饵料浓度和成体密度对汤氏纺锤水蚤(Acartia tonsa)产粪粒数、产卵和孵化的影响

采用静水法研究了不同饵料浓度和成体密度对汤氏纺锤水蚤产粪粒数(FP)、产卵(EP)和孵化(HS)的影响.根据碳含量设定250、500、1000、1500、2000和3000μgC/L六个饵料浓度梯度,以及40、80和160个/L三个成体密度进行实验.结果表明,在成体密度为40和80个/L时,汤氏纺锤水蚤的平均产粪粒数随着饵料浓度的增加而增加;在饵料密度高于500μgC/L时,成体密度为160个/L的产粪粒数显著低于其它两组(P＜0.05).饵料浓度和成体密度对产卵量影响显著,在相同成体密度下,产卵量随着饵料密度的提高而增加;在饵料密度高于500μgC/L时,成体密度为160个/L的产卵量显著低于其它两组(P＜0.05).汤氏纺锤水蚤卵的孵化率受饵料浓度和成体密度的影响不大.     

六氯化苯对汤氏纺锤水蚤毒性影响的比较研究

本文通过1987年6月在丹麦国家环保局海洋污染实验室进行的六氯化苯(γ-HCH)对桡足类汤氏纺锤水蚤(Acartia tonsa)的急性、亚急性和生命周期试验,评价了六氯化苯对汤氏纺锤水蚤的毒性。试验结果表明,γ-HCH对汤氏纺锤水蚤的96h LC_(50)为17μg/L。当,γ-HCH浓度为3μg/L时,产卵量明显受到影响。在生命周期试验中,当γ-HCH浓度为10μg/L时,从无节幼体Ⅵ期到成体,汤氏纺锤水蚤的生长会受到明显影响,而对雌性成体的半数影响浓度(EC_(50))为0.8μg/L。通过对试验方法和结果的比较分析文中认为,汤氏纺锤水蚤的生命周期试验,敏感性高、操作简便、费用相对较低,将会是化学物质危害性评价中一个很有用的方法。     

短角异剑水蚤对克氏双锯鱼稚鱼成活、生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

为评估短角异剑水蚤(Apocyclops royi)作为海水鱼类仔稚鱼的饵料价值和投喂效果,比较分析了其与卤虫无节幼体(Artemia nauplii)的脂肪酸组成及2种生物饵料对克氏双锯鱼(Amphiprion clarkii)稚鱼存活、生长和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果显示,短角异剑水蚤DHA、EPA和ARA含量分别达21.185%、11.088%和3.250%,海水仔稚鱼必需脂肪酸(EFA)总含量高达37.417%,均显著高于卤虫无节幼体。投喂短角异剑水蚤的克氏双锯鱼稚鱼(5~20 d)成活率(80.71%±8.23%)与投喂卤虫无节幼体组(76.30%±7.00%)差异不显著;稚鱼体长(7.75 mm±1.18 mm)、体重(0.0163 g±0.0080 g)和体长特定生长率(3.46%±0.75%)均显著高于卤虫无节幼体投喂组;稚鱼体内DHA(21.843%)、EPA(6.914%)和ARA(2.725%)含量也均显著高于后者。研究表明,短角异剑水蚤适于作为海水鱼类仔稚鱼的生物饵料,在水产养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。     

