Correlation of seismic intensity with Fourier acceleration spectra

We present a method for estimating the seismic intensity in terms of MMI or MSK scale using Fourier amplitude spectra of ground acceleration. The method implies that severity of earthquake ground motion is determined by spectral amplitudes in relatively narrow frequency band: so-called “representative frequencies”, at decreasing frequencies (from 7–8 Hz for small intensities to 0.7 – 1.0 Hz for MMI(MSK) = VIII–IX) with increasing intensity level. It is examined through estimation of probable intensity at a site using recordings of recent earthquakes in several seismic regions and prediction of intensity distribution patterns for some earthquakes. Seismic hazard maps, in terms of intensity levels based upon the proposed approach, should describe regional features of seismic waves excitation and propagation, as well as local ground conditions.     

基于地应力实测数据分析郯庐断裂带中段滑动趋势

郯庐断裂带潜在滑动趋势对于区域地壳稳定性评价具有重要的意义。对郯庐断裂带中段(新沂至渤海段)附近12个钻孔共65条实测地应力数据分析,得出该区段最大和最小水平主应力与垂直应力之比Kmax和Kmin的范围,结果表明郯庐断裂带中段主要表现为逆断层的应力状态,局部地区呈现出有利于走滑断层的特征。研究区内应力比K值由西向东逐渐增大,并在东北部达到最大。通过计算得出断层面上的剪应力与有效正应力比值小于Byerlee准则所定义的摩擦系数,说明目前郯庐断裂带中段处于相对稳定状态;同时发现北西向断裂面上的剪应力与有效正应力比值比北东向断裂的大。区内应力积累指标μm的计算结果和地震的分布特征表明,郯庐断裂带中段北西向断裂上地震活动频繁,应力积累程度低;而北东向断层上应力积累程度高,特别是处于郯庐断裂带中段东北部的北东向断层,在应力集中的区域出现地震空白区,推测为断层的锁固段。最终认为在现今应力场下郯庐断裂带中段更易沿北西向的断裂滑动。     

New data on the evolution of the Tan–Lu fault belt: constraints from geological–geophysical surveys in the southern segment

The Tan–Lu fault is a well-known active fault belt in eastern China that has been the focus of geologic studies over the past 40 years. Since the late 1990s, numerous geophysical and geological investigations of this dislocation zone have been carried out by Chinese oil companies, as well as by universities. However, its deep structure, active periods of slip, and fault mechanism remain obscure. This study focuses on the deep structures within the Jiashan–Lujiang segment of the Tan–Lu fault belt, using high-precision geophysical tools, including magnetotelluric and magnetic sounding, and artificial seismic exploration using active source methods. Our results suggest that this segment is composed of several sub-faults. The southern part of the Tan–Lu fault belt, along the Jiashan–Lujiang sub-fault, can be divided into two parts on the basis of contrasting geological features. The Chihe–Taihu sub-fault is taken as the boundary between the two. The region east of the Chihe–Taihu sub-fault is dominated by strike–slip activity along several sub-faults. Only the Jiashan–Lujiang sub-fault is exposed at the surface, forming a large, positive flower structure, the result of late Middle Jurassic to early Late Jurassic strike–slip movement along the dislocation zone. Three sub-faults are present in Dingyuan County, two of which disappear in the southern Hefei Basin. Only the Chihe–Taihu sub-fault extends to the eastern edge of this basin, creating a half-graben depression that formed during the Early Cretaceous. Our results indicate that the present-day deep structure of the southern portion of the Tan–Lu fault zone is the result of a combination of strike–slip and extensional tectonics.     

Assessment of predominant frequencies using ambient vibration in the Kachchh region of western India: implications for earthquake hazards

