基于图像法和激光法的山东半岛黄岛海滩沉积物粒度特征对比

以新型快速成像及处理技术为基础的动态图像法可为单个样品快速建立百万至上亿个颗粒的图像及粒度、粒形参数数据库,可直观表现天然沉积物的海量颗粒的大小和形状信息,但目前对其与激光法测试结果之间的异同尚缺乏深入理解。本文对采自山东半岛黄岛地区黄海沿岸3处海滩共190个样品进行动态图像粒度分析,通过等效投影面积径(等积径)计算均值粒径、分选系数、偏度、峰度等粒度参数,并与激光法测试结果进行对比。结果表明:1)现代海滩沉积物图像法统计粒径比激光法稍粗,但二者之间的差异较之细粒沉积物较多的类型(如冲洪积物)而言已经很小;2)现代海滩沉积物图像法粒度分析较之激光法分选更优,偏度和峰度均更小;3)图像法和激光法粒度分析结果在沉积环境判别中具有相近的功能,但图像法对沉积环境和动力条件的响应更为敏感。这些认识为动态图像粒度分析技术的应用推广和资料解释提供了新的理论与技术支持。     

联用筛析法与激光法进行粒度接序分析的界点选择

筛析法、激光法和图像法是三种常用的粒度分析方法,但由于测试原理的不同,三种测试方法有不同的适用性。筛析法和图像法能够精确测量砂质颗粒的粒径,但不适用于泥质细颗粒（<0.063 mm）的粒径测量;相反,激光法无法准确测量中粗砂粒级颗粒（2~0.21 mm）,但能高精度测量较细沉积物粒径。分选较差的天然沉积物粒径分布范围较广,需要综合运用筛析法-激光法进行接序粒度测试。通常选用2 mm为界点开展接序粒度分析,但因激光法在测量中粗砂颗粒时误差较大,易导致接序粒度分析结果准确性不高。建议以0.21 mm为分界点开展接序粒度分析,分别避开筛析法和激光法测量精度不高的粒级区间,可使测试结果的准确性得到有效的提高。     

江苏潮滩沉积物激光粒度仪与移液管-筛析分析结果的对比

激光粒度仪的广泛应用带来了与历史数据的对比问题,因此需要建立激光粒度仪与早期分析结果之间的关系。根据江苏海岸潮滩沉积物样品的激光粒度仪和移液管-筛析法分析,对粒度参数、粒度组分等进行了对比,对两种方法的差异进行了分析。结果表明,对于江苏潮滩沉积物粒度参数中平均粒径的激光粒度仪与移液管-筛析分析结果之间有良好的线性关系;筛分法测得的粗颗粒物质较激光法偏少,而移液管法法测得的细颗粒物质较激光法偏多;将样品分类之后再进行两种方法所获粒度参数的回归分析,相关性得以提高,说明不同粒度组成的沉积物对分析结果的对比有不同的影响。两种方法之间的换算关系不仅与研究区域有关,而且与沉积物本身的粒度组成有关。     

江苏潮滩沉积物激光粒度仪与移液管-筛析分析结果的对比

激光粒度仪的广泛应用带来了与历史数据的对比问题,因此需要建立激光粒度仪与早期分析结果之间的关系。根据江苏海岸潮滩沉积物样品的激光粒度仪和移液管—筛析法分析,对粒度参数、粒度组分等进行了对比,对两种方法的差异进行了分析。结果表明,对于江苏潮滩沉积物粒度参数中平均粒径的激光粒度仪与移液管—筛析分析结果之间有良好的线性关系;筛分法测得的粗颗粒物质较激光法偏少,而移液管法法测得的细颗粒物质较激光法偏多;将样品分类之后再进行两种方法所获粒度参数的回归分析,相关性得以提高,说明不同粒度组成的沉积物对分析结果的对比有不同的影响。两种方法之间的换算关系不仅与研究区域有关,而且与沉积物本身的粒度组成有关。     

