鲁西平邑磨坊沟碲金型金矿的地质特征及成因机制

本文通过研究鲁西平邑磨坊沟金矿矿层,详细研究了围岩蚀变特征和成矿流体特征,结合硫、氧同位素资料,探讨了该矿床的成因机制。磨坊沟金矿呈似层状产于新太古代花岗闪长岩或古元古代二长花岗岩与寒武系主拆离滑脱带之上的早寒武世朱砂洞组碳酸盐岩中,围岩蚀变包括黄铁绢英岩化、方解石化和萤石化,金矿的形成主要与黄铁绢英岩化有关。成矿流体的均一温度集中于103～220℃之间,盐度在4．65％～13．18％范围内。从矿物成分看,该矿床属于碲金型金矿。同位素研究表明,矿层中硫来源于地幔,而氧同位素则显示其成矿过程有大气降水的参与。矿质迁移经过了鲁西幔枝构造中深、浅层次的拆离滑脱构造,最终卸载于次级拆离滑脱带断坪和断坡中。     

山东胶西北矿集区和焦家金矿田成矿构造系统

胶西北矿集区金矿床主要受三山岛断裂、龙莱断裂和招平断裂3条主干断裂及其次级断裂控制,构成胶西北3条金矿带和一系列金矿田。断裂总体呈NNE走向,平面形态呈S形,多期活动特征明显,自主裂面向外依次出现黄铁绢英岩质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩等矿化蚀变带。焦家金矿田受焦家断裂的控制,金矿床在平面上主要产于焦家断裂分枝复合、膨胀转折的部位;焦家断裂在剖面上呈上陡下缓的铲式特征,金矿床主要产于断裂倾角由陡变缓的转折点下部,主要矿体沿焦家断裂下盘分布,赋存于主裂面和与主裂面平行的一组缓倾斜裂隙中,远离主裂面逐渐出现一组陡倾的控矿裂隙。胶西北3条主要金矿控矿断裂构成了一条沿玲珑花岗岩与早前寒武纪地质体边界分布的大型伸展构造带。     

山东招远台上金矿构造控矿特征分析

山东招远台上金矿床"焦家式"金矿床类型,主矿体由招平断裂控制,其走向与主构造带斜交,在主成矿期主压应力方向为 SW-NE 向.主断裂面附近的断层泥、糜棱岩对含矿热液的运移起阻隔作用,因此矿体大都赋存在主断裂面之下0～60 m范围内的黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩带及黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩带中.矿床向深部延伸较大,在垂向上具一定的分布规律,随深度的增加其形态逐渐变简单.研究表明,招平断裂金矿带深部具有巨大的资源潜力.     

胶东大尹格庄金矿床构造蚀变分带特征与成矿关系

大尹格庄金矿床是胶西北地区的特大型金矿床,为典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床。研究大尹格庄金矿构造蚀变分带规律,对胶西北地区矿床研究及深部外围找矿有重要意义。通过对大尹格庄金矿床构造蚀变分带特征,以及各带岩石的岩相学、岩石地球化学、构造应力测算的系统研究,揭示大尹格庄金矿构造蚀变成矿的构造地球化学和构造物理化学过程。研究表明,(1)矿床断裂下盘由远矿围岩到矿体的构造蚀变分带模式为：弱钾化花岗质蚀变岩带→强钾化花岗质蚀变岩带→绢英岩化钾化花岗质蚀变岩带→黄铁绢英岩带(金矿主要发育带);(2)金矿由远矿蚀变带→黄铁绢英岩带,古构造差应力值呈现由小到大的变化趋势;(3)由远矿蚀变带→黄铁绢英岩带,Si、Na、Ba、Sr迁出,K、Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb迁入,Au含量不断增加,在未蚀变到弱钾化阶段,元素总体含量变化幅度较小,而在强钾和绢英岩化阶段变化幅度较大。成矿过程中构造应力场与岩石组分迁移具有耦合关系,绢英岩化阶段古构造差应力值较大,岩石破碎产生张性空间,同时元素含量变化幅度大,热液活动强烈,易富集成矿。     

