周期为6—8 a,年代际变化的主要周期为准22 a,在20世纪70—90年代最明显。年流量以主汛期(4—6月)为最多,春、夏季(3—8月)径流变差系数小,水量稳定,冬季变差系数大,水量不稳定。流域径流量与气候因素中的降水、蒸发具有显著的相关性,而人类活动中的城镇化、经济、人口等因素对径流变化起到了一定的辅助作用。     

宜昌站1882-2007年径流变化规律分析

以长江流域宜昌站1882-2007年的天然径流序列为基础数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验法和小波分析等统计方法,对径流序列各年代年内变化和年际分配变化进行了分析.结果表明,年内变化中,宜昌站径流分配不均匀,各个年代径流量集中在汛期;不均匀性和集中程度以20世纪20-50年代最明显,21世纪初最不明显,其他年份均介于二者之间,差别不大.在年际变化中,宜昌站多年径流量呈现减少的趋势,但并不显著;1935年左右为径流突变年份,径流量由突变前的14432 m3/s减少到突变后的13471 m3/s,减少了961 m3/s;多年径流量均存在12a和27 a的变化周期.     

气候变化对长江上游径流影响预估

利用第五次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中5个气候模式在3种典型浓度路径(RCPs)下的预估结果驱动SWAT水文模型,预估了21世纪气候变化对长江上游年径流量、季节分配以及极端径流的影响。结果表明：预估的长江上游平均气温呈显著上升趋势,21世纪末较当前(1986—2005年)升高1.5~5.5℃,降水总体呈增加趋势,在21世纪30年代后高于当前气候平均值,21世纪末相对于当前增加5%~15%。流域内气候变化存在明显空间差异,金沙江和岷沱江流域气温升高和降水增加幅度均大于流域平均值。预估的长江上游年径流量及各月平均径流均有增加趋势,在21世纪30年代后高于当前多年平均值,21世纪中期增加4%~8%,21世纪末增加10%~15%。预估的径流年内分布的均匀性有所增加,但年际变化明显增大,极端旱涝事件的频率和强度明显增加。预估的各子流域径流变化对气候变化的响应也存在差异,金沙江和岷沱江流域年径流量、年际变化和年内分布变化小,对气候变化的响应表现为低敏感;嘉陵江流域、乌江流域和长江上游干流径流增加幅度大,同时极端丰枯出现的频率和程度增加显著,是气候变化响应的敏感区域。     

松花江、辽河流域实测径流的变化趋势及其与降水的关系

利用松花江、辽河流域内132个降水测站1961-2000年40年的月降水资料,以及水文测站哈尔滨、江桥、铁岭1956-2000年45年的月实测径流量资料,分析松花江、辽河流域实测径流的变化趋势,并探讨夏季径流与同期降水的相关性。结果表明：松花江流域的年实测径流量呈现较微弱的下降趋势,而辽河流域年实测径流呈现显著的下降趋势;两流域径流量均存在着一致的阶段性丰枯周期变化;最显著的一次波动是夏季实测径流由20世纪60年代中后期呈现的显著下降趋势转为80年代初期的明显上升趋势;降水是影响松花江、辽河流域夏季实测径流的一个重要气候因素。初步揭示了人类活动、下垫面改变对实测径流的影响。     

天山巴音布鲁克盆地汛期水资源变化趋势及其影响因素分析

利用1982—2018年巴音布鲁克气象站逐日气象资料和开都河流上游大山口水文站逐月径流量资料，采用Morlet小波分析、气候敏感与水量平衡法，时间序列分析等方法，分析了汛期（5—9月）巴音布鲁克盆地地表径流量变化趋势及气候变化与人工增水作业对径流量的影响。结果表明：近37 a巴音布鲁克盆地汛期地表径流量呈增加趋势，突变年份为1989年，存在主周期依次为14 a、22 a、4 a 、7 a的周期变化，具有17~27 a、11~16 a年代际尺度和4~8 a年际尺度的丰枯位相交替变化特征。降水量是影响径流量变化的主导气候因素，对径流量变化的平均影响率为73.1%。因人工增水因素影响，盆地的降水可分为自然降水和人工催化降水，其中自然降水在历史期（1982—1993年）为69.5%，作业前期（1994—2006年）为59.28%，作业后期（2007—20018年）为74.56%，而人工催化降水在人工增水期（1994—2018年）对径流量变化的平均影响率为7.93%，表明径流量对降水的依赖程度正大幅增加，同时人工增水作业对径流量也有一定增加作用。     

近５１年宁强县气候特征分析

利用宁强县1957--2007年气温、降水量、相对湿度、日照时数和雾日数等气象观测资料,分析近51a来宁强县气候变化的规律和特征。结果表明：宁强县年平均气温呈现略微上升趋势,其气候倾向率为0．02。C／10a,其变化具有波动性;年降水量呈现出较明显的下降趋势,其气候倾向率为60．92mm／10a,降水的年际变化很大,且年内降水量分配很不平衡,主要集中在下半年和夏季,降水量主要分布在800～1500mm之间,降水量高于601mm的保证率达到100％;年平均相对湿度为79％;年平均日照时数为1589．0h;年雾日数呈现明显上升趋势,其气候倾向率为9．92d／10a,从1980年开始年雾日数急剧增加．雾日数的增加对农业会产生不利影响。     

未来气候变化对淮河流域径流的可能影响

采用新安江月分布式水文模型, 结合1961—2000年历史月气候资料和4个CGCMs的3个SRES排放情景下 (B1, A 2, A 1B) 未来降水和气温情景模拟结果, 对过去淮河流域的径流进行模拟检验并对未来2011—2040年的径流影响进行评估, 为水资源管理和规划提供依据。结果表明:水文模型能较好地反映年、月流量以及多年平均值和季节的变化; 年流量模拟一般好于月流量, 淮河干流主要控制水文站如王家坝、鲁台子、蚌埠的年流量模型效率系数均在80%以上; 多年平均值模拟效果好, 平均绝对相对误差为10%。多数CGCMs不同排放情景下气候模拟结果表明:未来2011—2040年, 淮河流域气候将趋于暖湿, 但年径流量将可能以减少趋势为主。这对淮河地区水资源的可持续发展以及东线调水工程水资源统一调配和管理提出了较大的挑战。淮河流域大部分区域2011—2040年月径流量减少将主要发生在1月和7—12月, 变化趋势较为确定; 4—6月, 径流量将以增加趋势为主, 不确定性较大; 2—3月, 径流具有增加趋势的地区多分布在淮河以北地区, 具有减少趋势的地区则多分布在淮河干流及以南地区和洪泽湖、平原区, 这些地区增加或减少趋势的不确定性较大。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.