地闪和云闪初始击穿VHF/VLF辐射特征观测和比较

分析了合肥地区负地闪和云闪初始击穿过程产生的VLF大双极性脉冲序列及其同步的VHF爆发特征。地闪初始击穿大脉冲序列极性通常与后面的回击极性相同，相邻大脉冲之间的平均间隔为160μs，大脉冲序列持续时间平均为2．2ms。云闪初始击穿的大双极性脉冲序列由正极性大脉冲开始，相邻脉冲间隔时间平均为1．3ms，平均持续时间为11．5ms，明显区别于地闪中的情况。显著的VHF爆发几乎在大双极性脉冲序列出现的同时启动，它与VLF大脉冲一起是初始击穿过程中一种最强烈的特征性事件，在合肥地区出现频率极高。地闪初始击穿期间VHF包络(观测系统带宽100kHz)呈现淮连续特征，而云闪初始击穿期间VHF包络则呈现分立特征，显示两者VHF辐射爆发的特征有所不同。初始击穿期间VLF大脉冲辐射与VHF爆发之间是相关的，但是二者强度之间不存在唯一的大小对应关系。同时分析了合肥地区地闪初始击穿大脉冲序列活动相对于地闪回击的一些特征，序列中最大脉冲幅度与随后的首次回击幅度之比平均为0．43，有94％的初始击穿在首次回击启动前40ms内出现第一个可以辨别的VLF脉冲(105例的平均结果是21．5ms)。     

用VLF/VHF信号大容量采集系统观测云地闪电放电过程

简述了一种高分辨、大容量闪电VLF/VHF信号记录系统,报道了一次包含12次对地回击、平均回击间隔70ms、持续时间超过800 ms的地闪放电过程的VLF/VHF辐射波形全景以及分析结果.这一个典型事例揭示了一些有趣的现象:(1)这次过程的头5 ms出现了强烈的VLF双极性大脉冲序列,标志着云内初始击穿过程启动;对应于一系列VLF辐射事件出现了强烈的VHF辐射爆发,总体上看,前380 ms期间VHF辐射异常强烈,呈现为间歇式准连续辐射,之后强烈VHF辐射则更多地表现为分立脉冲式爆发特征.(2)与回击主电流峰期间VHF辐射较弱不同,地闪最强的VHF辐射来自初始击穿过程和回击后云内放电通道扩展或者新通道形成过程;在初始击穿阶段和回击间歇期,出现了不止一次强烈的VHF辐射爆发并不伴随明显的VLF辐射.(3)回击间歇期间一类云中放电过程产生一系列半宽为3～4μs左右、出现频率约105Hz的VLF快脉冲串,整个脉冲串持续时间约1ms,频谱峰值区域在60～90 kHz,并伴随较强的VHF辐射,这些特征都与直窜先导特征一致.很可能这是一种云内K事件.(4)还给出了江淮地区地闪过程回击VLF/VHF辐射波形的统计特征,统计还显示当相继两次回击间隔小于40 ms时后面回击幅度倾向于比前面回击弱,当回击间隔时间大于100 ms时,后面回击比前面回击强的可能性大.     

云下部正电荷区与负地闪预击穿过程

三维雷电观测系统LMA(Lightning Mapping Array)是最近发展起来的基于GPS时钟同步的闪电VHF辐射源到达时间差(TOA)定位技术,能以很高的时间分辨率(50 ns)和空间定位精度(50-100 m)展现闪电放电发展过程的三维时空分布,揭示雷暴中电荷结构及其与放电过程的关系.文中利用三维雷电VHF辐射源观测资料分析了负地闪预击穿过程的时空分布特征,讨论了云下部正电荷区对负地闪发生的影响,其结果表明在首次回击之前存在长时间预击穿过程的负地闪中,预击穿过程是云中部负电荷区与下部正电荷区之间的一种云内放电过程,闪电起始于云中部负电荷区,然后向下发展传输,进入正电荷区后闪电通道在云下部正电荷区水平发展,其放电特征与反极性云闪放电一致,云内放电过程最后阶段的K型击穿激发了地闪的梯级先导,梯级先导穿过云下部正电荷区向下发展传输.云下部正电荷的存在是导致负地闪首次回击之前存在长时间云内预击穿过程的主要原因.     