DDT对细巧华哲水蚤（Sinocalanus tenellus）摄食、呼吸、存活和生殖的影响研究

DDT(dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) as a type of organochlorine pesticides, is an important component of pesticides pollution whose impact on the marine ecosystem is urgently to be evaluated. To investigate the biological effects of DDT on the marine ecosystem, copepods being the main contributor of secondary productivity in the marine ecosystem, were selected as target animals. The influence of DDT on the feeding, respiration, survival, and reproduction of Sinocalanus tenellus(S. tenellus) was analyzed and the antioxidant enzymes activities in the individuals were measured under different exposure concentrations of DDT. The 48 h median lethal concentration(LC50) and 96 h LC50 of DDT to S. tenellus were 5.44 and 2.50 μg/dm3, respectively. The filtration rates, grazing rates, and respiration of S. tenellus decreased apparently with increased DDT concentrations. Under lower concentration(625 ng/dm3) of DDT, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase in the animals increased significantly compared with those in the animals without any exposure to DDT, which suggested that the antioxidant enzymes can protect the animals from oxidative damage. However, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme decreased when the animals were exposed to higher concentration(1 250–2 500 ng/dm3) of DDT. The survival rate of both females and males was reduced when they were exposed to DDT less than 250 ng/dm3, but females showed higher survival rate than males when they are under the same concentration. The hatching ratio and the egg diameters of S. tenellus decreased significantly when they were exposed to DDT with a concentration of 25 and 250 ng/dm3, however, the cumulative egg production did not show any significant variation when the animals were exposed to the above DDT concentration. These data in the preset study suggested that exposure to DDT can cause the variation of the species composition of copepods, and further affect the marine ecosystem.     

低氧对中华哲水蚤存活和繁殖影响的实验研究

为研究低氧对海洋浮游生物关键种存活、繁殖等的影响,作者采用了实验室模拟低氧环境的方法,研究了低溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)浓度对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)致死率、产卵和孵化的影响.研究发现,中华哲水蚤对低氧环境比较敏感,当DO质量浓度为2 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在1 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为3 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在96 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L 时,基本无死亡,但对中华哲水蚤的产卵有明显抑制作用,首次产卵时间推迟,产卵周期缩短.当DO质量浓度为4 mg/L时,基本不产卵,当DO质量浓度为6 mg/L时,产卵量也仅为常氧组的15%左右.当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L时,中华哲水蚤所产卵的孵化率为常氧组的60%左右,但差异不显著.可见,低氧对中华哲水蚤的存活和繁殖均有抑制作用,长时间低氧很可能会降低中华哲水蚤的种群数量,甚至改变海洋生态系统结构.     

铜、镉对中华哲水蚤氨基酸含量影响的实验研究

在室内进行了铜、镉对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)氨基酸含量影响实验。结果表明,当外加重金属浓度较低时(Cu,2—10μg/L;cd,10—150μg/L),动物各种氨基酸含量明显提高,总氨基酸含量比对照组约增加10—31％;重金属浓度提高时,动物氨基酸含量则出现下降趋势,说明较低浓度重金属对动物有刺激效应,此时摄食活动加强,增加了从摄食获得的营养成分;浓度提高则产生抑制效应。因此,氨基酸含量的变化,可作为桡足类对外界重金属污染物作出生理反应的指标之一。文中对某些特殊氨基酸含量的变化及机制也进行了讨论。     

三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻对太平洋纺锤水蚤繁殖与生化指标的影响

采用实验生态的方法,探讨三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonassubcordiformis)对太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)繁殖及其生化指标的影响.实验结果表明,三角褐指藻对太平洋纺锤水蚤产卵量和卵的孵化率均具有抑制作用,随着投喂时间的增加,太平洋纺锤水蚤的产卵量由15.02±3.15 ind/d下降到3.25±3.15 ind/d(p<0.05),其卵的孵化率由22.88%±2.49%下降到14.84%±1.20%(p<0.05).而投喂亚心形扁藻的太平洋纺锤水蚤其产卵量和卵的孵化率与对照组无显著差异(p>0.05).投喂三角褐指藻后,太平洋纺锤水蚤的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力相对于投喂亚心形扁藻的增加了20.94±0.04μg/mg,其谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)活力增加了15.812±1.240 U/mg.这表明相对于亚心形扁藻,三角褐指藻对太平洋纺锤水蚤的抗氧化性酶具有诱导作用.     