The Kachchh region is the second most seismically active region in India after the Himalaya. One of the disastrous Indian earthquakes of the millennium was the Bhuj earthquake of January 26, 2001, which caused about 14,000 casualties and huge property damage. The main reason for such devastation is due to lack of earthquake awareness and poor construction practices. Hence, an increase in the knowledge and awareness, based on improved seismic hazard assessment, is required to mitigate damage due to an earthquake. Natural predominant ground frequencies have been investigated in the Kachchh region of western India using ambient vibrations. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio technique has been applied to estimate the predominant frequency at 126 sites. The ambient vibration measurements were conducted for about 1 h at each site in the continuous mode recording at 100 samples/s. We have validated the estimated predominant frequency with earthquake data recorded at six broadband stations in the region. It has been observed that geological time period has a significant effect on predominant frequency of the ground. The estimated predominant frequencies vary from 0.24 to 2.25 Hz for the Quaternary, 0.41–2.34 Hz for the Tertiary, 0.32–4.91 Hz for the Cretaceous, and 0.39–8.0 Hz for the Jurassic/Mesozoic. In the Deccan trap, it varies from 1.30 to 3.80 Hz. We found distinct variation of predominant frequencies of sites associated with hard rock and soft soil. The predominant frequencies were related to the thickness of the sediments, which are deduced by other geophysical and geological methods in the region. Our results suggest that frequencies of the region reveals the site characteristics that can be considered for studying the seismic risks to evolve a plan for disaster risk mitigation for the region.     

Dangerous ice phenomena on the lowland rivers of European Russia

The site amplification functions at 48 sites of NCR have been estimated in this study using the waveforms of locally recorded 23 earthquakes. Due to the absence of a suitable reference site in the region, the widely used horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) technique has been used for this purpose. The maps showing the spatial distribution of predominant frequencies and the site amplifications at different frequencies corresponding to the natural frequencies of the different-storey buildings have been presented. The predominant frequencies in general are found to be in the range 2.5–7.5 Hz with an average of 4.4 Hz for the region having older alluvium sediments and in the range 1.1–6.4 Hz with an average of 3.3 Hz for the region with the younger alluvium deposits. The average value of the site amplifications for the frequency band 3.0–10.0 Hz is in the range 2.0–5.3 for the sites with significant soil cover, while the spectral amplification corresponding to the predominant frequency varies from 2.5 to 7.5 at most of the sites. The spectral amplification level lies in the range 2.0–3.0 for the sites with less or no sediment cover. The spectral amplification levels presented for the different-storey buildings may be used for the mitigation of seismic hazard in the region. The estimated site amplification functions may be used in the simulation of the site-specific strong ground motions and therefore useful for the evaluation of seismic hazard of a region.     

海原断裂带断层通道波观测与破碎带宽度

断层通道波是低速断层破碎带与高速围岩之间的边界相干多重反射形成的,其振幅和频率强烈依赖于断层的几何形态和物理性质,故能用于探测断裂带的内部结构.在宁夏海原西安州附近海原断裂带上,横跨1920年海原8.6级地震地表破裂带布设2条测线,接收测线之间人工爆破激发的断层通道波.每条测线由1台3分量数字地震仪组成,靠近破裂带台间距30～40 m,远离破裂带台间距增大至230～250 m.对测线1的台站接收到的一炮垂直道地震波数据进行了0.1～4.0 Hz频段的滤波,结果表明在S波到时之后存在多组强振幅、低频率、长波链的断层通道波.由断层通道波揭示的海原断裂带在西安州附近的断裂破碎带宽度约为250 m.     

Deep structure,genesis, and seismic activation of the Bureya orogen,Russian Far East

The Bureya orogen is a special object among the geodynamic factors determining the high seismicity of the Lower Amur region. Its location and deep structure are studied on the basis of comprehensive geophysical and tectonic data. This orogen is a low-density lithospheric domain expressed by an intensive negative gravity anomaly and Moho sunken down to 40 km depth. Within the limits of this lithospheric structure, contemporary uplifting takes place to form a meridional dome peaking at more than 2000 m altitude. The position of the orogen in the regional structure gives us grounds to think that the Bureya orogen formed in the Paleogene, at the finishing stage of tectonic block movement along the Pacific margin represented by the NE-trending strike-slip faults of the Tang Lu Fault Zone. Compression was concentrated at the triple junction between the Central Asian, Mongolian–Okhotian, and Sikhote Alin tectonic belts. The meridional orientation of the Bureya orogen is associated with the parallel elongated Cenozoic depressions in the region. The united morphotectonic system may have formed resulting from lithospheric folding under horizontal shortening in the Paleocene–Eocene. The wavelength of the Lower Amurian fold system is 250 km, which is consistent with the theoretical estimates and examples of lithospheric folds in other regions. The contemporary activation of the Bureya orogen began in the Miocene, under the effect of the Amurian Plate front moving in the northeastern direction. As a result of shortening, the meridional cluster of weak (M ≥ 2.0) earthquakes formed along the western boundary of the orogenic dome. The most intensive deformations caused another type of seismicity associated with the activation-related uplift of the mentioned orogen. As a result, the so-called Bureya seismic zone formed above the apex of the dome, and it is here that the strongest regional earthquakes (M ≥ 4.5) occur.     

