Comparing GPS-only with GPS + GLONASS positioning in a regional permanent GNSS network

Within the regional EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) all positioning is purely based on GPS. This paper investigates, using the Bernese GNSS analysis software, the influence of adding GLONASS observations to the EPN processing using fixed orbits from the International GNSS Service (IGS) as well as from the CODE analysis centre. The GPS-only coordinates and GPS + GLONASS coordinates will be compared and the change in their repeatabilities will be investigated. The influence of the used orbits will also be outlined. The results show that a combined GPS + GLONASS data analysis can be set up without major efforts and that it will not degrade the positions obtained within the EPN.     

无验潮模式下的GPS水下地形测量技术

传统的水下地形测量模式定型于利用GPS测定水底点的平面位置,利用测深仪测定水底点的深度,附之以瞬时潮位资料,获得点位的高程。这种模式在上述条件具备的情况下,可取得完满的结果。但当验潮条件不具备时,该模式将不能获得测点的高程。为了弥补这一缺陷,简化工作流程,提高水下地形测量的精度,本文提出了一种无验潮模式下的水下地形测量思想,该思想不用专门测定潮位,而直接利用GPS的RTK测量技术,辅之以姿态测量和补偿,从而获得高精度的水底点高程。该方法被验证是正确的,希望进一步推广应用。     

GPS动态定位中的虚拟观测方程研究

高精度的单历元GPS动态定位由于观测值数目较少而很难确定整周模糊度.为了解算整周模糊度,需要利用已有的坐标、速度等信息.在分析常规GPS参数解算模型的基础上,推导利用虚拟观测值的GPS虚拟观测模型并分析取其相应权的方法,结合已有信息和伪距、相位观测值联合解算来进行单历元坐标分量改正数求解.并通过一个实际算例验证方法有效且可靠地提高整周模糊度解算的成功率.     

GPS动态定位模型的研究

讨论当前三种动态数据处理模型(最小二乘法、卡尔曼滤波法及H∞滤波法)的特性,分析比较这三种模型各自的优点,并通过实测数据和相关软件来对这三种模型各自的应用前提、范围和应用效果进行试验。实验结果表明:当载体处于匀速状态时,这三种模型的精度相当;当载体处于机动加速度时,H∞滤波精度最好,最小二乘次之,卡尔曼滤波最差。     

GPS定位中的对流层模型分析

系统地分析对流层延迟特性在GPS导航中造成的定位误差,并主要介绍目前卫星定位领域主要应用的一些对流层折射修正模型。基于霍普尔德模型和萨斯塔莫宁模型,提出一种在缺少实测气象参数条件下,使用的简单对流层延迟修正模型。利用Matlab仿真软件对静态和动态接收机实测数据进行分析。结果表明,无气象参数的简单修正模型可以消除70％左右的对流层影响,有效地提高GPS的定位精度。     

困难环境下的GPS定位实现

本文给出了在困难环境下进行GPS定位的方法,使得在仅能观测3颗甚或2颗卫星时,仍然能够实现三维导航定位,同时对由于卫星几何结构不好导致的法方程病态性问题进行了探讨.仿真结果表明了本文方法的可行性和有效性.     

Validating ocean tide loading models using GPS

Ocean tides cause periodic deformations of the Earths surface, also referred to as ocean tide loading (OTL). Tide-induced displacements of the Earths crust relying on OTL models are usually taken into account in GPS (Global Positioning System) data analyses. On the other hand, it is also possible to validate OTL models using GPS analyses. The following simple approach is used to validate OTL models. Based on a particular model, instantaneous corrections of the site coordinates due to OTL are computed. Site-specific scale factors, f, for these corrections are estimated in a standard least-squares adjustment process of GPS observations together with other relevant parameters. A resulting value of f close to unity indicates a good agreement of the model with the actual site displacements. Such scale factors are computed for about 140 globally distributed IGS (International GPS Service) tracking sites. Three OTL models derived from the ocean tide models FES95.2.1, FES99, and GOT00.2 are analyzed. As expected, the most reliable factors are estimated for sites with a large loading effect. In general, the scaling factors have a value close to unity and no significant differences between the three ocean tide models could be observed. It is found that the validation approach is easy to apply. Without requiring much additional effort for a global and self-consistent GPS data analysis, it allows detection of general model misfits on the basis of a large number of globally distributed sites. For detailed validation studies on OTL models, the simultaneous estimation of amplitudes and phases for the main contributing partial tides within a GPS parameter adjustment process would provide more detailed answers.     

