伊犁河支流大西沟河水与地下水转化关系研究

开展河流和地下水转换关系研究对于区域水资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。文章以大西沟河水与地下水转换关系为目标,在分析地下水动力场的基础上,通过水化学类型、溶解性总固体(TDS)、氯离子（Cl-）等水化学以及环境同位素18O、D、T等指标作为示踪剂,分析大西沟河和地下水的转换关系和转化强度。结果表明:研究区河流和地下水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca,水化学类型空间分布特征相似;TDS和Cl-浓度表现为先增加后下降,但地下水的变化幅度大于河水。通过对大西沟河水和地下水中的水化学和环境同位素指标对比分析,发现研究区河流与地下水之间补给排泄关系具有明显的分段性;从河流出山口到下游地区,河水和地下水之间发生了三次转化关系:在山前倾斜砾质平原区以河水入渗补给地下水为主,补给量占该段潜水径流量的56%;到了细土平原区出现地下水补给河水地段,补给源为承压水越流补给潜水后的混合水体,潜水和承压水补给比例占该段河水径流量的20.4%与58.4%;风成沙漠区河水沿途渗漏补给地下水直至河流断流。本次研究结果为建立研究区水循环演化模式和水资源合理开发利用提供了理论和技术支持。     

河西内陆干旱区地表和地下水资源的相互转化研究

根据有关台站的水文气象观测资料及"九五"国家科技重点攻关项目"96－912"专题有关成果,对甘肃省河西内陆干旱区地表水、地下水资源的数量、分布特征与变化规律及相互转化关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明,内陆干旱地区的地表径流主要形成于中、高山区,散失于山前平原和沙漠。径流的补给来源主要为大气降水、冰雪融水和地下水。降水量及其时空分布对水资源的形成有着重要的影响。这里降水、河川径流与地下水转化关系十分明显。内陆干旱地区水资源最主要的特征就是从山区到平原地表水与地下水在不同地质地貌单元间的相互转化,并且由径流源区的山区到河流下游的平原,不同区域、不同地段地表水与地下水的转化关系及地下水的流动模式亦不相同：即由降水与冰雪融水下渗所形成的山区地下水绝大部分以基流形式排泄,形成地表径流进入盆地;而河流在进入盆地或平原区流经透水性极强的山前冲、洪积平原后又大量渗漏补给地下水,山前冲、洪积扇平原的地下水沿地形坡降向冲积平原运动至冲积扇缘地带后,由于含水层土壤颗粒变细,导水性减弱,形成地下水溢出带,地下水沿沟壑呈泉水大量溢出地表,汇集成泉沟进入河流而转化成为地表水。在冲、洪积扇以下的冲积平原上,潜水含水层土壤颗粒细,地下水埋藏浅,径流水平流动缓慢,地下水以垂向水量交替为主。在自然状态下,冲积平原下游直到尾闾湖;洪水季节（洪水季节外,河川径流量很小甚至没有）河流泻洪通过河道补给地下水,余水进入尾闾湖。正是水量不大的河水及其所转化形成的地下水维系着西北内陆干旱地河流下游地区的绿州的存在和这里十分脆弱的生态环境。这些地表水与地下水之间的转化过程的这种特征直接影响本地区水资源的开发利用模式。目前,在上游地区大规模发展经济、开发水资源的情况下,随着地表径流利用率的不断提高和地下水得到的补给减少,许多地方泉水量减少甚至枯竭,原来的泉灌区被迫变为井灌区。冲积平原下游即使在洪水季节也很难接受上游地表径流的补给,造成地下水位持续下降,植被死亡,土壤荒漠化。因此,内陆干旱区的水资源开发利用必须从整个流域的角度出发进行统一的合理的规划,总结不同类型地区水资源开发利用过程中的经验教训,逐步建立不同类型最优化的水资源利用模式,这将对今后干旱区的水资源开发利用具有重要的意义。     