胶西北新城金矿床热液蚀变作用

新城金矿床是胶西北金矿集区中典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,其矿体受控于NE-NNE向焦家断裂及其次级断裂系统,主要赋存于断裂下盘(黄铁)绢英岩与红化花岗岩体中。焦家断裂下盘分带性明显,自主断裂面向外依此发育主断裂面和断层泥、挤压片理带、构造透镜体带、密集节理带和稀疏节理带。其中,主断裂面和断层泥发育粘土化蚀变;挤压片理带发育面状黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,其内赋存黄铁绢英岩型矿体;构造透镜体带发育脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化、面状绢英岩化和硅化蚀变,其次级断裂内赋存石英硫化物脉型矿体;节理带(包括密集节理带和稀疏节理带)主要发育成红化和细脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化,沿节理面赋存细脉型矿体。碳酸盐化蚀变叠加于上述热液蚀变之上。焦家断裂带表现为以水平为主的蚀变-矿化特征,(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变与金成矿关系最为密切。论文在厘定断裂构造分带与蚀变-矿化分带空间关系的基础上,通过对各类蚀变岩与新鲜新城花岗岩体元素地球化学分析,剖析了热液蚀变作用过程及其机制。选取TiO_2作为不活动组分,质量平衡计算表明,成矿前新城花岗岩体发生红化作用时,带入组分有Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Al_2O_3以及少量Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分有SiO_2、CaO和Na_2O等;成矿期红化花岗岩体蚀变为(黄铁)绢英岩过程中,明显带入组分有SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、FeO、Al_2O_3、Mg O、K_2O、Au、Ag、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分为Na_2O。稀土元素地球化学特征与REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线表明,红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化热液蚀变作用影响REE迁移。REE分别在红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中带入和带出;Eu在红化过程中呈显著带入,表现为显著Eu正异常(δ_(Eu)=1.34),而在(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中活化带出,表现出Eu负异常(0.89~0.95)。成矿期发生(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变时,Eu从氧化态Eu~(3+)转变为Eu~(2+),进入流体被带走,造成Eu负异常。金主要以Au(HS)~-_2形式在变质流体中运移。成矿流体沿片理面运移时,在挤压片理带发生黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,硫化作用使得流体还原硫活度降低,导致Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并赋存于黄铁矿和石英等矿物裂隙或晶格中,形成黄铁绢英岩型矿化;在构造透镜体带,成矿流体沿次级断裂面和碎裂岩裂隙发生蚀变形成脉型(黄铁)绢英岩,成矿元素在次级断裂面/裂隙内沉淀并形成石英硫化物脉型矿化;在节理带,成矿流体压力瞬时降低导致流体发生不混溶现象,使得Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并充填节理中形成细脉型矿化。     

新城金矿蚀变带构造与地球化学特征

通过新城金矿的构造和蚀变岩剖面实测、构造测量和岩石地球化学分析,获得以下构造和岩石地球化学同步变化特点:(1)以焦家断裂为中心蚀变岩分带为断层泥-硅化带-黄铁绢英岩带-强钾化花岗岩带-弱钾化花岗岩带-未蚀变花岗岩带;(2)金矿化主要集中在硅化带及黄铁绢英岩带;(3)断裂下盘依次发育糜棱岩-碎裂岩-花岗质碎裂岩-碎裂花岗...     

招平断裂带大尹格庄-后仓段深部矿体定位预测与找矿突破

1 大尹格庄金矿深部探矿工作概况大尹格庄金矿位于招平断裂带中段,具有矿体大、储量大、埋藏深、品位低的特点.矿区内共有2个矿体群,以大尹格庄断裂为界,南部为①号矿体群,北部为②号矿体群,它们呈隐伏状态分布于招平断裂带的下盘,矿体形态、产状和分布严格受招平断裂带的控制,矿体主要赋存于主裂面之下的黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩中.     

胶东焦家断裂带蚀变岩非镜像对称特征及其地质意义

焦家断裂蚀变带是胶东地区最重要的控矿构造之一。该断裂带控制的矿床是创立“焦家式”金矿理论的重要实例基础。目前,焦家断裂带累计探明Au资源储量超过1200 t,并且还在不断增加,展现了深部重要的勘查和研究价值。焦家断裂带控制的矿体主要赋存在主断面下盘,断裂带发育于花岗岩中时,上盘发育钾长石化花岗岩、绢英岩化花岗岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、(黄铁)绢英岩质碎裂岩,下盘发育黄铁绢英岩质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩、黄铁绢英岩化花岗岩和钾化花岗岩,蚀变类型在主断面两侧呈现对称分布特征。但是在岩性特征、结构构造、蚀变强度、化学成分等方面差异明显,表现出非镜像对称特征。上盘蚀变岩厚度大于下盘,下盘花岗岩的构造破碎程度比上盘花岗岩更严重;断裂带上盘黄铁矿含量低、一般无矿化显示,下盘黄铁矿含量高,出现金矿化;断裂带上盘的中生代花岗岩中韧性变形不发育,以脆性破裂为主,下盘发育明显的韧性变形;断裂带上下盘不同蚀变带的成矿元素Au,矿化剂元素S,成矿伴生元素Ag、Pb、Zn,亲石分散元素Ba、Sr以及主量元素Na2O、MgO含量具有差异性,指示焦家断裂带主断裂面两盘经历了不同的成矿作用过程,下盘花岗岩的热液蚀变作用与成矿作用的关系更为密切。依据焦家断裂带不同蚀变带元素的非镜像对称性特征,可利用上、下盘花岗岩和构造蚀变带的地球化学标志识别矿体或者不同蚀变带的位置,对认识“焦家式”金矿床的成因机制、预测深部成矿前景、指导深部找矿具有重要理论和实际意义。     