Spatially convergent GPS kinematic positioning

It is a known fact that obtaining accurate GPS carrier-phase measurements involves fixed, unknown whole-cycle ambiguity parameters. As the use of cosine functions to eliminate any double-difference integer ambiguities causes spatial ambiguity problems, both reasonably approximated positions and wavelength-dependent convergence ranges are of the utmost importance. Differential GPS-based position solutions are first smoothed to create a polynomial trajectory, leading to less variable position approximations. Long-wavelength wide-lane phase combinations will then be utilized to facilitate convergent GPS positioning, on a stage-by-stage basis. Although double-difference ionospheric path delays are often interpreted as nuisance parameters, they can be obtained when the respective cosines of the original L1 and L2 carrier phases undergo a simultaneous least-squares estimation. In particular, quadratic forms of the estimated phase residuals will be linked with hypothesis testing to allow for a meaningful statistical inference. Some low-dynamics experiments are then performed to prove the feasibility of the proposed hierarchical positioning concept. Electronic Publication     

GPS导航中的抗差自适应Kalman滤波算法

GPS导航与定位的质量取决于对动态载体函数模型和随机模型的认知。本文首先基于机动载体的当前统计模型 ,设计了离散系统的Kalman滤波器 ,进而基于方差分量估计给出了一种适合GPS动态定位的抗差自适应卡尔曼滤波算法。该算法模型简单 ,实时性好。实测数据计算结果表明 ,滤波导航解能有效地控制观测异常和动态扰动异常对导航解的影响 ,使导航解更能反映导航目标的真实情况     

GPS导航中运动载体近似坐标的估计方法

采用载波相位观测的GPS导航模式中，导航信号失锁的现象经常发生。信号一旦失锁，就破坏了导航的连续性。载波相位测量实质上是整周模糊度测量，快速、有效地确定运动载体的近似坐标，是快速、精确地确定整周模糊度的关键问题之一。基于空间解析几何理论，针对运动栽体轨迹的时变特性，应用实时最小二乘渐消记忆的递推算法，对载体的运行轨迹模型进行研究，进而估计栽体的近似坐标。理论分析和实例表明，该方法确定的运动载体近似坐标与GPS绝对定位提供的近似坐标相比，精度有明显的提高。所以可以提高整周模糊度解算的速度，为确定GPS导航中的模糊度提供一种有效的方法。     

Inverse GPS技术在飞行器定位中应用方案分析

IGPS技术可利用GPS成熟的技术和我国“北斗”系统的关键技术来解决飞行器测控及跟踪的问题。阐述了IGPS系统的工作原理及组成，对系统关键技术的解决进行了讨论，并分析了IGPS技术所能获得的精度等。     

GPS/DR组合定位方法研究

当今，诸多部门如公安、交通和银行等都要求在城市环境中对车辆连续跟踪和不间断定位。如何实现车辆在城市中的高精度连续定位是许多车辆监控和指挥系统及ITS（Intelligent Transportation System)的主要研究课题之一。然而，由于城市中的电波传播环境非常复杂，在其中定位要考虑很多方面的因素。本文就城市环境的特殊性，分析了其影响GPS定位精度的主要误差源，并设计了一种经济可行的组合定位方法－GPS／DR组合定位模式。     

GPS测码伪距绝对定位的几种算法

GPS定位方程是非线性的,一般处理方法是按泰勒级数展开取至一次项进行线性化,再利用最小二乘原理求解,如果所取观测站坐标的初始值具有较大的偏差,略去二次微小量的模型误差,对解算结果将产生不能忽略的影响。本文研究分析了GPS测码伪距绝对定位的传统算法,并提出了一种通过求差法将GPS绝对定位的非线性观测方程转化成线性方程直接求解测站坐标的新算法,通过实例计算表明该方法计算简单,不需要测站的初始坐标信息,不需要求导计算和迭代计算,对于提高GPS测码伪距单点定位的解算速度和精度具有重要的意义。     