火星探测器着陆区地貌环境特征初释

2个火星探测器着陆区均为平原地貌, 但形态特征、物质结构和动力过程都有明显差异。勇士号着陆区主要为风蚀区,而机遇号着陆区主要为风积区;前者为板状砾质平原,后者是基岩出露的波状砂质平原。可能常年有主风向,它们属于无表水环境下极干旱的风成地貌,缺少融冻过程,风化速度远低于地球环境。地貌结构与物质都证明,火星过去曾有液态水存在。限于着陆区环境及探测器功能,如果水存在于地下深部,这两个探测器很难发现。     

运用频率计算河川基流量方法研究

河川基流量是水文水利分析计算、水资源评价、洪水分析、地下水径流特性分析中的重要内容。国内外河川基流量分割方法很多,不同方法的分割结果也不尽相同。通过对甘肃黄河流域洮河水系4个水文站,长江流域白龙江水系2个水文站、内陆河流域黑河水系3个水文站共计9站的1980～2000年20a的实测资料运用滤波算法对基流进行切割,根据年径流量运用PⅢ型曲线查出频率,再根据频率与基流建立模型,得到河川基流量计算的简便实用方法,提高山丘区地下水资源量评价的效率,细化水资源评价结果,便于推广使用。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水系统研究

地下水系统研究是正确评价和合理开发利用区域地下水资源的基础,也是区域地下水资源规划的重要依据。在对鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系岩相古地理和含水介质空间展布研究的基础上,应用区域地下水动力场、水文地球化学场和深井Packer系统所获得的不同深度的水位数据以及同位素资料,将白垩系地下水流系统概括为局部水流系统、中间水流系统和区域地下水流系统3种类型。以盆地中部的白于山地表分水岭为界,划分为南北2个地下水亚系统和5个分支系统,其中南部黄土高原地下水亚系统为典型的自流水盆地,而北部沙漠高原地下水亚系统则具有潜水盆地的特征。     

采煤排水对区域水资源的影响——以山西阳武河流域上游煤矿区为例

煤炭资源的大量开采,对水资源造成了严重影响。以山西阳武河流域上游煤矿区为例,分析了采煤对水资源污染和水资源量减少的影响。未经处理的矿坑水直接排放不仅污染了过境河流水,同时也对第四系潜水、深层岩溶承压水造成了严重的污染。采煤排水是区域水资源量的减少和可利用水资源量减少的主要原因。对2个不同开采期水资源量变化进行分析对比,提出了采煤排水引起水资源量减少的主要原因是三水转化关系的变化,而可利用水资源量减少的主要原因是地下水流场变化、开采模数远大于径流模数、隔水层连续性破坏、底板突水、水资源污染等。     

Holistic approach of GIS based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and WetSpass models to evaluate groundwater potential in Gelana watershed of Ethiopia

Appropriate quantification and identification of the groundwater distribution in a hydrological basin may provide necessary information for effective management, planning and development of groundwater resources. Groundwater potential assessment and delineation in a highly heterogeneous environment with limited Spatiotemporal data derived from Gelana watershed of Abaya Chamo lake basin is performed, using integrated multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), water and energy transfer between soil and plant and atmosphere under quasi-steady state (WetSpass) models. The outputs of the WetSpass model reveal a favorable structure of water balance in the basin studied, mainly using surface runoff. The simulated total flow and groundwater recharge are validated using river measurements and estimated baseflow at two gauging stations located in the study area, which yields a good agreement. The WetSpass model effectively integrates a water balance assessment in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. The WetSpass model is shown to be computationally reputable for such a remote complex setting as the African rift, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and 0.99 for total flow and baseflow at a significant level of p-value<0.05, respectively. The simulated annual water budget reveals that 77.22% of annual precipitation loses through evapotranspiration, of which 16.54% is lost via surface runoff while 6.24% is recharged to the groundwater. The calibrated groundwater recharge from the WetSpass model is then considered when determining the controlling factors of groundwater occurrence and formation, together with other multi-thematic layers such as lithology, geomorphology, lineament density and drainage density. The selected five thematic layers through MCDA are incorporated by employing the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method to identify the relative dominance in groundwater potential zoning. The weighted factors in the AHP are procedurally aggregated, based on weighted linear combinations to provide the groundwater potential index. Based on the potential indexes, the area then is demarcated into low, moderate, and high groundwater potential zones (GWPZ). The identified GWPZs are finally examined using the existing groundwater inventory data (static water level and springs) in the region. About 70.7% of groundwater inventory points are coinciding with the delineated GWPZs. The weighting comparison shows that lithology, geomorphology, and groundwater recharge appear to be the dominant factors influence on the resources potential. The assessment of groundwater potential index values identify 45.88% as high, 39.38% moderate, and 14.73% as low groundwater potential zones. WetSpass model analysis is more preferable in the area like Gelana watershed when the topography is rugged, inaccessible and having limited gauging stations.     