郯庐断裂走滑活动与辽河盆地构造古地理格局

渐新世晚期 ,郯庐断裂的右行走滑活动控制了辽河盆地的构造古地理格局。研究认为 ,岩石圈断块沿郯庐断裂的走滑活动与大型板块构造的活动方式有一定的相似之处 ,即伴随着郯庐断裂的右行走滑 ,从断裂的增压弯曲部位到断裂的释压拉张部位将发生岩石圈断块的汇聚与离散现象 ,由此造成了走滑断裂带上增压弯曲部位与释压拉张部位局部应力场性质的不同 :增压弯曲部位应力相对集中 ,岩石圈断块发生汇聚、挤压、隆升 ;而释压拉张部位由于应力释放 ,岩石圈断块发生离散、伸展、沉降。岩石圈断块的隆升与沉降造成了渐新世晚期辽河盆地构造古地理格局的巨大差异。     

Source parameters of some recent earthquakes in the Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt

Gulf of Aqaba is recognized as an active seismic zone where many destructive earthquakes have occurred. The estimation of source parameters and coda Q attenuation are the main target of this work. Fifty digital seismic events in eight short-period seismic stations with magnitude 2.5–5.2 are used. Most of these events occurred at hypocentral depths in the range of 7–20 km, indicating that the activity was restricted in the upper crust. Seismic moment, M _o, source radius, r, and stress drop, Δσ, are estimated from P- and S-wave spectra using the Brune’s seismic source model. The average seismic moment generated by the whole sequence of events was estimated to be 4.6E?+?22 dyne/cm. The earthquakes with higher stress drop occur at 10-km depth. The scaling relation between the seismic moment and the stress drop indicates a tendency of increasing seismic moment with stress drop. The seismic moment increases with increasing the source radius. Coda waves are sensitive to changes in the subsurface due to the wide scattering effects generating these waves. Single scattering model of local earthquakes is used to the coda Q calculation. The coda with lapse times 10, 20, and 30 s at six central frequencies 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 Hz are calculated. The Q _c values are frequency dependent in the range 1–25 Hz, and are approximated by a least squares fit to the power law [ $ {Q_c}(f) = {Q_o}{(f/{f_o})^\eta } $ ]. The average of Q _c values increases from 53?±?10 at 1.5 Hz to 700?±?120 at 24 Hz. The average of Q _o values ranges from 13?±?1 at 1.5 Hz to 39?±?4 at 24 Hz. The frequency exponent parameter η ranges between 1.3?±?0.008 and 0.9?±?0.001.     

用小波变换讨论地震中的多普勒现象

地震中多普勒效应可以确定地震的破裂面等,说明对多普勒效应的研究有实际意义,但目前确定地震中是否存在多普勒效应的方法并不成熟。在研究多普勒效应空间分布规律的基础上,提出用小波变换确定地震中是否存在多普勒效应的方法。选择位于汶川地震断层滑动前方的若干台站对台站最初时段的地震记录进行小波变换时,发现随着震中距的增加,小波谱高频幅值明显大于小波谱低频幅值;说明虽然存在介质对地震波的吸收衰减作用,但多普勒效应的存在仍使得小波谱高频幅值增大。选择与汶川地震断层垂直方位的若干台站对台站最初时段的地震记录进行小波变换时,发现随着震中距的增加,小波谱高频幅值迅速降低,震中距大到一定程度后低频部分的小波谱幅值会明显大于高频部分的小波幅值;说明在该方向上,介质对地震波的高频吸收衰减起主要作用,没有发生多普勒效应。     

On the Importance of Geolithological Features for the Estimate of the Site Response: The Case of Catania Metropolitan Area (Italy)

The evaluation of seismic site response in the urban area of Catania was tackled by selecting test areas having peculiar lithological and structural features, potentially favourable to large local amplifications of ground motion. The two selected areas are located in the historical downtown and in the northern part of Catania where the presence of a fault is evident. Site response was evaluated using spectral ratio technique taking the horizontal- to-vertical component ratio of ambient noise. Inferences from microtremor measurements are compared with results from synthetic accelerograms and response spectra computed at all drillings available for this area. Such method is particularly suitable in urban areas where the nature of the outcropping geological units is masked by city growth and anthropic intervention on the surface geology. The microtremor H/V spectral ratios evaluated at soft sites located within the downtown profile tend to be smaller than that usually reported in the literature for such soils. A tendency for amplifications to peaks near 2 Hz is observed only in some sites located on recent alluvial deposits. Evidences for amplifications of site effects (frequency range 4–8 Hz) were observed in the sampling sites located on the fault, with a rapid decrease of spectral amplitude just a few tenths of metres away from the discontinuity. Numerical simulations evidenced the importance of geolithological features at depth levels even greater than 20–30 m. Besides this, the results strongly confirm the importance of the subsurface geological conditions, in the estimate of seismic hazard at urban scale.     

