Algoma型和Superior型硅铁建造地球化学对比研究

前寒武纪条带状硅铁建造(BIFs)是世界上最重要的铁矿资源类型和地球早期特有的化学沉积建造类型,广泛分布于太古代-古元古代(3.2～ 1.8Ga),记录了地球早期岩石圈、水圈、大气圈和生物圈的状态及演化.前人根据BIFs的岩石组合和构造地质环境将其划分为Algoma型和Superior型.本文对比研究了Algoma型和Superior型BIFs的硅、氧、铁和多硫同位素特征.不同时代和不同类型BIFs的硅氧同位素组成非常相似,强烈亏损30Si,δ30SiNBS-28为较大的负值.二者的铁同位素和硫同位素非质量分馏效应明显不同.Algoma型BIF的△33S多为负值,而Superior型BIF的△33S多为正值;Algoma型BIF富集重铁同位素,δ56FeIRMM-144多为高正值,而Superior型BIF相对富集轻铁同位素,δ56FeIRMM.144多为负值或小正值.研究提出无论是Algoma型,还是Superior型BIFs都是由地球早期的海底火山热液喷气作用形成的,二者属于同一成矿系统,相对而言,Algoma型BIF与火山活动关系更密切,距离同期火山活动中心更近,多形成于深水盆地,环境更加还原.     

条带状铁建造:特征、成因及其对地球环境的制约

条带状铁建造(BIF)是由硅质和铁质组成的化学沉积岩,通常具有典型的薄层或薄板状构造。BIF不仅记录了丰富的岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈状态及演化的信息,而且与其相关的铁矿也是世界上最重要的铁矿资源类型。虽然对BIF的研究已取得了丰富的成果,近年来若干新颖的观点和重要的发现对进一步深入研究BIF成因提供了重要思考途径和研究线索。文章总结了BIF类型、矿物学和地球化学特征,分析了BIF形成条件及大规模缺失机理,阐述了BIF的形成和大气圈两次重大氧化事件(古元古代大氧化事件,2.4～2.1 Ga,新元古代氧化事件,0.8～0.55 Ga?)之间的关系,认为BIF与海底岩浆-热液活动具有密切的成因联系。最后,提出BIF的沉积和消亡与重大地质事件密切相关,这些重大地质事件也相互作用,共同制约着大气海洋环境演化、地球生物学和地球动力学过程。关于BIF精细成矿时代、条带/条纹形成的机制、重大地质事件对BIF形成的制约和BIF微生物成因等方面仍存在较多问题。随着大数据、精细成矿年代学、模拟实验、非传统稳定同位素(Fe、Cr、U、Mo和Cu同位素等)新技术方法的进步,及对现代洋底热液系统的深入认识,将有助于揭开BIF成因的神秘面纱。     

古全球变化与非等时韵律沉积及前寒武纪条带状铁矿建造形成的终止

前寒武纪各种地质记录表明了太古代—元古代早期古全球环境具有显著的陆少洋多和大气富ＣＯ２、贫Ｏ２的特征。ＢＩＦｓ大气－海洋系统中Ｆｅ２＋的氧化是导致铁质发生沉淀的一个重要过程，在前寒武纪早期缺Ｏ２的环境，生物－无氧氧化和日光－紫外线为主的宇宙射线光致氧化作用产生的直接非生物－无氧氧化过程，在前寒武纪早期缺Ｏ２环境对Ｆｅ２＋的氧化可能起着重要的和主导的作用。ＢＩＦｓ条带状矿石的宏、微观ＳｉＯ２或Ｆｅ２Ｏ３／Ｆｅ３Ｏ４单层厚度非等厚性表征了硅、铁供给非等量性与交替淀积非等时性的韵律堆积。文章提出了一种与地球自转速率有关的日长年际变化（古ＥＬＮｉｎｏ事件）－硅铁临界饱和浓度模式，从统一的地球动力学条件和不同类型ＢＩＦｓ的成因联系解析了这种韵律堆积的机制。元古代早—中期大气－海洋系统发生了Ｏ２增多和ＣＯ２减少的古全球变化，导致了２．２～１．８Ｇａ之间大气圈平流层古臭氧层的形成。古臭氧层大幅度消减日光－紫外线对地球表面的强烈辐射，不仅使全球性由日光－紫外线光致氧化作用直接产生的Ｆｅ２＋非生物－缺氧氧化过程消失，而且也保证了生命演化的延续和生物进入多样性繁衍。与其伴随的全球性巨厚碳酸盐建造，导致了上壳岩下伏的地球早期富铁?     