伴随超强VHF辐射的闪电双极性窄脉冲初步观测

闪电过程中一类双极性脉冲辐射伴随的超过常规闪电一个数量级的VHF辐射是卫星观测的穿越电离层的脉冲对(TIPPs)的来源。文中给出了在中国上海地区观测到的该类放电事件产生的78例双极性窄脉冲。典型的双极性窄脉冲上升时间约1.2μs,初始峰宽度约2—3μs、半宽约1μs,整个脉冲持续时间约15μs,脉冲幅度与地闪首次回击幅度相当,过冲幅度约为初始峰幅度的1/3。这类脉冲波形特征与普通闪电双极性脉冲波形特征差异明显。根据空间双极性脉冲被电离层以及地面-电离层反射的时间延迟并假定电离层高度为85 km,估算了这些双极性窄脉冲发生高度。11例负极性脉冲(对应上面负电荷区对下部正电荷区之间的放电)中有10例脉冲发生高度在海拔14.0—15.0 km,一例出现在负地闪初始击穿阶段的脉冲发生高度为海拔6.4 km。67例正极性窄脉冲发生高度位于海拔7—12 km,平均海拔9.4 km。利用传输线电流模式以及偶极子辐射近似估计了电流在通道内传播时间以及放电电流参数,78例平均结果显示电流从通道底部传播到顶部经历的时间约1μs,电流矩约为5 kA.km量级。我们推断放电通道长度约100—300 m,放电电流幅度具有20 kA量级,电流传播速度与光速可比拟、具有108m/s量级。     

0.1~40 MHz地闪、 云闪及NBE事件的辐射场频谱特征分析

利用宽带傅立叶分析法对2008年7月30日和8月4日两次雷暴过程中, 距离观测点5~20 km范围内的55次负地闪回击过程, 33次云内闪电过程以及20次双极性窄脉冲事件（NBE）的电磁辐射信号进行了观测分析, 得到地闪回击、 云闪放电初始阶段以及双极性窄脉冲事件在0.1~40 MHz频带宽度下的电磁辐射能量谱密度。结果表明, 这三类闪电放电过程的辐射频谱波形均呈现出随频率增加、 幅值减小的趋势, 但在辐射强度和衰减速率上存在一定的差异。负地闪回击幅频波形在6~28 MHz频段上衰减速率相对缓慢; 云闪初始阶段在全频带上始终遵循f-1.2~f-1.4之间的衰减率递减, 且其频谱幅值与地闪回击的辐射能量谱幅值相差不大; NBE事件在0.1~40 MHz频带中辐射能量谱幅值基本都明显大于其他两类闪电放电过程, 特别是在10 MHz以上的HF、 VHF频带上其差异可达到20 dB。     

云闪放电通道发展及其辐射特征

利用闪电宽带干涉仪系统,对中国南方(广东)地区云闪时空演变特征、辐射及其相应电场变化特征进行分析研究。根据云闪电场变化波形,云闪放电过程可划分成活跃阶段和最后阶段,辐射源定位结果表明,云闪放电起始于向上发展的负击穿过程,通道向上发展的速度约为3～3.3×105m·s-1。云闪放电的主通道在活跃阶段形成,该期间辐射源随时间演变和相应电场变化表明,云内电荷结构具有上正下负的偶极性电荷结构。云闪的最后阶段辐射源主要在早期形成的通道内出现,其辐射源活动特征与地闪的回击过程比较相似;云闪辐射能量主要集中在2～3MHz以下的低频段,且辐射强度随频率增加迅速减弱。     