断层穿越斜坡场地效应分析:以绵竹九龙镇山前斜坡为例

2008年汶川MS8.0强震中频繁出现断层穿越的地震滑坡,除发震断层的地震特性外,其自身场地效应也会影响斜坡动力响应,甚至加剧斜坡失稳。本文以汶川极震区绵竹九龙镇山前斜坡为典型实例,根据余震作用下斜坡不同高程实测地震记录及地脉动测试结果,通过单点谱比法(H/V),获得斜坡地震动加速度随高程的放大系数和地脉动的频谱特征曲线,通过曲线对比分析发现: 1)斜坡两次典型余震PGA放大系数随高程先减小后增大,呈明显的凹形特征,凹形部位位于断层位置,其PGA放大系数约为斜坡底部测点0.4~1.0,坡顶测点的PGA放大系数则达到1.0~2.0倍。由于PGA放大系数是在断层位置出现的明显拐点,从地质上表明了断层场地效应明显; (2)各点NS/UD谱比普遍大于EW/UD谱比。断裂区域卓越频率为低频1Hz,小于其他测点的频率,对应谱比最大值高达3.0~4.0,高于其他测点谱比最大值。说明地表破裂处岩土体松散破碎,导致断层处的卓越频率较低,近场余震传播过来的高频地震波被断层隔断,地震加速度放大系数在该处发生了衰减,场地效应显著。本研究有助于增强断层场地对斜坡动力响应影响的认识。     

地震作用下西藏易贡滑坡动力响应特征分析

西藏雅鲁藏布江大峡谷地区是地震滑坡的高易发区,发生过多期地震滑坡。以西藏易贡滑坡为例,运用FLAC3D有限差分方法,对滑坡所在山体进行频响特征分析,并以此为基础对其地震波作用下的放大效应开展研究,最后对近场强震条件下山顶潜在崩滑体稳定性进行预测。研究结果发现:易贡山体整体卓越频率处于较低值,山顶卓越频率主要集中在1 Hz以下、山顶两侧卓越频率在2~6 Hz之间;在地震波作用下,易贡山体顶部及两侧出现不同程度放大,山体内部沿高度向上呈先增后减、进而再次增大的变化趋势,其计算结果与频响特征分析结果基本一致;静力条件下,潜在崩滑体基本保持稳定,其安全系数为1.27,但地震作用下的计算结果却表明其发生了失稳破坏;在考虑水平向和竖向加速度同时输入的近场强震条件下,崩滑体稳定程度将进一步下降,因此需加强近场强震条件下山体的风险分析及预测。      

Local site effects estimated from ambient vibration measurements at the Nubian habitations area in Kurkur,Aswan, Egypt

The Egyptian government proposed a general plan, aiming to construct new settlements for Nubians in south Aswan in different places around Nasser’s Lake, one of these settlements in Kurkur area. This area are affecting by near distance earthquakes from Kalabsha faults system. These earthquakes generated great site effects on the sedimentary layers that in turn significantly influenced earthquake ground motions in the area. The main objective of the current study is to estimate the effect of local geology on seismic motion in terms of fundamental resonance frequency (f₀) and the corresponding H/V amplitude values (A₀) using the Nakamura technique. Ambient vibration measurements were carried out at 40 sites that are representative for the different geological units beneath the area. The recorded signals were processed using the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio Nakamura’s technique. Analysis of spatial distribution of the fundamental frequencies (f₀) and the corresponding H/V amplitudes (A₀) showed that the f₀ value varies from 0.98 to 2.74 Hz, while A₀ varies from 2.2 to 6.6 within the study area. Output of this study is very important for solving the problems, which associated with the construction of various civil engineering purposes, for land-use planning and for earthquakes resistant structure design.     