辽宁抚顺地区太古宙条带状硅铁建造地球化学特征及成因

经过近几年对抚顺地区铁矿的勘查找矿工作,发现抚顺地区太古宙硅铁建造的矿石类型及地理分布,与横贯抚顺地区的浑河深大断裂存在某种特定的位置关系,这种关系具有普遍的规律性.作者在总结抚顺地区数个太古宙硅铁建造矿石特征的基础上,从分析多个硅铁建造矿床的地球化学特征入手,探讨其成矿的环境、过程,从而提出抚顺地区太古宙硅铁矿床的成矿模式,即海底火山喷气、热水-成矿流体洋底环流-沉积-变质重结晶的成矿模式.在中新太古代时期,浑河断裂作为当时的海底扩张带（或洋中脊）,经过海底扩张作用,形成浑河裂谷.海底断裂附近频繁的火山活动,沿浑河断裂不断涌出的地下喷气、热水,萃取海底的拉斑玄武岩中的铁元素,形成富含铁、硅的热水溶液,这种热水溶液称之为成矿流体.成矿流体经过洋底环流作用,向两侧运移,在合适的环境下堆积成岩.该种岩石后来遭受区域变质作用和构造-岩浆热事件多重作用改造,发生变质重结晶成矿.     

加强前寒武纪条带状铁建造中伴生矿床的研究

在世界范围内,前寒武纪条带状铁建造中除产出大量贫铁矿和富铁矿外,常共生和伴生许多金属和非金属矿产,特别是金、锰、铅锌铜和镍以及硫铁矿等矿床,其中不少达到大型和超大型规模,其经济价值超过铁矿床本身,在一些国家的国民经济中占有重要位置。我国前寒武纪鞍山式条带状铁建造除主要产出贫铁矿和少量富铁矿外,少数地区也已发现伴生金矿床。但目前已知多属于中小型矿床,大型金矿床和其他金属矿床迄今为止尚未发现,从综合找矿角度,应重视和加强这些矿床的研究和进一步寻找,一旦有新发现,一矿变多矿,在找矿中必将有重大突破。本文主要介绍国内外目前对这些矿床的研究现状和基本地质特征,为目前我国的找矿工作提供借鉴,扩大找矿思路。     

国内外前寒武纪条带状铁建造研究现状

条带状铁建造(BIFs)主要发育于早前寒武纪时期(3.8~1.8Ga),记录了早期地球演化的重要信息且蕴含丰富的铁矿石资源。本文梳理总结了国内外BIF相关领域的研究认识及存在问题:1统计对比显示,BIF沉积事件与地幔柱、地壳增生等重大地质事件相关;2稀土元素及Nd同位素示踪表明,Fe来源于海水与海底高温热液的混合溶液,其中高温热液与海水比例为1:1000;3 BIFs缺乏负Ce异常且富集重Fe同位素,暗示沉积时古海洋整体处于缺氧环境以避免Fe~(2+)发生氧化;4一些重要科学问题尚未解决,例如Si的主要来源、沉淀机制及条带成因等;5华北克拉通BIFs多形成于约2.54Ga,BIF类型、形成时代与富矿成因等问题有待深入研究。本文认为,加强国内外典型BIFs的对比研究并适当应用现代先进测试技术,有利于探索BIF沉积的精细过程及古老克拉通的早期演化。     