闪电放电通道的三维结构特征

通过对闪电VHF辐射源高时空分辨率的三维观测资料的分析发现,无论云闪还是地闪其时间和空间分布特征可表明雷暴中的基本电荷结构。云内闪电放电不仅发生在上部正电荷区与中部主负电荷区之间,也同样会在中部主负电荷区与下部正电荷区之间发生,除极性相反之外,其它特征是一致的。云闪过程在最初的10一20ms内垂直向上(正常极性)或向下(反极性)发展,之后转为水平方向的传输。在正电荷区辐射点较多,闪电通道清晰;在负电荷区辐射点较少,且从闪电的起始位置以一种倒退的方式水平延伸闪电通道。云闪中的K型击穿不仅发生在闪电的后期,而且还发生在活跃期,并不时发展到正电荷区而触发新的闪电分叉。负地闪首次回击之前的梯级先导过程辐射较强,继后回击前的直窜先导的辐射较弱。回击之间闪电在云内水平发展,通道以细小的分叉为主要特征,其间不时有没有到地的企图先导过程发生。正地闪的先导过程基本没有可探测到的辐射点,在回击之前有一段云内过程,回击之后有更长的云内过程发展,其闪电通道不像负地闪那样精细,在回击之后的最初阶段辐射点较少,而在通道的顶端辐射点反而较多。正负地闪的发生发展特征有很大的不同,表明正、负极性的电荷击穿及传输过程的机制存在明显差异。     

平凉黄土高原地闪VHF辐射特征分析

利用亚微秒级时间分辨率的VHF辐射接收系统与快电场变化测量仪,对甘肃平凉黄土高原雷暴过程中地闪VHF辐射及相应电场变化特征进行了分析研究,发现负地闪回击前VHF辐射与快电场变化在时间上有很好的对应关系。回击前后300μs内的VHF辐射波形可以归纳为三种类型,90%的负地闪首次回击过程VHF辐射波形属于第三类,表现为连续脉冲贯穿回击过程,平均持续时间为600μs;同负地闪相比,正地闪回击过程产生的连续辐射持续时间较长。统计表明,负地闪首次回击过程辐射峰值出现在回击启动后10~100μs,算术平均值为45μs;继后回击启动后10~260μs辐射达到峰值,算术平均值为91μs。首次回击过程辐射峰值强度往往大于梯级先导过程,与回击主峰后主通道分支产生的电磁辐射较强有关。     

NBE和IBP始发的闪电初始特征

基于闪电低频电场探测阵列（LFEDA）所获得的全闪三维定位数据,研究了2015年8月15日14:30—16:10广州一次雷暴过程中具有明显始发脉冲的闪电初始放电特征及放电规律。结果表明:212例近距离云闪和地闪中,32例闪电由窄偶极性放电事件（NBE）始发,占15%;180例闪电由初始击穿脉冲（定义初始击穿脉冲簇的首个脉冲为FIBP）始发,占85%。作为始发的窄偶极性放电事件（INBE）,其相对孤立且具有较大的相对幅度,INBE与后续闪电的第1个脉冲的时间间隔为7 ms,幅度比为3.5,远大于FIBP相对应的时间间隔0.6 ms和幅度比0.8,INBE后多跟随传统的IBP脉冲。多数正极性INBE与FIBP对应初始向上发展的闪电,而负极性对应初始向下发展的闪电。INBE始发闪电前15 ms的平均发展速度随始发高度的增大而减小,快于FIBP,这与INBE具有更快的速度相关。估计的INBE速度为4.7×107 m·s-1,FIBP速度为1.5×107 m·s-1,两者速度差异也体现在脉冲上升时间方面,INBE具有更快的上升沿。     

正极性地闪和双极性闪电特征

总结了正极性地闪和双极性闪电的特征,并对各种不同类型的正地闪和双极性闪电进行了讨论.通过分析2007年6月7日发生在广州从化的正地闪个例及以往的研究成果,得出正地闪易出现单次回击,且回击之后常常伴随着连续电流,其持续时问一般为几十到几百毫秒.正地闪先导一般不表现出像负地闪先导那样明显的梯级特征,其甚高频辐射比负地闪先导要弱;正地闪与云闪放电有密切的关系.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.