羌塘盆地油气二维地震勘探进展综述

本文详细讨论了羌塘盆地二十多年来二维地震勘探所取得的进展。羌塘盆地除发育背景干扰外,还发育多种面波散射、线性干扰、折射波和多次折射波;检波器大组合能压制背景和面波散射干扰,但不能压制速度较高的线性干扰、折射波和多次折射波。最佳激发因素为常规可控震源振动台次3台1次,驱动幅度70%,扫描频率6～84Hz,扫描长度18s;低频可控震源振动台次2台1次,驱动幅度60%,扫描频率1. 5～84Hz,扫描长度16s;大吨位可控震源振动台次2台1次,驱动幅度70%,扫描频率6～84Hz,扫描长度16s。炸药震源为单井高速层下7m激发,最浅井深18m,药量18kg;组合方式激发为2口井×15m×12kg或3口井×12m×8kg。尽管可控震源单炮的能量、信噪比、频谱及子波一致性与炸药震源相比较并不占优,但可控震源激发在高密度高覆盖采集条件下仍能获得等同于或明显优于井炮激发质量的地震剖面资料。从"环保、安全、经济、高效"上考虑,羌塘盆地宜采用可控震源和井炮联合的宽线高密度高覆盖采集方案,3L3S或2L3S,960次以上覆盖为可控震源最佳观测系统;2L3S,360次左右覆盖为井炮震源最佳观测系统。北羌塘坳陷构造稳定,容易获取高品质地震资料,南羌塘坳陷构造过于复杂,资料信噪比低,可能不太适合开展地震勘探工作。文章最后还讨论了冻土层静校正和激发接收方面存在的问题及解决方案。     

The onset of the Tan–Lu fault movement in eastern China: constraints from zircon (SHRIMP) and 40Ar/39Ar dating

In eastern China, the Dabie Shan–Su–Lu orogenic belt has been separated by the Tan–Lu sinistral strike–slip fault. Mylonites are exposed along the strike–slip fault system in the southern segment, and along the eastern margin of the Dabie Shan orogenic belt. The country rocks of the mylonites are retrograde UHP eclogites, gneissic granites, muscovite granites and gneisses. The ductile strike–slip shear zone trends 30–40°N (NE30–40°‐trending) and exhibits stretching lineations and nearly vertical, SE‐dipping foliations. Most of the zircon grains separated from mylonites have a weighted average radiometric age of 233 ± 6–225 ± 6 Myr. These data constrain the onset of the Tan–Lu sinistral strike–slip movement and imply that the Tan–Lu sinistral strike–slip motion developed after retrograde UHP metamorphism. The related phengite within the eclogite rocks on the western side of the Tan–Lu fault, with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages of c. 182–190 Myr, is also deformed and aligned parallel to the almost NE trending stretching lineations. Non‐metamorphosed granites exhibit sinistral strike–slip shearing and indicate that the Tan–Lu fault initially developed after 182–190 Myr. Muscovite collected from the mylonite yields ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages of 162 ± 1–156 ± 2 Myr. The zircon SHRIMP age data, the muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages, together with structural and petrological field information support the interpretation that the Tan–Lu strike–slip fault was not related to the Yangtze–north China plates collision, but corresponded to the formation of a NE‐trending tectonic framework in eastern China starting c. 165–160 Ma.     

Estimation of sedimentary thickness in the Godavari basin

A major portion of the southern part of the Indian subcontinent is classified as a stable continental region. However, a few segments in this region are punctuated by rifts and shear zones that are seismically active. The Godavari rift that sutures the eastern Dharwar and the Bastar cratons is one such region, prone to seismic hazard. Estimation of the sedimentary thickness in these seismically active regions assumes importance since locales of thick and soft sediments are vulnerable to destruction due to surface waves generated by earthquakes. In the present study, data from five broadband seismological stations are utilized to estimate the average sedimentary thickness of the Godavari region using the difference in travel times of the direct S and converted Sp phases from local earthquakes. The thickness of sediments varies between 0.32 and 4.32 km. Also, the site-specific response in terms of the fundamental resonance frequency and the corresponding amplifications are estimated using the well-established Nakamura technique. The predominant frequencies are in the range of 1.3–4.61 Hz, and the amplifications are higher (>1.5) for the stations inside the Godavari basin. Both the thickness and amplification values clearly indicate that the sediments tend to get thicker toward the center of the basin, in good agreement with the geological distribution of the sedimentary units.     

