多种观测资料在一次弱降水雷暴大风分析中的综合应用

利用多普勒天气雷达、宝坻和西青两部风廓线雷达、天津250m气象铁塔观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料、探空资料、地面加密自动站和自动站分钟资料,对2014年6月8日发生在天津地区的一次弱降水雷暴大风过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次过程属于西北气流型雷暴大风,低层强垂直风切变和较大的温度直减率为雷暴大风的出现提供有利环境条件;(2)此过程共经历弓形回波复合体、阵风锋和单体弓形回波3个阶段,雷暴大风的强度与强回波核伸展高度以及下落时间有关,回波核伸展高度越高,下落时间越短,雷暴大风强度越强;(3)强冷池的快速移动是弓形回波复合体阶段雷暴大风的直接原因,冷空气首先从2.3km高度入侵,10min后地面出现雷暴大风。天津南部具有不稳定能量高值中心,配合地面中尺度辐合线的触发作用导致单体弓形回波阶段雷暴大风;(4)阵风锋阶段上升与下沉气流共存,下沉速度峰值的下传特征较地面雷暴大风的出现提前20min,2km以上的对流层中低层为上升运动。     

关中阵风锋环境场和雷达特征分析

利用高空、地面天气图,宝鸡多普勒雷达资料统计分析了关中地区7例阵风锋天气成因及雷达回波特征。分析表明:西北气流携带的中空干冷平流是强对流发生的有利条件,地面干线是强对流的触发系统,地面气温35℃以上高温且湿度20%～35%是阵风锋发生的有利环境。雷达回波上,阵风锋从初生、发展、加强到减弱的生命史为1～3 h,与雷暴回波由强(≥55 dBz)减弱(≤30 dBz)的过程一致。阵风锋移动速度与雷暴径向速度有直接关系,雷暴出流快速达到最大(17 m/s)时,阵风锋发展达到强盛时段,其强度、长度达到最大;阵风锋移动方向与雷暴移动方向大体一致,呈西北—东南向;少数与主体风暴移向垂直,为东北—西南向。阵风锋在1.5°仰角出现最早,关注识别1.5°仰角阵风锋窄带回波前兆可为发布大风预警提供依据。     

山东极端强降雨风暴传播类型及流场结构特征

根据雷达反射率因子和径向速度产品演变特征,结合天气实况,对山东短时极端强降水反射率因子和流场结构进行了综合分析。结果表明,山东极端对流性强降水单体演变特征有4种类型:后向传播型、前向传播型、准静止型和再生型。后向传播型的主体降水回波产生的下沉气流与一侧的低层环境气流产生辐合上升运动,激发新的对流单体;前向传播型的主体回波后部下沉气流在地面附近辐散形成低层前沿的阵风锋,而低层暖湿人流经过阵风锋抬升进入到回波前沿的对流塔成为上升气流;准静止型回波常与中低层长时间维持的γ尺度气旋性涡旋有关;再生型回波的再生区内总是有新的单体不断生成,常与稳定少动的局地辐合区相对应。在大范围的强降水过程中,包含两种或以上演变方式。     

九江地区一次无降水致灾大风天气过程分析

使用常规地面观测、风能观测、卫星云图和多普勒天气雷达等资料,对2009年6月5日23时-6日01时,江西九江地区出现的一次无降水致灾大风天气过程进行分析。结果表明,500hPa冷涡槽后强大的西北气流、925hPa波动型辐合线和异常3h变压是造成这次无降水致灾大风天气的主要影响系统和动力条件;中尺度对流云团在消散过程中,强烈下沉气流冲击地面形成阵风锋,即使对流云团消散后,这股下沉气流仍惯性移动,并继续影响下游长达百余千米范围;阵风锋前沿边界会造成大气折射率的改变,雷达可以从反射率和速度场上探测到这种不连续面的窄带回波。窄带回波移动速度可以定性判断地面大风级别,移速大风力大,移速小风力小。     

双多普勒雷达风场反演对一次后向传播雷暴过程的分析

利用常规观测、雷达和加密自动站资料,对2013年9月13日上海地区的一次以后向传播为主要特征、伴有强降水和大风的强对流过程进行了分析,并采用双多普勒雷达风场反演等技术,对其形成的环境条件及后向传播机制进行了研究。由于上海连续多日处在副热带高压(副高)西北侧边缘,具备了充足的水汽和较强的不稳定条件,地面辐合线在上海北部触发了初始对流,其出流与地面风场的辐合在西南侧不断触发出新的对流单体,出现了与引导气流相反、指向西南方向的雷暴传播矢量,当单体的新生传播速率大于引导流速率时,雷暴整体产生了与引导气流相反的后向移动。针对该后向传播机制的研究表明:对流单体强下沉运动形成的阵风锋在其西南方向与环境西南风辐合,并与该处原有的地面辐合线碰撞造成更强烈的上升气流,触发新的单体生成,新单体发展成熟后产生强降水和强下沉运动,加强和维持了其西南侧的阵风锋,使得阵风锋向西南方向推进并继续触发新单体生成;风场反演的垂直运动分布和演变也显示了多个对流单体从东北向西南依次表现出消散、成熟和新生阶段的特征。因此,本次过程中形成了"雷暴单体新生发展—成熟后缓慢东北向移动—产生强降水、下沉运动和大风在其西南侧触发新单体"的循环;向西南方向推进的地面阵风锋与原有的地面辐合线共同形成了雷暴西南侧局地锋生区,与新生对流区的位置一致,是该次过程后向传播的主要原因。     