渤海曹妃甸海域沉积物粒度激光法与综合法测试结果对比

激光法与综合法(吸液管法-筛析法)均是测试沉积物粒度特征的常用方法,由于测试原理和流程的差异,这两种方法对同一样品分析所获得测试结果往往不尽一致。为探究两种方法的共同性、差异性和相关性,并建立适合曹妃甸海域激光法与综合法测试结果之间的转换关系,通过对曹妃甸海域49个沉积物样品分别进行激光法和综合法实验,对比结果表明：(1)激光法与综合法所测砂粒含量大致相等,粉砂含量激光法所测结果高,黏土含量综合法所测结果较高;(2)激光法和吸液管法测试结果误差主要在发生在10φ(φ=log2D,D为直径,φ为单位)阶段,吸液管法测将黏土含量显著升高,激光法与筛析法结果误差主要发生在粗端颗粒,激光法测得粗端颗粒含量普遍偏高;(3)激光法与综合法粒度参数回归分析随着粒径减小相关性逐渐降低,粒度参数回归方程的斜率、截距与前人研究结果不具有统一性。研究建立的曹妃甸海域激光法与综合法数据转换模型分析表明,在粒度范围[-1,4]φ,激光法和综合法所获得数据结果可以进行相互转换;明确了激光法与综合法测量沉积物粒度特征的差异。研究成果对使用激光法测量沉积物粒度特征和完善测试方法与流程有参考意义。     

图像法粒度分析最小样本量及其与激光衍射法测试结果的对比

分析沉积物的粒度组成是沉积环境和古地理研究的重要内容。作为粒度分析标准方法的图像法,其发展和应用一度受制于耗时长和样本量较小等实际困难。目前,新的动态图像法粒度粒形获取技术可在几分钟内获取10~7~10~8个颗粒的大小和形状,为图像法的广泛应用提供了新的机会。本文对采自河流和湖滩的共34个松散砂样分别用图像法和激光衍射法进行了粒度测试和对比,分别就图像法测试所需的最少样本量及图像法和激光衍射法粒度测试结果的差异进行了探讨。通过改变样本量大小观察粒度参数计算结果的变化,认为河流和湖滩砂样最小样本量不少于30000和10000时,测试结果基本能代表完整样品的粒度分布(均值粒径标准偏差≤0.015)。通过比较图像法和激光衍射法测试结果中各粒级含量和粒度参数的差异,认为两种方法对粉砂级的测试结果有很大差异,无可对比性;对细砂级、中砂级和粗砂级的测试结果相关关系显著。两种方法得到的均值粒径有很好的相关性,可以互相转换,分选系数、偏度和峰态的相关性弱,无可比性。本文的研究结果可为图像法的应用提供一定的参考。     

激光粒度仪测试结果及其与沉降法、筛析法的比较

分析了Cilas 940L激光粒度仪的测试结果,并与沉降法、筛析法进行了比较。激光粒度仪测试结果的重复性较好,测量精度较高。对于玻璃珠样品,激光粒度仪和筛析法测试结果十分接近,对于天然沉积物,激光粒度仪测定的平均粒径偏粗,分选偏差。和沉降法相比,激光粒度仪测定的粘土组份 (<8%)的含量为沉降法的 46.7%～ 70.5 %,平均为 6 0 %,测定的平均粒径较沉降法偏粗,分选偏差。造成激光粒度仪与沉降法、筛析法之间差异的原因主要在于这些测试方法原理的不同和天然沉积物不规则的形状。     

沉积物粒度分析方法的比较

近年来激光粒度分析法在沉积物粒度分析方面的应用得到了进一步扩展。本文利用美国麦克奇公司生产的S3500型激光粒度分析仪开展沉积物粒度分析方法实验,研究表明:S3500型仪器较优的样品用量约为0.2 g;稀释过程会影响样品的粒度分布;样品分取方式会带来不同的随机误差。与薄片图像法和筛析法两种传统粒度分析方法获得的粒度分布参数比较表明:激光法测得的平均粒径较薄片图像法和筛析法偏细;激光法和筛析法的峰度相关性较好。采用Malvern 2000和Micro S3500两种激光粒度分析仪测量结果的比较表明:Malvern 2000测得的平均粒径较Micro S3500测得的平均粒径偏细,但二者的相关性很好(r=0.9574),研究认为这两种粒度仪的测试结果会给岩石粒度定名带来差异。由于各种粒度分析方法存在差异和局限性,在实际工作中粒度分析应尽可能建立在同一测量体系上,以便资料对比。     

动态图像法应用于海滩沉积物粒度粒形测试及其与筛析法的比较

筛析法是海滩沉积物粒度分析较经典和常用的方法。随着科学技术的发展,利用动态图像法分析沉积物粒度逐渐得到推广。本文利用动态图形法和筛析法对海南岛5个海滩剖面20组沉积物样品进行粒度粒形测试,并将两种方法所测得的粒度进行比较。测试分析结果显示,该方法的测试结果重复性好,精度高;通过与筛析法的对比显示,动态图像法与筛析法的测试结果非常接近,粒度级配曲线基本一致,各个粒度参数值很接近且相关性非常好（R2>0.94）;由动态图像法得出的粒形参数可以看出,粒径相当的不同海滩沉积物粒形参数有很大差别,同一海滩不同部位的球形度和宽长比变化很大,对称度和凹凸度变化稍小。研究表明,动态图像法与筛析法之间的粒度分析差异主要来自于两者测量原理的不同和天然海滩砂颗粒形状的不规则;动态图像法解决了不规则沉积物粒度的测量。因此,动态图像法可以替代筛析法来测量沉积物粒度,应用前景广阔。     