哈维氏弧菌对泥蚶的毒性及半致死浓度研究

为构建泥蚶感染弧菌标准技术体系,本研究采用哈维氏弧菌浸泡感染和注射胁迫两种攻毒方式对泥蚶进行了急性毒性实验,观察泥蚶在菌液胁迫下的存活情况,分析哈维氏弧菌对泥蚶的半致死浓度。浸泡感染实验结果表明,随着感染水体中弧菌升高,泥蚶死亡起始时间和最大日死亡率时间均有所提前,泥蚶死亡情况呈现上升趋势,当浸泡浓度超过2×10⁷CFU/mL,泥蚶15 d累计死亡率接近100%。注射胁迫实验结果表明,泥蚶死亡率与弧菌注射浓度呈显著正相关(r=0.964,P<0.01)。Probit回归分析结果显示,哈维氏弧菌浸泡感染泥蚶7 d后停止实验,15 d的半致死浓度(LC₅₀)为1.35×10⁷CFU/mL;注射胁迫下的96 h半致死剂量(96 h LD₅₀)为2.12×10⁷CFU/g,说明哈维氏弧菌对泥蚶有明显的毒害作用。研究结果为泥蚶对哈维氏弧菌耐受性提供数据参考,并且为泥蚶弧菌病防治提供了理论基础。     

铜、镉离子和三丁基锡对火腿许水蚤T-SOD的影响

采用体外亚致死毒性实验,研究铜、镉离子和三丁基锡(TBT)的单一和联合作用对桡足类火腿许水蚤(Schmackeria poplesia)总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的影响。实验结果表明,火腿许水蚤T-SOD活性对各组污染物毒性均敏感,随暴露时间延长发生显著的变化。单一毒性处理的火腿许水蚤T-SOD活性总体上呈先上升后下降的趋势,Cu2+、Cd2+暴露下的各组T-SOD活性分别在482、4 h达到最高,TBT暴露的诱导作用不显著,除低浓度Cu2+、Cd2+组外,各组T-SOD活性后期受到抑制,均在96 h降到最低。联合毒性处理的T-SOD活性变化更加复杂,总体上表现为先下降后上升再下降的趋势,各组T-SOD活性主要受到抑制,Cu2+-Cd2+、Cu2+-TBT、Cd2+-TBT联合作用的分别在12~24、24、36 h有最低值。     

投喂四种饵料对曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)繁殖性能的影响

以双齿围沙蚕、泥鳅、黄鲫、福寿螺4种不同饵料强化培育胴长(6.50±0.20)cm的曼氏无针乌贼,用曼氏无针乌贼肝脏和卵巢的氨基酸与脂肪酸变化、亲体产卵量、卵径、卵子孵化率及其幼体成活率等指标来评价4种饵料对其繁殖性能的影响.结果表明,黄鲫组曼氏无针乌贼肝脏与卵巢中∑EAA、∑SEAA、∑EAA+SEAA、∑NEAA、∑AA含量在第一次卵巢成熟与第二次卵巢成熟时均显著高于其它投喂组(P＜0.05).黄鲫组乌贼肝脏DHA/EPA在第一次卵巢成熟时显著高于其它投喂组,在第二次卵巢成熟时DHA、DHA/EPA、∑n3PUFA、∑n6PUFA、∑n3/n6PUFA都显著高于其它投喂组(P＜0.05);该组乌贼第一次卵巢成熟卵巢DHA、∑n3PUFA、∑n6PUFA、∑n3/n6PUFA及在第二次卵巢成熟时卵巢DHA、DHA/EPA、∑n3PUFA、∑n3/n6PUFA均显著高于其它投喂组(P＜0.05),该组第二次卵巢成熟时∑n6PUFA百分含量与沙蚕组无显著差异(P＞0.05).产卵量多少顺序为黄鲫组＞沙蚕组＞泥鳅组＞福寿螺组(P＜0.05);孵化率高低顺序为黄鲫组＞福寿螺组＞泥鳅组＞沙蚕组(P＜0.05);所产卵子平均直径大小顺序为黄鲫组＞泥鳅组＞沙蚕组＞福寿螺组(P＜0.05);幼体成活率高低顺序为黄鲫组＞泥鳅组＞沙蚕组、福寿螺组(P＜0.05).各指标吻合程度高.     