内蒙古常福龙沟金矿地质特征与找矿方向

常福龙沟金矿位于内蒙古大青山中段,矿体产于中元古界渣尔泰群浅变质岩系中,金矿体主要受NW向断裂构造蚀变带控制.金矿化围岩蚀变包括硅化、黄铁绢英岩化、绢云母化、钾化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等.根据常福龙沟金矿成矿地质特征,矿床成因属构造蚀变岩型.本区具有较大的找矿潜力,在金异常区内的断裂构造及断裂构造中的多种蚀变组合(如黄铁绢英岩化)是金矿形成的重要标志,提出了本区该类型金矿的找矿方向.     

幔枝构造外围主拆离带型金矿特征——以尖宝山金矿为例

幔枝构造是地幔热柱多级演化的第三级构造单元 ,其核部变质—岩浆杂岩隆起与外围盖层之间的主拆离带体系是很好的成矿控矿构造。尖宝山金矿是冀东幔枝构造北侧主拆离带型金矿。目前勘探范围主要是铲状断裂控制的矿体。具有矿体较连续、延伸较稳定的特征 ,有中大型成矿远景。     

胶东牟平-乳山成矿带拆离断层控矿特征及找矿方向

通过对比牟乳成矿带和其西部变质核杂岩区金矿床的控矿构造、成矿时代、地球化学特征可知,这些金矿床具有同构造、同成矿期、同物质来源的特点,控矿构造同为拆离断层,其中牟乳成矿带为拆离断层上盘发育的,一系列近似平行且等间距的NNE向的断层控矿.预测在牟乳成矿带下部,即在拆离断层附近可能存在品位更高、厚度更大的矿床.     

铜石金矿田金元素来源新认识

铜石金矿田位于鲁西中生代富碱次火山杂岩体--铜石岩体周围,该岩体侵入于燕山晚期,主要有闪长玢岩、二长斑岩和隐爆角砾岩组成.岩体与金矿田有密切的成因关系,目前一般认为铜石金矿田金元素来源于泰山群地层,岩体与金矿是衍生关系而非同源关系.但文章通过对铜石金矿田地质特征、流体包裹体成分、氢氧同位素证据、锶、氧和铅同位素比值、碲元素地球化学特征以及国内外成矿地质条件相似地区研究成果分析得出新的观点:铜石金矿田金元素来源于深部碱性玄武岩浆,矿体与岩体是同源而非衍生关系.该新认识对鲁西黄金找矿具有一定参考价值.     

鲁西铜石岩体金成矿规律和成矿预测

铜石杂岩体是鲁西地区金成矿最活跃的岩体。根据岩性、产状、构造、地球物理场、地球化学场特征综合分析,可以将该区的岩石地层划分为与金矿床作用完全不同的4个构造层：泰山群老基底,高密度、低跳跃磁场、富金,金的矿源之一;古生代构造层,高密度、弱磁场、贫金,和成矿无成因联系,但可作为金成矿的载体;中新生代构造层,低密度、低磁场、贫金,和金成矿、找矿无关;铜石杂岩体,低密度、中高跳跃磁场、富金,金的主要来源、成矿动力源和找矿标志。铜石杂岩体演化主要有4个阶段：玢岩阶段、斑岩阶段、隐爆角砾岩阶段和脉岩阶段。金矿化强度随岩体的演化逐步提高,主要金矿化在成岩以后的热液阶段,地球化学元素组合是Au、Ag、V、Sb、Cr。重磁场和地球化学场解译结果,围绕铜石杂岩体存在3个环带,预测主要成矿带在岩体的边缘带和外环带,在边缘带以寻找中低温热液型矿床为主,在外环带以寻找甚低温热液矿床为主。     

