光照强度对孔石莼生长和藻体化学组成的影响

研究了光照强度2 500～20 000 lx对孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)生长和藻体生化组成的影响。研究结果表明,光照强度对孔石莼的生长率具有明显的影响(P0.05),孔石莼在光照强度为12 500 lx时有最大的生物量积累。光照强度低于12 500 lx时,孔石莼的生长率有随着光照强度的降低而减小的趋势;光照强度高于12 500 lx时,孔石莼的生长率随着光照强度的升高而降低(P0.05)。不同光照强度对孔石莼的叶绿素、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸的含量具有明显的影响(P0.05)。随着光照强度的增加,孔石莼的叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量逐渐变小;低光照条件也促进了孔石莼蛋白质的积累;当光照强度超过17 500 lx时,游离脯氨酸的含量明显增加。光照强度对孔石莼化学组成也具有明显的影响(P0.05)。随着光照强度的升高,藻体的N元素含量有所升高,但光强达到17 500 lx后,随着光强的增加,N元素含量反而降低;C元素的含量在光照强度达到17 500 lx后,含量也明显升高;H元素的含量在光照强度2 500~20 000 lx范围内,具有随着光照强度增加而增加的趋势。     

两种造礁石珊瑚对海水酸化和溶解有机碳加富的响应

文章选择鹿回头近岸海域常见的板叶角蜂巢珊瑚(Favites complanata)和十字牡丹珊瑚(Pavona decussata)为研究对象,采用室内连续培养的方法,探究两种不同造礁石珊瑚对酸化和溶解有机碳(DOC)加富的响应。结果表明:酸化(p H7.6)并不会影响两种珊瑚的钙化速率和生长速率;但DOC加富(524.03±78.42μmol?L-1)使两种珊瑚的钙化速率分别降低67%和47%、生长速率降低59%和40%。当二者共同作用时,两种珊瑚的钙化速率降低30%和11%、生长速率降低46%和59%,大多没有DOC单独作用时强烈,表现出一定的拮抗作用。两种珊瑚共生虫黄藻叶绿素荧光指数(Fv/Fm)均升高后降低,板叶角蜂巢珊瑚Fv/Fm最先降低。实验表明,这两种珊瑚虽然对海洋酸化的敏感度不高,但是对有机物加富有不同的响应,板叶角蜂巢珊瑚更为敏感,可能导致这两种珊瑚在未来环境变化中有不同命运。     

CO_2浓度升高对三角褐指藻和旋链角毛藻种群生长的影响

采用室内模拟CO2加富培养的方式研究了2种pCO2(395和1 000μatm)对三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)这2种硅藻的种群生长和溶解性无机碳的影响。研究表明:CO2浓度升高显著促进了三角褐指藻和旋链角毛藻种群的生长。三角褐指藻实验组的平均比生长率比对照组高出33.1%,旋链角毛藻实验组的平均比生长率比对照组高出13.4%。同时,CO2加富引起培养环境中溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度升高,据此推测,未来海洋酸化将使藻生长的碳限制得到缓解。海洋酸化会促进旋链角毛藻种群密度增加,这预示着在未来酸化的环境下暴发赤潮的概率将增加,这将对海洋生态系统的稳定性和生物多样性构成威胁。     

磷浓度对球等鞭金藻3011和8701叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

本文研究了球等鞭金藻3011和8701一次性培养过程中,培养基中不同磷浓度(0μM、2.27μM、18.15μM、36.3μM、72.6μM、290.4μM)对其PS最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度的影响。培养温度为(23±1)℃,盐度为31,光照强度为5000 lx。单因子方差分析结果表明,随着培养时间的延长,磷浓度对两株微藻的光合作用及生长均有显著影响(P<0.05)。球等鞭金藻3011和8701的Fv/Fm比值、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度均随着起始磷浓度的增加而增加,在290.4μmol/L处达到最大值;球等鞭金藻3011和8701进行光合作用和生长的最适磷浓度均为290.4μmol/L。     