Evidence of heavy predation by Noctiluca scintillans on Acartia clausi (Copepoda) eggs off the central Cantabrian coast (NW Spain)

A large proliferation of Noctiluca scintillans (Dinophyceae: Noctilucidea) was observed in neritic waters off the central Cantabrian coast during late April 1995. Eggs of Acartia clausi (Crustacea: Copepoda) were the most conspicuous prey within vacuoles of Noctiluca. Noctiluca ingested 73 % of the total stock of A. clausi eggs. This intense predation on copepod eggs could potentially affect the recruitment of nauplii. The potential impact on the stock of Acartia clausi eggs and on the daily egg production of the population is discussed. There is a negative correlation between the average number of ingested eggs by a single Noctiluca cell and the abundance of Noctiluca. This fact, coupled with the lack of significant correlation between the former variable and the abundance of Acartia clausi eggs, suggests that interference processes play a major role in regulating the predator-prey interaction between Noctiluca and Acartia eggs.     

条纹小环藻对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋耐受力和吸附作用的研究

研究了条纹小环藻（Cyclotella striata）对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的耐受力、吸附率和吸附量的作用规律.结果表明：Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻的生长影响显著（p〈0.05）,随着Cu2＋、Zn2＋含量的升高,其对条纹小环藻生长的抑制作用增大;当Cu2＋和Zn2＋的含量分别高于4.00×10-3、0.01 mg/dm3时,其对条纹小环藻的生长几乎没有影响;Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻生长的半抑制含量分别为0.26、11.17 mg/dm3.Cu2＋含量为1.00 mg/dm3和Zn2＋含量为50.00 mg/dm3的组合,对条纹小环藻生长的抑制率达72.28%,Cu2＋对条纹小环藻的毒性大于Zn2＋.条纹小环藻对Cu2＋、Zn2＋吸附效果良好,当藻细胞含量为2.45×107cells/dm3时,对Cu2＋的吸附率为63.00%;当藻细胞含量为1.75×107cells/dm3时,对Zn2＋的吸附率为60.52%;条纹小环藻对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的吸附量分别为9.26 mg/g（21.30×10-9mg/cell）和20.06 mg/g（46.15×10-9mg/cell）时,Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻不会产生明显毒性.     

单细胞藻吸收Cu2+,Zn2+,Se4+,Cd2+的扫描电镜X射线能谱分析

青岛大扁藻（Ｐｔａｔｙｔｈｏｎａ。ｈｅｉｇｏｈｎｄｌｃａ。ａ,ｔｓ。ｎｇｉｇｏ。ｓ;ｓＴｓｅｎｇｅｔＴ．Ｊ．Ｃｈａｎｇ）、。角褐指藻（Ｐｈａ。ｄａｅｔｙｌ。。ｔ,。。－ｎ。加。Ｂｏｈｌｉｎ）、湛ｕ叉鞭藻（一ｃ,ａ──ａ。切ｎｊ。ｎｇ。ｓ。Ｈｕ）、路氏巴夫藻＿Ｐａ。ｉｃ。ａｌ。ｔｉｅｒ（ＤｒｏｏＰ）Ｇｒｅｅｎｊ等单细胞藻类,是养殖对虾、扇贝、鲍、牡赈、河蟹等人工育苗中幼体的活饵料,它们的质量决定养殖动物幼体的成活率、生长速度以及抗病能力。所以单细胞藻类的营养成分、生活状态、密度是培育出具优良性状动…     

Development rate of Labidocera euchaeta Giesbrecht in Xiamen Harbor

-The development rate of Labidocera euchaeta Giesbrecht in the Xiamen Harbor was studied in laboratory. The results showed that the development times of egg and larval stages ( D ) were significantly correlated with temperature ( T ), following the Belehradek function, D = α( T -7. 5)-1.0634. The development time from egg to larval stages and adult, as well as generation time can be predicted from the equation for egg development ( α=411/24) by appropriately multipling the constant (α) with a proportion. The development was not isochronal over the whole larval period. Durations of naupliar stages were short and quasi-isochronal, which favored their non-feeding development. In contrast, durations of copepodid stages (C) were long. CV had the longest duration followed by CI, both of which are considered as the critical stages in the larval development. The acclimation effect of the seasonal temperature on the development rate was also observed.     