The Kiloton Class Jiaojia Gold Deposit in Eastern Shandong Province and Its Genesis

The recent deep prospecting results in the Jiaojia area of Eastern Shandong Province indicate that the Jiaojia ore field composed of several individual gold deposits as previously suggested is actually an ultra-large gold deposit. This deposit covers an area of ~40 km2, and shows a structural control by the Jiaojia fault and its secondary faults. Gold orebodies generally occur along the same mineralization-alteration belt, and the main orebodies intersect with each other or exhibit a parallel or overlapping distribution. This deposit's reserves are estimated to be 1, 200t of gold, being the first gold deposit of more than 1000t gold reserves in China. The No. I-1 orebody in the Shaling-deep Sizhuang ore blocks holds gold reserves greater than 350 t, or 29 percent of the total reserves, followed by the No. I orebody in Matang-Jiaojia ore blocks with exceeding 150t gold reserves. This deposit mainly occurs in the footwall of the Jiaojia fault, and presents zoned patterns in mineralization, alteration and structures. The strongly mineralized zones agree with strongly altered and tectonically fractured zones. These orebodies display strataform-like, veinlike or lenticular shapes, and generally show characteristics of pinching out and reappearing, branching and converging, expanding and shrinking. The orebodies commonly occur along positions where the fault strike changes and in gentle locations with dips changing from steep to gentle. The main orebodies are parallel to the main plane of the orecontrolling fault, and tend to be gentle from the surface to the deep. The orebodies mainly plunge to the southwest, with plunge angle of 45°–60°. Orebodies near the main plane of the ore-controlling fault have more gold resource than those away from main fault zone. The slant depth of orebodies is generally larger than the length along its strike direction; orebodies become thick and gold grades become low from the shallow area to the deep area. Ore-forming fluids are H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4 type with medium-temperature and moderate to low salinity. Sulfur isotopic values(δ34SCDT) for gold ores range between 11.08‰ and 12.58‰, indicating mixed sulfur sources; hydrogen isotopic values(δDVSMOW) range from-83.68‰ to-116.95‰ and oxygen isotopic values(δ18OV-SMOW) range between 12.04‰ and 16.28‰. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes suggest that ore-forming fluids originated from primary magma, and mixing with a large amount of atmospheric water during the late stage. The Eastern Shandong Province gold deposits are associated with magmatic activities which have mantlecrust-mixed source, and also share some similarities with orgenic and epithermal hydrothermal gold deposits. Because Eastern Shandong Province gold deposits with unique metallogenic features and formation setting which are different from other gold deposit types in the world, we call it the Jiaojiatype gold deposits. The kiloton class Jiaojia gold deposit is related to fluid activities, extension and detachment resulted from thermal upwelling of magmas. The strong magmatic activities in the middle to late stage of early Cretaceous in Eastern Shandong Province lead to active fluids, and provided abundant ore-forming materials for gold depsoits. Moreover, many extensional structures resulting from crustal extension provided favourable space for orebody positioning.     

山东省平邑归来庄碲型金矿床碲元素地球化学特征及成矿机制探讨

归来庄贫硫氧化型低温热液碲金矿床中金及碲化物矿物主要有自然金、碲金矿、碲金铜矿、碲银矿、碲金银矿、碲铅矿、碲镍矿、碲汞矿及自然碲等。金元素主要来源于泰山群山草峪组的片麻岩及寒武一奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩;碲元素主要是由铜石杂岩体的二长质、正长质等中偏碱性岩浆从地球深部的上地幔、下地壳带入矿区并进入由岩浆水及大气降水等组成的成矿热液中,与金元素形成碲金络合物进行搬迁、富集,因成矿体系的ｐＨ、Ｅｈ等物理化学     

太行山北段深源流体与金矿成矿作用

太行山北段金矿研究表明,金的成矿物质主要来自深源,部分萃取自迁移途中的围岩。成矿具有明显的成矿集中期和集中区,这种时间、空间分布特征与地幔热柱多级演化密切相关。含金的深源流体随地幔热柱多级演化向上迁移,当其迁移到幔枝（变质核杂岩）外围主拆离滑脱带及其上盘裂隙扩容带时,由于物理、化学条件的改变,使其聚集沉淀成矿,并可表现出斑岩脉型、隐爆角砾岩型、大脉型、网脉型等多种矿石类型为一体的系列成矿。硫、铅、     