GPS精密单点定位中对流层延迟处理方法研究

本文首先介绍了GPS精密单点定位技术,采用宽巷组合的方法得到观测方程。然后对精密定位中的误差改正作了简述,主要讨论了处理对流层延迟的Saastamoinen模型和Niell映射函数。提出用扩展卡尔曼滤波参数估计方法来处理对流层延迟,通过实例用Saastamoinen模型、Saastamoinen模型加Niell映射函数和扩展卡尔曼滤波参数估计三种方法对对流层延迟进行改正,结果表明该方法优于Saastamoinen模型。     

GPS动态定位中LAMBDA算法的分析及验证

利用载波相位观测量进行GPS动态定位的关键技术是模糊度的动态确定（AROF）,模糊度解算的实时性和可靠性是AROF研究的热点和难点。深入研究LAMBDA算法的原理和方法,并用实例解算进行分析,验证LAMBDA算法对模糊度求解的快速、准确和可靠,具有很好的实用价值。     

GPS与GSM在定位业务中的应用

对全球定位系统GPS（Global Positioning System)全球移动网络GSM（Global System Mobile)及AGPS（辅助GPS）技术在GSM网络定位业务中的应用进行了介绍，并给出了定位业务的几个典型应用。     

The application of GPS precise point positioning technology in aerial triangulation

In traditional GPS-supported aerotriangulation, differential GPS (DGPS) positioning technology is used to determine the 3-dimensional coordinates of the perspective centers at exposure time with an accuracy of centimeter to decimeter level. This method can significantly reduce the number of ground control points (GCPs). However, the establishment of GPS reference stations for DGPS positioning is not only labor-intensive and costly, but also increases the implementation difficulty of aerial photography. This paper proposes aerial triangulation supported with GPS precise point positioning (PPP) as a way to avoid the use of the GPS reference stations and simplify the work of aerial photography.Firstly, we present the algorithm for GPS PPP in aerial triangulation applications. Secondly, the error law of the coordinate of perspective centers determined using GPS PPP is analyzed. Thirdly, based on GPS PPP and aerial triangulation software self-developed by the authors, four sets of actual aerial images taken from surveying and mapping projects, different in both terrain and photographic scale, are given as experimental models. The four sets of actual data were taken over a flat region at a scale of 1:2500, a mountainous region at a scale of 1:3000, a high mountainous region at a scale of 1:32000 and an upland region at a scale of 1:60000 respectively. In these experiments, the GPS PPP results were compared with results obtained through DGPS positioning and traditional bundle block adjustment. In this way, the empirical positioning accuracy of GPS PPP in aerial triangulation can be estimated. Finally, the results of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from GPS PPP are analyzed in detail.The empirical results show that GPS PPP applied in aerial triangulation has a systematic error of half-meter level and a stochastic error within a few decimeters. However, if a suitable adjustment solution is adopted, the systematic error can be eliminated in GPS-supported bundle block adjustment. When four full GCPs are emplaced in the corners of the adjustment block, then the systematic error is compensated using a set of independent unknown parameters for each strip, the final result of the bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from PPP is the same as that of bundle block adjustment with airborne GPS controls from DGPS. Although the accuracy of the former is a little lower than that of traditional bundle block adjustment with dense GCPs, it can still satisfy the accuracy requirement of photogrammetric point determination for topographic mapping at many scales.     

GPS快速定位方程的病态性对整周模糊度及基线解的影响

GPS快速定位的数据处理一般是基于整数最小二乘理论,参数估计通过浮点解、整周模糊度的搜索、固定解三个步骤实现。当观测时间较短时,观测量间具有较强的相关性,用LS估计未知数的法方程严重病态,导致模糊度及基线浮点解与其正确值差距较大。本文通过实例研究了不同观测时间的GPS快速定位方程的病态性程度及其对模糊度和基线解的影响,计算结果表明当观测时间少于2分钟时,采用LS结合LAMBDA法难以求出可靠的固定解。