三次雷暴导致的阵风锋过程分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料和自动站资料对2012年5月16日江苏、6月9日京津冀地区以及7月10日河北的三次阵风锋过程进行综合分析。结果表明：持续下沉的冷空气形成雷暴高压是阵风锋产生的直接原因。雷暴高压形成过程中,一方面,下沉气流在较小区域内迅速堆积形成雷暴高压,另一方面,新旧单体不断更替,风暴内稳定的下沉气流使雷暴高压发展。雷暴高压内强辐散气流与环境空气形成阵风锋。随着雷暴高压的移动和增强,阵风锋向前移动和增强,当雷暴高压减弱,阵风锋也逐渐消亡。温度梯度与气压梯度越大,瞬时大风越强,阵风锋也越强。阵风锋产生的瞬时大风与窄带回波的强度值不一定成正比。中层径向辐合对阵风锋产生有提前预示作用,提前量为半小时左右,辐合持续时间越长,阵风锋生命史越长。     

四川盆地一次阵风锋触发的局地强对流天气雷达特征分析

应用自动气象站资料和多普勒雷达观测资料,对盆地南部一次阵风锋引起的局地强对流天气进行分析,结果表明：阵风锋是对流风暴产生的下沉气流到达地面时产生强烈辐散,与低层暖湿空气交汇产生的剧烈天气现象;阵风锋在多普勒雷达上表现为一条狭窄弧线,回波强度弱,速度图上有辐合,阵风锋与强雷暴的发生、发展和维持有促进作用;阵风锋过境会引起气象要素陡变,阵风锋经过的地方,强雷暴的产生地与地面风场辐合线的位置和温度槽线的位置有很好的对应关系,对短临预报预警的提前发布有较强的指示意义。     

湖南一次阵风锋形成机制探讨

应用多普勒雷达观测资料和自动气象站资料,对湘东地区一次春季阵风锋天气过程进行分析.表明:阵风锋是对流风暴产生的下沉气流达到地面时产生强烈辐散,与低层暖湿空气交汇产生的剧烈天气现象.阵风锋在多普勒雷达反射率和径向速度图上表现为一条狭窄弧线,回波强度偏弱,速度图上有辐合,阵风锋在强雷暴的发生、发展和维持起了相当大的作用,阵...     

陕北系列阵风锋天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、诊断分析资料和榆林的多普勒雷达资料对2006年7月30日陕北北部地区产生的系列阵风锋天气分析,结果表明：第一次阵风锋是孤立的对流脉冲风暴产生的,有冷空气的再次补充过程,使第一次阵风锋得以维持较长时间;中层暖湿气流的补充使孤立的脉冲风暴产生下沉气流后,再次加强并维持较长时间;阵风锋后部冷空气堆中蓄积的能量是阵风锋维持较长时间的原因之一;下沉气流在地面形成的冷空气堆在移动过程中,最大速度并不位于阵风锋上,距阵风锋有一定的距离;速度图较反射率因子图能更好地反映出下沉气流在地面形成的冷空气堆。     

一次飑线过程多普勒雷达资料分析

利用济南CINRAD/SA多普勒雷达产品,针对2006年7月5日飑线天气过程,分析回波发展演变、流场结构,讨论外流边界、强下沉气流与大风的关系,分析组合反射率因子、垂直液态含水量、中气旋产品特征.结果发现,飑线过境时风速出现两个极大值,一个出现在外流边界影响时段,另一个发生在强回波下沉气流影响时段;在横槽南下过程中,飑线后部强入流不断补充,前侧暖湿气流沿着后部入流爬升,不断产生新的单体,使得风暴得以维持发展;在垂直流场结构上表现为前侧暖湿气流倾斜上升,然后主体部分向后倾斜,后部有冷空气注入,形成下沉气流,下沉气流在地面附近辐散,与前侧入流形成低层阵风锋,是造成地面破坏性大风的主要因素.在水平流场结构上表现为低层存在气流辐合上升运动,中层有气旋性旋转气流,风暴高层为辐散气流.飑线消散阶段后期中层出现MARC,带来大风天气,而同时伴有冰雹天气的风灾产生在飑线达到最强至开始减弱的时段.当回波强度≥50dBz,且垂直液态含水量≥35kg·m-2,当有中气旋时,有利于产生冰雹和大风天气;外流边界的出现,反映了强对流回波后部下沉气流较强,是灾害性大风的前兆.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.