冀东“长城式”金矿的成因探讨

区域构造和成矿特征研究表明,进入燕山期,华北地区开始了幔枝构造活动期,沿冀东茅山－金厂峪－肖营子EW向韧性剪切带与NNE向迁安－青龙韧性剪切带强烈活动。特别是2条韧性剪切带并汇部位的肖营子一带,岩浆大规模侵入,形成了以肖营子斑状花岗岩为主体的一系列大小侵入体。并带动变质围岩一起强烈隆升,中上元古界盖层则向外大幅度拆离滑脱,以致于轴部岩浆－变质杂岩呈揭顶式裸露,冷口－清河沿岸块就是由于受冷口断裂或反向铲状断理解活动影响,而残留在岩浆－变质杂岩之上的中元古界岩块。在岩块拆离滑脱过程中所形成的主拆离滑脱带、次级拆离滑脱带及层间滑动断裂成为较发育的构造扩容空间。主成矿期含矿流体沿构造扩容带贯入、聚集和成矿,形成一系列构造蚀变岩型、脉型矿体。新房子金矿的深部钻孔已证实了这种认识。矿体顶部的变宽及变富则是隆升过程中崩塌及风化淋滤造成的浅部表现,因此,应注意寻找深部矿体。     

Geology and geochemistry of telluride-bearing Au deposits in the Pingyi area, Western Shandong, China

Summary Telluride-bearing gold deposits of the Pingyi area, western Shandong, China, are located on the southeastern margin of the North China Craton. There are two main types of deposits: (i) mineralized cryptoexplosive breccia, e.g., Guilaizhuang; and (ii) stratified, finely-disseminated mineralization hosted in carbonate rocks, e.g., Lifanggou and Mofanggou deposits. In Guilaizhuang, the cryptoexplosive breccia is formed within rocks of the Tongshi complex and Ordovician dolomite. The mineralization is controlled by an E–W-trending listric fault. Stratified orebodies of the Lifanggou and Mofanggou deposits are placed along a NE-trending, secondary detachment zone. They are hosted within dolomitic limestone, micrite and dolomite of the Early-Middle Cambrian Changqing Group. The mineralization in the ore districts is considered to be related to the Early Jurassic Tongshi magmatic complex that formed in a continental arc setting on the margin of the North China Craton. The host rocks are porphyritic and consist predominantly of medium- to fine-grained diorite and pyroxene (hornblende)-bearing monzonite. SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of diorites give a ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U weighted mean age of 175.7 ± 3.8 Ma. This is interpreted as representing the crystallization age of the Tongshi magmatic complex. Considering the contact relationships between the magmatic and host sedimentary rocks, as well as the genetic link with the deposits, we conclude that this age is relevant also for the formation of mineralization in the Pingyi area. We hence consider that the deposits formed in the Jurassic. The principal gold minerals are native gold, electrum and calaverite. Wall-rock alteration comprises pyritization, fluoritization, silicification, carbonatization and chloritization. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that all the analyzed inclusions are of two-phase vapor–liquid NaCl–H₂O type. Homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions vary from 103 °C to 250 °C, and the ice melting temperatures range from −2.5 °C to −13.5 °C, corresponding to a salinity range of 4.65 to 17.26 wt.% NaCl equiv. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite associated with gold mineralization exhibit a narrow range of −0.71 to + 2.99‰, implying that the sulfur was probably derived from the mantle and/or dioritic magma. The δ¹³C_PDB values of the fluid inclusions in calcite range from −7.3 to 0.0‰. The δ¹⁸O_SMOW values of vein quartz and calcite range from 11.5 to 21.5‰, corresponding to δ¹⁸O_fluid values of −1.1 to 10.9‰; δD values of the fluid inclusions vary between −70 and −48‰. The isotope data for all three deposits suggest mixing of ore-forming fluids derived from the mantle and/or magma with different types of fluids at shallow levels. Pressure release and boiling of the fluids, as well as fluid-rock interaction (Lifanggou and Mofanggou) and mixing of magmatically-derived fluids with meteoritic waters (Guilaizhuang) played an important role in the ore-forming processes.     

铜石杂岩体隐爆作用与金矿成矿的关系及其研究意义

山东省平邑县铜石地区是鲁西最重要的金矿产地,继归来庄大型金矿床发现之后,又相继发现了卓家庄特富金矿床及磨坊沟、梨方沟、贺山庄等具层控特征的金矿床,构成了铜石金矿田。这些金矿床的形成与铜石地区中生代多期次岩浆活动或隐爆作用密切相关,分布于岩体边部的隐爆-侵入角砾岩是金矿床的载体,成为寻找隐爆-侵入角砾岩型金矿的重要标志。