微生物参与前寒武纪条带状铁建造沉积的研究进展

地球演化早期太古代和早元古代大规模的条带状铁建造(BIF)是目前世界上最重要的铁矿资源。已有的稳定同位素组成、分子化石以及岩石磁学性质等证据支持早期微生物广泛参与了BIF的形成。本文评述了微生物参与BIF形成过程中铁搬运和沉淀及其同位素分馏、生物标志物和岩石磁学证据。深入地研究BIF成矿中的微生物矿化贡献,有助于解释BIF形成机制,反演前寒武纪大气—海洋环境演化,以及理解地球早期生命的过程。     

弓长岭太古代条带状硅铁建造中长英质变质岩的原岩恢复及地层学意义

弓长岭太古代条带状硅铁建造中的长英质变质岩为该地层的标志层(K和K_S层)。原岩恢复表明二矿区黑云母石英钠长变粒岩(K层)为含火山灰的中酸性火山熔岩;而岭东区的石榴云母石英片岩(K_S层)为含火山灰的泥砂质沉积岩,二者不能对比。据此,本文补充和完善了该区地层剖面。它表明弓长岭硅铁建造生成于大陆边缘的陆棚浅海环境,其铁矿层赋存于一海进层序的中上部。该建造的沉积岩组合特征与绿岩带不同,而与典型的高级区表壳岩组合类似。     

同步辐射X射线荧光微探针技术测定太古宙条带状硅铁建造中硅质条带及包裹体的微量元素

通过对35亿年前曹庄岩组的条带状硅铁建造(BIF)的硅质条带以及石英中包裹体微量元素的分析,初步探讨了35亿年前的 BIF 形成时期海洋的化学成分。结果表明太古宙海洋中贫乏 P、V、Cu 等生命元素,限制了真核生物的发展,而其它微量元素高度富集,为化学自养细菌提供了良好的环境。在 BIF 的硅质条带的形成过程中,微量元素的含量受到磁铁矿沉积吸附的强烈控制。     

冀东马兰庄条带状硅铁建造的变质时代及地质意义

前寒武纪条带状硅铁建造(BIF)是世界,也是中国最重要的铁矿资源类型,无论是储量,还是开采量,均居首位.前寒武纪条带状硅铁建造是地球早期特有的化学沉积建造类型,广泛分布于太古代—早元古代(3.2～1.8 Ga),记录了地球早期大气和海洋的化学成分、氧化还原状态及演化,是广大地质工作者长期关注的焦点之一.在国外,与BIF...     

Origin of the Neoproterozoic Baijianshan Banded Iron Formation at the Southeastern Margin of the Tarim Block in NW China: Implication for an Extremely Reducing Ocean

The Neoproterozoic banded iron formations(BIFs)were closely associated with the“Snowball Earth”during the breakup of the Rodinia,thus they played an important role in our understanding of the atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels during this period.In this contribution,the Neoproterozoic(ca.737 Ma)Baijianshan BIF at Southeast Tarim,northwestern China was identified.Magnetite is the dominated iron-species,which occurs as the lamina interbedded with chert.The BIF contains low concentrations of trace elements,and is depleted in light rare earth elements(LREEs)based on comparison with the Post-Archean Australian Shale(PAAS).In addition,the BIF exhibits slightly positive La-Eu anomalies,negligible Ce anomalies,insignificant Y anomalies,chondritic Y/Ho ratios(23-32),and slightly chondritic initial ε_Nd(t=737 Ma)values(?0.45 to 1.46,averaging 0.37).All these features indicate that the precipitation of Baijianshan BIF was closely related to the submarine low-T hydrothermal fluids with little detrital contribution.Moreover,the Baijianshan BIF is characterized by the significant enrichment of heavy Fe isotopes,with δ⁵⁷Fe_IRMM-014 values ranging from 1.78‰ to 3.05‰,revealing the partial oxidation of Fe²⁺ into Fe³⁺ during the precipitation of this BIF.Our data suggest that the formation of Baijianshan BIF was closely associated with a significantly reducing ocean,which most likely was isolated from the oxidized atmosphere by a local ice sheet.This Neoproterozoic Baijianshan ocean has the initial oxygen levels as low as,or even lower than that of Archean and Paleoproterozoic oceans.     