基于动态图像法的河流砂和湖滩砂粒形-粒度特征对比

对沉积颗粒大小、形态特征的量化和解释,是沉积动力条件分析和古地理重建的重要内容之一.图像法作为粒度分析的标准,长期受制于样本量小、效率低等困难.基于动态图像法的新型粒度粒形分析系统可在几分钟内获取多达n×107个颗粒的形状和大小信息,为沉积环境重建和动力条件分析提供了新的机会.本文基于两组样品(青藏高原的湖滩砂和黄河中游的河流砂)的动态图像粒度粒形数据,定量分析和对比了湖滩与河流两种环境沉积颗粒的粒度、粒形特征及其异同.结果表明,样品组成颗粒的球度与均值粒度之间整体上存在明显的反相关,球度-粒度曲线可大致划分为斜率不等的三段:占据颗粒绝大多数的中段(C.S.)球度适中,斜率最小;细端(F.T.)球度大,斜率也大;粗端(C.T)球度小,斜率小且不稳定.结合天然沉积颗粒的形状和密度特征,本文认为这些不同斜率的段落可能源于沉积颗粒密度效应和形状效应导致的粒度分异.对比研究表明,湖滩砂与河流砂在粒形-粒度曲线形态与分段特征方面均存在明显差异,两组样品在不同粒形参数(球度—长宽比—凹凸度)三角图和不同球度分段所对应颗粒体积百分比(C.T.-C.S.-F.T.)三角图中均能完全分离.这些事实表明基于动态图像分析的粒度粒形分析可望成为一种潜在的第四纪环境重建工具,在环境研究中有助于对天然沉积物物源特征以及风化、侵蚀、搬运和堆积过程的认识和理解.     

Dholkata Bauxite Deposit on Metavolcanics, Keonjhar District, Orissa, India

Abstract. The Dholkata bauxite deposit of Keonjhar district, Orissa, has developed on the metavolcanics of tholeiitic basalt composition. The weathered profile reveals five distinct altered zones, such as topsoil, laterite, bauxite, lithomarge and altered metavolcanics. The mineralogy of different zones studied in a representative pit shows the association of major mineral constituents like gibbsite, goethite, hematite, kaolinite, limonite and quartz. Gibbsite is the most dominant one followed by goethite and hematite in the bauxite zone. The geochemical study of all weathering zones indicates the geochemical affinity of the elements Ni, Th and U for laterites and Cr, Zr and Hf for bauxites to occur in high quantities. Trend surface maps predict the bauxite zones in the different levels of the deposit. If the zones having A1₂O₃ 35–40 % are blended with high grade ores, the deposit may prove to be a potential one.     

Pb on groundwater particles,Door County,Wisconsin

Pb was detected on groundwater particles larger than 0.45m. Pb concentration (micrograms per liter) showed positive correlations with particle concentration (milligrams per liter) at five sampled wells, although the slopes of the best-fit lines were different. X-ray fluorescence scans suggested that the particles primarily consist of K-Al silicate minerals, and that Pb is absorbed onto Fe oxyhydroxide coatings on Mg-rich silicates. Particle compositions varied at wells, but remained consistent at each well through the sampling period of a month. The particulate nature of Pb in groundwater could cause the spatial and temporal variations due to: (1) the unique composition of particles at wells, (2) the irregular pathways for groundwater particles, (3) the unpredictable amount of Pb-carrying particles entering the groundwater system during recharge events, and (4) the irregular sampling of groundwater particles subsequently dispersed along the advective flow path.     