光降解对DOM与Cu2+、pb2+结合能力的影响

以氙灯为光源,通过平衡渗析法研究了美国萨旺尼河DOM在光解过程中,DOM与重金属离子(Cu2+、Pb2+)结合系数的变化.研究表明,DOM光照过程中,氧气对DOM起到促进作用.氧气充足条件下,将使DOM更大程度上发生光解.经过72小时照射,空气饱和和空气平衡状态下,DOM与Cu2+结合系数分别由1.33下降到0.70和0.62,DOM与pb2+结合系数分别由0.14下降到0.09和0.05.光降解使更多的金属离子由与DOM的结合态转变为自由态.     

Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Hg~(2+)对泥蚶鳃及消化腺显微结构和超微结构的影响

研究了9μg/L暴毒浓度的镉(Cd2+)、铅(Pb2+)和1.08μg/L暴毒浓度的汞(Hg2+)对泥蚶鳃和消化腺组织显微结构和超微结构的影响。实验处理时间为28d。3种重金属胁迫下鳃组织显微结构观察显示鳃丝排列混乱,血细胞堆积现象严重;超微结构观察发现,Cd2+和Hg2+胁迫下鳃细胞发生细胞核皱缩,有大量的线粒体和溶酶体。Pb2+攻毒组的鳃细胞中聚集大量的嗜锇性物质。3种重金属胁迫下消化腺组织显微结构显示消化腺细胞破碎,完整度变差;从超微结构来看,在Cd2+和Pb2+的胁迫下,消化腺细胞中出现嗜锇性物质;另外在Pb2+胁迫下,消化腺细胞中有溶酶体;然而在Hg2+胁迫下,泥蚶消化腺细胞受到的影响不明显。本研究推测在重金属胁迫下,泥蚶可能会通过溶酶体和重金属形成不溶性颗粒,从而将重金属隔离进行解毒作用;大量产生的线粒体可能对重金属引起的氧化胁迫进行呼吸补偿反应。     

Cu,Zn和Cd对5种单细胞藻的酶基因表达调控的研究

报道了在Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Zn2 +的毒害作用下 ,三角褐指藻 (PhaeodactylumtricornutumBohlin) ,湛江叉鞭藻 (IsochrysiszhanjiangensisHu &Lui) ,绿色巴夫藻 (PaviovaviridisTsengChenetZhang) ,青岛大扁藻 (Platymonashelgolandicavar.TsingtaoensisTsengetT.J.Chang) ,小球藻(Chlorellasp.)等单细胞藻的苹果酸脱氢酶发生了明显的变化。其中 ,不同种类重金属离子对该酶的基因表达作用不同 ,即使是同种离子但浓度不同 ,这种作用也不同。一般情况下高离子浓度抑制了酶基因的表达。低离子浓度促进了表达。但也有例外 ,如Cd2 +(24.53μg/ml)、Zn2 +(24.31,16.21μg/ml)促进三角褐指藻MDH 1座位等位基因的表达量 ;Cd2 +(24.53,12.26μg/ml)促进小球藻MDH 1座位等位基因的表达量。由此可推出 ,重金属离子可以干扰等位基因的表达 ,并在等位酶的活性上表现出来     

厦门港真刺唇角水蚤的生长率

本文以实验室培养为主,结合自然种群调查,观测厦门港真刺唇角水蚤各发育阶段体长、体重的增长状况,并研究了其生长率与温度、发育期的关系。     

Molecular quantification of copepod Acartia erythraea feeding on different algae preys

Quantitative evaluation of the copepod feeding process is critical for understanding the functioning of marine food webs, as this provides a major link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. In this study, a molecular protocol based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) targeting 18S rDNA was developed and used to investigate the feeding and digestion rates of the copepod Acartia erythraea in a laboratory experiment using microalgae Thalassiosira weissflogii, Prorocentrum...