新元古代“雪球”事件对海水碳、硫同位素组成的影响

在新元古代晚期地球上曾发生过全球性的冰川作用，一些学者称之为“雪球”事件。在新元古代“雪球”事件前后，古海水的C、S同位素组成都出现了非常大的变化，在“雪球”之前海水中的碳酸盐非常富集^13C，在“雪球”期间和紧随其之后贫^13C，然后δ^13C值出现了高达10‰的正漂移；在“雪球”开始之前古海水硫酸盐的δ^34S值呈逐渐降低的变化特征，紧随“雪球”之后古海水硫酸盐的δ^34S值出现了超过20‰的正漂移，达到地质史上的最高值，同期形成的硫化物具有异常高的δ^34S值。“雪球”事件前后古海水C、S同位素组成的大幅度变化，是由“雪球”前后全球环境的剧烈变化引起的。“雪球”前后海水C、S同位素的大幅度变化是与“雪球”有关的特殊环境条件作用的结果，也是“雪球”事件存在的有力证据。     

辽宁鞍山－本溪地区铁矿床流体包裹体和硫、氢、氧同位素特征研究

鞍山-本溪地区是我国最大的铁矿集区,分布有诸多大型、特大型铁矿床,并且产出有弓长岭二矿区大型和齐大山、南芬中型磁铁富矿床。贫铁矿体与变质沉积岩和火山碎屑岩等围岩呈层状或似层状产于太古宙花岗岩中,富铁矿体(TFe50%)呈层状或透镜体状产于贫铁矿体和围岩及其附近的断裂带中,并可见明显的热液蚀变现象。为了探讨鞍本地区富铁矿的成因,为指导找富矿提供依据,本文主要对比研究了鞍本地区贫铁矿石和富铁矿石中流体包裹体、硫同位素和氢氧同位素特征。贫铁矿石(磁铁石英岩和假象赤铁石英岩)石英中含有大量的孤立分布负晶形气体包裹体(Ⅰc类包裹体),富铁矿石石英中主要以液体包裹体(Ⅰb类包裹体)为主,可见含子矿物的流体包裹体;贫铁矿石中黄铁矿的δ34S变化范围为-6.5‰~11.8‰,平均值为0.4‰,富铁矿石中黄铁矿的δ34S变化范围较大,为-7‰~14.4‰,平均值为2.0‰;贫铁矿石中磁铁矿δ18 O变化范围为3.4‰~10.4‰,平均值为7.1‰,石英δ18 O变化范围为11.8‰~15.1‰,平均值为13.4‰,富铁矿石中磁铁矿δ18 O变化范围为-1.4‰~6.5‰,平均值为2.3‰,富铁矿石中石英δ18 O变化范围为9.6‰~15.8‰,平均值为13.6‰,δD变化范围为-129‰~-75‰,平均值为-104‰。富铁矿石中石英流体包裹体、黄铁矿δ34S和磁铁矿δ18 O部分继承了贫铁矿石的特征,但是显示更多的后期热液特征,暗示鞍本地区富铁矿石是在贫铁矿石的基础上受后期热液改造形成的。富铁矿石中石英的氢氧同位素特征表明其热液流体主要为混合岩化热液,富铁矿的形成可能为去硅富铁模式,同时也可能有铁质活化再转移模式。     

Discovery of Mass Independent Oxygen Isotopic Compositions in Superscale Nitrate Mineral Deposits from Turpan‐Hami Basin,Xinjiang, China and Its Significance

<正>The Turpan-Hami Basin in eastern Xinjiang is one of the driest regions on Earth and a premier environment to form and preserve nitrate.A large nitrate ore field in this basin was found recently.It is estimated there are about 2.5 billion tons of resources of nitrate,and the amount is as much as the Atacama Desert super-scale nitrate deposit in Chile.Nitrate is one of a few minerals with mass-independent fractionation(MIF),and the oxygen isotope MIF is an effective method to determine the source of nitrate.Theδ~(17)O,δ~(18)O of nitrate were measured by fluorination and thermal decomposition method.The date indicated that this is the first time that oxygen isotope MIF has been located in inland nitrate minerals.The results obtained by two methods are similar,⊿~(17)=δ~(17)O-0.52×δ~(18)O=12‰-17‰.The experiment and observation data proved that oxygen isotope MIF of nitrate are the result of photochemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere.Thus, evidence from MIF oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that long term atmospheric deposition of nitrate aerosol particles produced by photochemical reactions is the source of the deposits.     