内蒙古达茂旗满都拉地区晚古生代板块活动探讨

内蒙古达茂旗满都拉地区位于西伯利亚板块和华北板块的接合带。近年来的1∶ 5万区调识别出本区存在着诸多板块活动遗迹 ,如构造混杂带、洋壳残片、岛弧火山岩、弧后盆地沉积等 ,记录了在石炭纪至二叠纪这段地质时期内本区从拉张、收敛到碰撞等板块活动的全过程。这一成果 ,为研究内蒙古北部地槽区的板块活动历史提供了丰富而可靠的地质资料     

Post-Glacial climatic change on Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada

A high temporal resolution pollen diagram from a lake in the mid-Arctic region of the Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada, documents the history of the regional vegetation and climate for the past 7200 yr. Major tundra pollen taxa in the core include Cyperaceae and Salix, with Cyperaceae comprising over 50% of the pollen in the early and late Holocene. Tree pollen, transported from far to the south, comprised a large percentage of the pollen sum, with Pinus accounting for 30% of the pollen in some levels of the core. Pollen percentages and concentrations of taxa typical of the mid-Arctic were highest in the mid-Holocene, corresponding to warm conditions. Decreasing pollen concentrations indicate cooling temperatures, with more rapid decreases occurring around 4200, 3800-3400, and 2500 cal yr BP. Pollen percentages of Salix, Cyperaceae, and Artemisia increased in the past 35 yr in response to global warming. Reconstructions of July temperature using the modern analog technique showed that the mid-Holocene (5800-2800 cal yr BP) was approximately 1 °C higher than during the past 1000 yr.     

论伊犁古裂谷

伊犁石炭纪裂谷叠加在中天山造山带之上．后者是在加里东旋回中发育的造山隆起带，除发育下古生界优地槽沉积外，前寒武系变质基底广泛出露，石炭纪沉积以大小不筹的上叠盆地不整合在这样一个基底之上。由于基底性质的差异，西段盆地范围大，沉积厚度大；向东到巴仑台直至托克逊地区，则呈断续延伸的小型断用盆地，厚度薄，而且底砾岩层的厚度大．现有资料说明，石炭纪火山岩主要是玄武岩一玄武安山岩－粗安岩和粗面岩－流纹岩组合．以碱性系列的岩石为主，多为高钾系列，次为钠质；主要为低Ａｌ型，也有高Ａｌ型；轻稀土和不相容元素从低度富集到中等富集（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ为１．８～６．７和５．３～１４．９），Ｎｂ、Ｔａ从微亏损到强亏损（Ｔｈ／Ｔａ≈１．３～１５）；Ｎｄ（ｔ）值偏低（≈＋２．３～＋４．６），而ＩＳｒ（～０．７０５８）和２０８Ｐｂ偏高（２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ≈３８．４５２，２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ≈１８．３７８），反映其岩浆来自弱富集或异常地幔源区．由于裂谷发育程度的不同，岩浆或者直接来出，或者在下地壳环境下受到混染或发生分异，从而导致岩石组合在走向上的差异。     

Crystallochemical studies on davidite from Bichun,Jaipur District,Rajasthan, India