Hydrograph Separation of the Amazon River: A Methodological Study

The hydrograph separation of the Amazon river was performed using three different methodologies. Were applied isotopic, filter-separation, and mixing methods to estimate the contributions of the surface runoff (event water) and baseflow (pre-event water) components to the total river flow, during the 1973–1974 hydrological years. The importance of the baseflow contribution, mainly during the peak discharge, suggesting that the groundwater plays a much more active and important role in the storm dynamics, was verified. Similar results were obtained for all the methods used, and the applicability of each one was discussed in detail. For the Amazon river basin, the average contribution of the baseflow was 56% of the total river flow, at peak discharge. The average surface runoff contribution, which represents the water capable of mechanical erosion in drainage basins, expressed in terms of the surface runoff coefficient (Kr), was 31.9%, while the mean contribution of the baseflow, expressed by the baseflow coefficient (Kb), was 68.1%.     

黑河流域地下水循环演化规律研究

大量野外调查研究表明，气候变化和人类活动对黑河流域地下水循环和更新演变具有重要影响；平原区浅层地下水主要是现代水补给，35％来自祁连山区基岩裂隙水通过地表径流转化补给，其他是降水和冰雪融水在山前戈壁带入渗补给，具有较强的更新能力；深层承压水主要形成于地质历史时期区域性补给，与现代水循环有联系；中游区人类活动是造成下游区地下水补给能力减弱、地下水水位持续下降和生态环境退化的重要因素。因此强化中游区人类活动的科学调控，是实现黑河流域地下水可持续利用和下游区生态环境有效保护的关键。     

Assessing groundwater-surface water connectivity using radon and major ions prior to coal seam gas development (Richmond River Catchment,Australia)

Coal seam gas (CSG, or coal bed methane) mining is rapidly growing, with poorly understood impacts on groundwater and surface water systems. Here, we use chemical tracers to investigate groundwater-surface water connectivity in an Australian river system (Richmond River Catchment, New South Wales) prior to CSG extraction but after ∼ 50 exploratory CSG wells were drilled. We performed four surveys of 29 interconnected creek and river sites, over contrasting hydrological conditions. Radon was used to determine if a surface water segment was gaining groundwater. Radon observations over four seasons revealed that 28 out of 77 surface water segments were clearly gaining groundwater, 5 were possibly gaining groundwater and 44 were undetermined. This is equivalent to gaining segments in 333 km (39%) of surface water from the 864 km being investigated. High spatial and temporal variability in groundwater gaining segments was found. Na/Cl ratios were used to determine the fraction of groundwater in surface water. Overall, the groundwater contribution in surface waters was 14–24% higher in post flood conditions than during the other three surveys of baseflow and moderate flow conditions. The results serve as a regional baseline assessment of river water chemistry and groundwater-surface water connectivity prior to the planned development of CSG fields. Our geochemical tracer approach allows for a quick qualitative assessment of groundwater-surface water connectivity in poorly gauged river systems and can define priority locations where groundwater extraction for CSG mining should be carefully managed.