华北克拉通南部早前寒武纪基底形成与演化

简要总结了华北克拉通南部鲁山地区、小秦岭地区、登封及中条山地区的早前寒武纪地质事件序列及其地质意义,并对各地区地质特征和变质演化特点进行对比。结合前人研究工作,初步探讨了华北克拉通南部早前寒武纪基底的演化特点、陆壳形成的主要时期和华北南部基底的构造区划等问题,提出几点认识:1)华北克拉通南部鲁山、中条山、小秦岭等地区均有2.7~2.9Ga岩石记录,以英云闪长质-奥长花岗质-花岗闪长质(TTG)岩石为主,它们共同构成华北南缘的古老结晶基底,并经历了新太古代晚期~2.5Ga构造-热事件,标志着华北克拉通南部在新太古代末期可能已经形成统一基底;2)华北克拉通南部主要的陆壳形成时期为中太古代晚期-新太古代,与全球其他主要克拉通一致,而古元古代早-中期则以地壳再循环为主;3)综合地质、地球化学等特点,将华北南部鲁山-小秦岭地区和中条山等地区划归为"南部古陆块",并提出该陆块呈现为一个大型的倾伏向斜构造,可能在新太古代晚期已经形成,其枢纽向南东倾斜。"南部古陆块"在新太古代末期与其它微陆块拼合,并发生了变质作用和陆壳的活化与再循环,共同指示新太古代晚期华北克拉通统一基底的形成。     

Magmatism and metallogeny of the Early Earth as a reflection of its geologic evolution

The paper is focused on the evolution of the Earth starting with the planetary accretion and differentiation of the primordial material (similar in composition to CI chondrites) into the core and mantle and the formation of the Moon as a result of the impact of the Earth with a smaller cosmic body. The features of the Hadean eon (ca. 4500–4000 Ma) are described in detail. Frequent meteorite-asteroid bombardments which the Earth experienced in the Hadean could have caused the generation of mafic/ultramafic primary magmas. These magmas also differentiated to produce some granitic magmas, from which zircons crystallized. The repeated meteorite bombardments destroyed the protocrust, which submerged into the mantle to remelt, leaving refractory zircons, indicators of the Early Earth’s geologic conditions, behind.The mantle convection that started in the Archean could possibly be responsible for the Earth’s subsequent endogenous evolution. Long-living deep-seated mantle plumes could have promoted the generation of basalt-komatiitic crust, which, thickening, could have submerged into the mantle as a result of sagduction, where it remelted. Partial melting of the thick crust, leaving eclogite as a residue, could have yielded tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) melts. TTG rocks are believed to compose the Earth’s protocrust. Banded iron bodies, the only mineral deposits of that time, were produced in the oceans that covered the Earth.This environment, recognized as LID tectonics combined with plume tectonics, probably existed on the Earth prior to the transitional period, which was marked by a series of new geologic processes and led to a modern-style tectonics, involving plate tectonics and plume tectonics mechanisms, by 2 Ga. The transitional period was likely to be initiated at about 3.4 Ga, with the segregation of outer and inner cores, which terminated by 3.1 Ga. Other rocks series (calc-alkaline volcanic and intrusive) rather than TTGs were produced at that time. Beginning from 3.4-3.3 Ga, mineral deposits became more diverse; noble and siderophile metal occurrences were predominant among ore deposits. Carbonatites, hosting rare-metal mineralization, could have formed only by 2.0 Ga. From 3.1 to 2.7 Ga, there was a period of “small-plate” tectonics and first subduction and spreading processes, which resulted in the first supercontinent by 2.7 Ga. Its amalgamation indicates the start of superplume-supercontinent cycles.Between 2.7 and 2.0 Ga, the D″ layer formed at the core-mantle interface. It became a kind of thermal regulator for the ascending already tholeiitic mantle plume magmas. All deep-seated layers of the Earth and large low-velocity shear provinces, called mantle hot fields, partially melted enriched EM-I and EM-II mantles, and the depleted recent asthenosphere mantle, which is parental for midocean-ridge basalts, were finally generated by 2 Ga. Therefore, an interaction of all Earth’s layers began from that time.     

