前言:庆祝中国科学院海洋研究所成立70周年

正中国科学院海洋研究所成立于1950年8月1日,是我国第一个专门从事海洋科学研究的国立机构,是我国海洋科学的发源地。2020年,海洋研究所迎来70周年华诞。70年来,研究所从最初的中国科学院水生生物研究所青岛海洋生物研究室不断发展壮大,凭借雄厚的科研实力和一代代优秀的人才队伍,成长为我国目前规模最大、综合实力最强的综合性海洋科学研究机构之一。70年来,海洋研究所不断引领我国海洋科学的发展,在实验海洋生物学、海洋生态与环境科学、海洋环流与波动、海洋地质与环境、海洋环境腐蚀与生物污损、海洋生物分类与系统演化以及深海研究等方面做出了许多奠基性和开创性的贡献,取得1900余项科研成果,共发表论文14000余篇(其中SCI/EI收录论文6400余篇),出版专著近300部;授权专利1100余件;国家和省部级奖励278项。     

Sodar Sounding of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Review of Studies at the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Russian Academy of Sciences

Acoustic sounders (sodars) are the simplest and economically most effective devices for the ground-based remote sensing of the lower troposphere. Using sodars, a vast amount of knowledge about the structure and dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has been obtained. The principal physics of sodar sounding was given by A.M. Obukhov in two short theoretical articles published in the Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1941: “On the Scattering of Sound in a Turbulent Flow” and “On the Distribution of Energy in the Spectrum of a Turbulent Flow.” In the late 1950s, Obukhov initiated the development of theoretical and experimental studies of sound scattering by turbulence, as well as a practical sodar sounding of the ABL at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAPh). The present work is a short review of sodar applications in studies of the ABL based on results obtained at IAPh in the 1980s–2000s. The results of recent studies of low-level jets and Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the stable stratified ABL are described in more detail.     

Validating and assessing the sensitivity of the climate model with an ocean general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Russian Academy of Sciences

A new version of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS), climate model (CM) has been developed using an ocean general circulation model instead of the statistical-dynamical ocean model applied in the previous version. The spatial resolution of the new ocean model is 3° in latitude and 5° in longitude, with 25 unevenly spaced vertical levels. In the previous version of the oceanic model, as in the atmospheric model, the horizontal resolution was 4.5° in latitude and 6° in longitude, with four vertical levels (the upper quasi-homogeneous layer, seasonal thermocline, abyssal ocean, and bottom friction layer). There is no correction for the heat and momentum fluxes between the atmosphere and ocean in the new version of the IAP RAS CM. Numerical experiments with the IAP RAS CM have been performed under current initial and boundary conditions, as well as with an increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The main simulated atmospheric and oceanic fields agree quite well with observational data. The new version’s equilibrium temperature sensitivity to atmospheric CO₂ doubling was found to be 2.9 K. This value lies in the mid-range of estimates (2–4.5 K) obtained from simulations with state-of-the-art models of different complexities.     

Erratum to: Improving the Calculation of the Sulfate Aerosol Evolution and Radiative Effects in the Institute of Numerical Mathematics,Russian Academy of Sciences,Climate Model

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433822020128     

Thermochains of the Southern Branch,Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,Russian Academy of Sciences: Design,Methods, and Results of Metrological Investigations of Sensors

Thermochains for Black Sea hydrophysical studies are described, and the features of their displacement at the moored buoy station with subsurface buoyancy are considered. A technique for calibrating the temperature sensors is described and their stability is estimated by comparing the obtained calibration coefficients with the values established in previous calibrations. The characteristics of the temperature sensors, including the time constant are specified, as well as their reading error with respect to the reference thermometer. The performed metrological studies prove that the temperature sensors used in the thermochains work rather stably and make measurements with an accuracy of ± 0.01 °C for several months of operation in marine conditions. This allows to determine adequately the temperature at various horizons in the water environment of the shelf-slope zone of the Black Sea and to study not only its short-period, but also long-term variability.     

An outstanding achievement of the Russian Academy of Sciences: The successful forecast of the earthquake of March 11, 2011, in Japan

The seismic catastrophe in Japan was forecasted far ahead of time by scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences. The most reliable forecast was made by A.A. Lyubushin, a leading researcher at the Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth. Over the 2008–2010 period, at a number of the most important international conferences, including that of the Seismological Society of Japan, Lyubushin warned that an earthquake with a magnitude of 8.5–9.0 could occur in Japan; it was published in English in leading scientific journals all over the world. On April 26, 2010, Lyubushin officially informed the Russian Advisory Council on Earthquake Prediction and Seismic Hazard Assessment of his forecast. One distinctive feature of this forecast is that it is based on large bodies of data on microseismic oscillations for the territory of Japan, which were mathematically treated using present-day methods. This forecast has a reliable physical justification and a visual interpretation. Brief information on the results of other Russian studies on the precursors of the main shock and aftershocks of the earthquake of March 11, 2011, in Japan is given.     

我国与发展中国家的双边联合海洋研究中心共建

为促进国际海洋合作,助力"21世纪海上丝绸之路"建设,文章概述我国与发展中国家共建双边联合海洋研究中心的基本情况,分析存在的问题,并提出建议。研究结果表明:目前我国已与亚洲和非洲的发展中国家建立6个双边联合海洋研究中心,建设和运行成效显著,但仍存在配套资金支持不足等问题;应制订发展规划、推进低敏感领域合作、配备专职工作人员和建立信息共享平台,保障联合海洋研究中心的可持续发展。     

Long-Term Observations of Stratospheric Species at the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Russian Academy of Sciences: Analysis of Trends and Interannual Variations in the Total Contents of O3 and NO2

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Results of long-term measurements and an analysis of the temporal variability of the total contents (TC) of O3 and NO2 at the Kislovodsk High-Altitude...     

Changes in the Column Content and Vertical Distribution of NO2 According to the Results of 30-Year Measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Russian Academy of Sciences

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The results of an analysis of variations and linear trends in the column content and vertical distribution of NO2 are presented based on 30-year...     

Organizing coordination in a public marine research and management advice organization: The case of the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research

Public organizations involved in marine management are increasingly confronted with coordination challenges in marine governance. This study examines why and how the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research (IMR) reorganized its formal coordination structures between the areas of fisheries management and marine environmental management. The findings indicate that organizing efficient and, at the same time, legitimate coordination structures between different areas of marine governance is a “wicked” organizational problem with no ultimate and single optimal solution. In contrast to the assumptions of classical organization and management theory, the study finds that the reorganization of formal coordination structures is not necessarily driven for reasons of efficiency and perceived coordination problems. Instead, public marine management organizations also change their organizational structures to live up to external expectations to adopt modern management concepts, such as the Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM). However, the study indicates that the adoption of the EAM has stimulated coordination and integration efforts in the research and advisory activities of the IMR.