Crystallochemical data on metamict davidite from albitites and albitised rocks from the Bichun area (Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India) of Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC) are provided. Davidite occurs as euhedral, subhedral to anhedral crystals in the form of disseminated grains and also as fracture filled veins. The crystals of davidite are up to 8 cm in length and 6 cm in width. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the heat-treated davidite (at \(900{^{\circ }}\hbox {C}\)) reveals well-defined reflections of crystallographic planes. The calculated unit-cell parameters of the heat treated davidite are: \(\hbox {a}_{0} = \hbox {b}_{0} = 10.3556 \, \text {\AA }\) and \(\hbox {c}_{0} = 20.9067 \, \text {\AA }\), with unit-cell volume \(\hbox {(V)} = 1941.6385 \, \text {\AA }^{3}\); and \({\upalpha }={\upbeta }= 90^{\circ }\) and \({\upgamma }= 120^{\circ }\), which are in agreement with the values of davidite standard. Geochemical data reveals that the investigated davidite contains 51.5–52.6% \(\hbox {TiO}_{2}\), 14.8–15.1% \(\hbox {Fe}_{2} \hbox {O}_{3}\), 9.8–10.2% FeO, 6.97–7.12% \(\hbox {U}_{3} \hbox {O}_{8}\), 6.72–6.92% \(\hbox {RE}_{2} \hbox {O}_{3}\), 3.85–3.61% \(\hbox {K}_{2}\hbox {O}\), 0.9–1.4% \(\hbox {Al}_{2} \hbox {O}_{3}\), and 0.8–1.2% \(\hbox {SiO}_{2}\). The calculated structural formulae of the two davidite crystals are: D-1: \(\hbox {K}_{0.0044/0.004} \hbox {Ba}_{0.0044/0.005} \hbox {Ca}_{0.20/0.20} \hbox {Na}_{0.012/0.012} \hbox {Mn}_{0.053/0.053} \hbox {Mg}_{0.14/0.14} \hbox {Pb}_{0.0076/0.008} \hbox {Fe}_{2.675/2.675} \hbox {Fe}_{1.59/1.59} \hbox {Y}_{0.1175/0.118} \hbox {P}_{0.053/0.053} \hbox {Nb}_{0.008/0.008} \hbox {Sn}_{0.001/0.001} \hbox {Zr}_{0.033/0.033} \hbox {U}_{0.468/0.468} \hbox {Th}_{0.009/0.009} \,\,\hbox {REE}_{0.6829/0.683})_{6.05/6.05} (\hbox {Ti}_{12.15/12.15}\,\, \hbox {Fe}_{1.9022/1.903} \hbox {Si}_{0.372/0.372}\,\, \hbox {Al}_{0.517/0.517}\,\, \hbox {Cr}_{0.018/0.018} \hbox {Co}_{0.009/0.009} \hbox {Ni}_{0.027/0.027})_{15/15} \hbox {O}_{36/36} (\hbox {OH}_{0.319/0.319[]1.681/1.681})_{2/2}\) and D-2: \((\hbox {K}_{0.004/0.004} \hbox {Ba}_{0.005/0.005} \hbox {Ca}_{0.20/0.20} \hbox {Na}_{0.012/0.012} \hbox {Mn}_{0.05/0.05} \hbox {Mg}_{0.094/0.094} \hbox {Pb}_{0.007/0.007} \hbox {Fe}_{2.58/2.58} \hbox {Fe}_{1.71/1.71} \hbox {Y}_{0.112/0.112} \hbox {P}_{0.106/0.106} \hbox {Nb}_{0.006/0.006} \hbox {Sn}_{0.001/0.001} \hbox {Zr}_{0.03/0.03} \hbox {U}_{0.48/0.48} \hbox {Th}_{0.009/0.009} \hbox {REE}_{0.665/0.665})_{6.088/6.088} (\hbox {Ti}_{12.48/12.48} \hbox {Fe}_{1.87/1.87} \hbox {Si}_{0.249/0.249} \hbox {Al}_{0.334/0.334} \hbox {Cr}_{0.019/0.019} \hbox {Co}_{0.008/0.008} \hbox {Ni}_{0.04/0.04})_{15/15} \hbox {O}_{36/36} (\hbox {OH}_{0.098/0.098[]1.90/1.90})_{2/2}\). The calculated structural formulae are not fully stoichiometric, which could be due to metamict nature of davidite. The characteristic feature of distribution pattern of REE in davidite is unusually high concentration of LREE and HREE and substantially low content of MREE. It may be due to the occupation of REEs in two distinct crystallographic sites in davidite structure, i.e., M(1) and M(O) sites. Chondrite-normalised plot of davidite reveals a pronounced negative Eu-anomaly (\(\hbox {Eu}/\hbox {Eu}^{*} = 0.30{-}0.39\)), which suggests extremely fractionated nature of the metasomatising fluids from which davidite had crystallized. Metamict davidite-bearing U ores not only from Rajasthan, but also from other parts of India are likely to yield very high U leachability, thereby making them attractive sources of U, which otherwise are ignored by mineral engineers as uneconomic U ores.     

Reverse osmosis on a small barrier island: transformations of water,landscape, and vulnerability on Ocracoke Island,NC, USA

Globally, modifications to the landscape have drastically transformed social and ecological communities. The implication of global climate change for small islands and small island communities is especially troublesome. Socially, small islands have a limited resource base, deal with varying degrees of insularity, generally have little political power, and have limited economic opportunities. The physical attributes of small islands also increase their vulnerability to global climate change, including limited land area, limited fresh water supplies, and greater distances to resources. The focus of this research project is to document place-specific human–environmental interactions from a political ecology perspective as a means to address local concerns and possible consequences of global environmental change. The place in which these interactions are examined is the barrier island and village of Ocracoke, NC. I focus on the specific historical-geography of land and water management on Ocracoke as a means to examine relationships between local human–environmental interactions and environmental change. I provide an account of technological changes in potable water procurement and the paralleling development of island growth (i.e. people, buildings, tourism). Then, relying on interviews with island residents, I consider how advancements in local water infrastructure, specifically the installation of an additional reverse osmosis unit, are hinged on anticipated future economic development. Lastly the social dimensions of change are discussed with specific focus on the increase in housing density and overburdened septic drainage fields in relation to changing hydrologic processes with an examination of how all of these factors affect local vulnerability.