“地球系统探测新原理与新技术”优先领域与地球系统科学

地球系统科学是研究组成地球系统的子系统之间相互联系、相互作用的机制，研究地球整体结构、特征、功能和行为，研究地球系统变化的规律和控制这些变化机理的科学。对地观测、探测与分析技术的发展是地球科学创新思维来源的技术保障，同时对地球科学基础理论研究水平的提高起着重要的作用。21世纪地球科学的发展将更加重视发展地球系统科学的理论、方法与技术体系。“地球系统观测、探测新原理与新技术”被列入国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部“十五”优先资助领域。回顾“十五”期间的资助情况，探讨该领域和地球系统科学的关系，将有利于“十一五”对该领域资助工作的调整与完善。     

重大地质转折期的碳、硫循环与环境演变

碳、硫在表层储库和地质储库以不同的形式相互转换,在这个过程中都伴随着一定的同位素分馏。碳同位素的分馏主要受到光合作用以及海水溶解无机碳与大气CO2交换的控制,而硫同位素的分馏则主要受控于硫酸盐细菌还原作用。表层储库碳、硫同位素的组成通过地质作用被很好地保存在地质储库中,因此通过对地质储库中碳、硫同位素的分析和研究,可以很好地了解地球各圈层相互作用的规律,重塑地质历史特别是重大关键转折时期的演化过程。同时文中借助一些碳、硫同位素应用实例,进一步加深理解影响碳、硫同位素组成和变化的原因,以提高对不同时期全球环境变化的认知程度。     

Linkage between Seasonal Insolation Gradient in the Tropical Northern Hemisphere and the Sea Surface Salinity of the Equatorial Indian Ocean during the Last Glacial Period

Paired stable oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca analyses in calcite tests of the mixed-layer-dwelling planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber has been used to reconstruct equatorial Indian Ocean δ18O of seawater (δ18Osw) over the last ~137 thousand years. On the basis of ice-volume-corrected δ18Osw (δ18Osw–ivc), relative changes in sea surface salinity (SSS) have been estimated. The SSS estimates suggest three episodes of higher SSS (131–113 thousand years before present (kyr BP), 62–58 kyr BP, and 30–24 kyr BP) within the last glacial period as compared with the present. SSS comparison between interglacial episodes reveals that the surface seawater over the core site was significantly saltier during the penultimate interglacial than the Holocene. We suggest that the evolution of a seasonal insolation gradient between the Indian monsoon areas and the equator over the investigated time interval was instrumental in shaping the strength of the Indian winter and summer monsoons that left their imprints on the equatorial Indian Ocean SSS via freshwater input and wind-induced mixing. The study shows that the insolation difference between northern latitudes and the equator during winter affects monsoon strength in the Indian region, especially during cold intervals.     

早前寒武纪变质地层学研究的回顾与思考

主要论述了与早前寒武纪变质地层（学）有关的8个方面的问题：早前寒武纪变质地层的研究概况；早前寒武纪变质地层的复杂性和研究难度；早前寒武纪变质地层研究的思路和工作方法；早前寒武纪变质岩石地层单位岩群、岩组和杂岩的划分问题；重要区域性不整合的研究；鉴定变质地层的原岩类型、岩石性质和恢复古环境；正确区分变质地层和TTG岩系以及其他变质深成岩；变质地层时代的确定。另外，对今后的研究工作提出了3项建议。