贝加尔裂谷系及邻区断裂现今活动变化及成因(英文)

已有的地质和地球物理方法无法对年、月、旬等现今时间尺度上的断层活动变化进行有效预测。运用基于地震活动定量指数运算程序的地理信息技术可以解决这个问题。这种方法被应用于贝加尔裂谷系(BRS)及邻区的研究当中。研究发现,断层活动变化发生在以几年为周期的时间尺度上,这无法用区域应力场的变化进行合理解释。沿着穿越贝加尔裂谷系的剖面编制了活动断层图以及地震活动定量指数曲线。提出的这种方法可以根据地震活动定量指数对活动断层进行仔细的分类,从而为解决地震中期预报相关问题开辟了重要途径。这种方法还被用来研究断层现今活动的时空变化和形成机制。研究发现,在实时尺度上断层活动具有高频发生的特征,这种现象可能是由于脆性岩石圈板内和块体内部运动产生的慢变形波的干扰导致的。利用变形波的通过速度可以对活动断层进行分组,各组具有不同的地质和地球物理特征参数,同时还可以对变形波波前的方向以及某一区域内主要断层在实时间隔内(地质上的瞬间)的活动情况进行预测。     

Discontinuity of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault low-velocity zone, central Japan, inferred from 3-D finite-difference simulation of fault zone waves excited by explosive sources

We delineate shallow structures of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault, central Japan, using fault zone waves generated by near-surface explosions and detected by a seismometer array. Two explosive sources, S1 and S2, were placed at a distance of about 2 km from the array, and the other two, S3 and S4, were at a distance of about 4 km. Fault zone head waves and fault zone trapped waves following direct P wave arrivals were clearly identified in the seismograms recorded by a linear seismometer array deployed across the fault in a research tunnel at a depth of 300 m. Synthetic waveforms generated by a 3-D finite-difference (3-D FD) method were compared with observed fault zone waves up to 25 Hz. The best fitting model indicates a 200-m-wide low-velocity zone extending at least to shot site S1 located 2 km east of the seismic array with a 20% decrease in the P wave velocity relative to the wall rock. The width of the low-velocity zone is consistent with the fault zone defined by direct geological observation in the research tunnel. However, the low-velocity zone should disappear just to the east of the site S1 to explain the observed fault zone waves for shot S3 and S4 located 4 km east of the seismometer array. Yet the observation and the simulation show notable trapped wave excitation even though shots S3 and S4 are outside the fault zone. These results indicate that (1) the effective waveguide for seismic waves along the fault does not exist east of source site S1 although the surface traces of the fault are observed in this region, and (2) considerable trapped waves can be excited by sources well outside the fault zone. These results highlight the along-strike variability in fault zone structure.     

含软弱岩层反倾岩质边坡地震动力响应与破坏模式

以鲁甸地震诱发的红石岩崩塌滑坡为研究对象,通过大型振动台模型试验和3DEC数值模拟,研究了含软弱岩层的反倾岩质边坡的动力响应和破坏失稳模式.研究结果表明:水平加载下,随频率增大PGA放大系数先减小后增大,在接近坡体自振频率8Hz的波形加载下,坡体动力响应最为剧烈,软弱岩层对不同频率的横波具有放大和吸收作用,对5~10Hz的横波放大效应明显,对15~20Hz的横波则明显吸收;竖向加载下,随加载正弦波频率的增加,PGA放大系数先增大,25Hz时PGA放大系数减小,随后又继续增大,在频率为30Hz时PGA放大系数达到最大,在5~30Hz范围内软弱岩层对纵波均具有一定的放大效果;双向加载下,坡体水平和竖向PGA放大系数分布与单向加载一致,但双向加载下坡体部分位置动力响应加剧,部分位置动力响应则受到抑制.含软弱岩层的反倾岩质边坡破坏过程可以分为6个阶段:坡体内部轻微损伤-软岩挤出、软硬岩交界上方硬岩拉裂-硬岩裂纹向上延展-软弱岩层挤压滑动-层面和纵向节理贯通形成滑面-边坡破坏.在软弱岩层的反倾岩质边坡中,软弱岩层具有对地震波的放大吸收、折射反射作用,影响着边坡的动力响应特征,软弱岩层的挤出破坏导致上部岩体岩结构面松动开裂,是该类岩质边坡破坏发展的主要原因,对该类边坡需应注意对软弱岩层进行加固防护,减小边坡的动力破坏.