海洋酸化对经济海藻坛紫菜叶状体的光照强度和温度适应范围的影响

坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)养殖区的温度和光照强度变化幅度较大,坛紫菜叶状体对温度和光胁迫的耐受能力决定了产量。为了探究海洋酸化是否改变坛紫菜对温度和光胁迫的耐受能力,本研究采用实验生态学方法研究了坛紫菜的光合作用和生长对温度和光照强度的响应特点。结果表明,无论在短期(4 h)或长期(3～6 d)的高温和强光胁迫下,海洋酸化均提高了坛紫菜的光合速率和生长速率。特别是6 d的高温(31℃)处理导致坛紫菜叶状体死亡,而海洋酸化使得坛紫菜依然能维持0.1 d~(-1)的生长速率;在40～550μmol/(m~2·s)的光照强度范围内,酸化处理将叶状体生长速率提高27%以上。本研究表明海洋酸化提高坛紫菜对高温和强光的耐受能力,未来坛紫菜养殖产业可能受益于海洋酸化。     

海水酸化和碱化对斑点海链藻光合生理特性的影响

大气CO₂浓度升高引起的海洋酸化可能对浮游植物造成不同程度的影响。而近海浮游植物不仅面临着海水酸化问题,还会受到海水溶解性CO₂降低及pH升高(海水碱化)的影响。本实验以斑点海链藻(Thalassiosira punctigera)为研究对象,测定7个不同pCO₂水平(25 μatm、50 μatm、100 μatm、200 μatm、400 μatm、800 μatm、1 600 μatm)下的生长、光合作用和呼吸作用速率、细胞粒径、叶绿素a和生物硅含量以及叶绿素荧光等参数。结果表明,与400 μatm相比,在海水酸化(pCO₂ > 400 μatm)和海水碱化(pCO₂ < 400 μatm) 条件下,斑点海链藻的生长速率和叶绿素a含量都显著降低,但是碱化条件下降低的程度更大。此外,碱化处理的藻细胞光合作用速率、最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)和最大相对电子传递速率(rETR_max)都显著低于400 μatm培养下的细胞,而呼吸作用速率显著升高,但是生物硅含量和细胞大小无明显变化。研究表明海水碱化和海水酸化均会抑制其生理活动,而且海水碱化对其影响更显著。这表明正常pCO₂生长下的藻细胞具有最适的生理状态。本研究可为探究海水碳酸盐系统变化对海洋初级生产力的影响提供一定的数据支持。     

仙掌藻的文石质骨骼及其变化

仙掌藻(Halimede)生长在暖水中,在南海珊瑚礁区水深7米以内均可见到。其碎屑是珊瑚礁、礁岩及礁区松散堆积物中的常见组分,因而具有造礁意义。在水动力作用下,它的钙化小节片易于破碎,并进一步粉碎成砂、粉砂或泥。它在一些地区被认为是碳酸盐砂或泥的主要提供者(Cloud,1962;Folk,1969),并沉积于一定的环境中,如礁后泻湖或礁体波影区。由于它们所具有的生物学和地质学意义,已成为海洋生物学和地质工作者所共同注意和研究的对象。     

NH_4-N氮源下海洋酸化对东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻生长的影响

本文选取东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻,以氨氮(NH_4-N)为氮源,通过增加pCO_2(800和1 500μatm)改变海水的酸化程度,研究海洋酸化对东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻生长以及抗氧化生物酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,海洋酸化对东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的生长均有抑制作用,两种藻的生长速率在酸化条件下均低于正常海水条件。东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的最大氮吸收速率及其与半饱和常数的比值(V_(max)/K_s比率)均随着酸化程度的加深而降低,表明酸化抑制了浮游植物对NH_4-N的吸收。东海原甲藻在三个实验条件下的V_(max)/K_s比率均高于米氏凯伦藻,表明东海原甲藻比米氏凯伦藻有更强的环境适应性。海洋酸化诱导了东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的活性氧(ROS)升高,随着酸化程度加深,抗氧化生物酶—超氧化歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,这说明,海洋酸化对两种甲藻生长的抑制,通过抗氧化酶的活性变化在生理层面对外界环境作出响应,与生长和营养盐吸收过程相对应。     

茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸对坛紫菜生长与抗逆性的影响

为了探讨植物激素在藻类生理与抗逆方面的作用,本文比较了不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯(MJ)和水杨酸(SA)对坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)生长、藻胆蛋白、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果显示100?mol/L SA的添加可使坛紫菜生长率达到对照组的1.57倍,而MJ对藻的生长影响不显著。50?mol/L MJ和100?mol/L SA显著促进了坛紫菜藻胆蛋白和可溶性蛋白的积累。50?mol/L MJ和100?mol/L SA添加后在48 h脯氨酸含量分别为对照组的2.67倍和1.75倍。25~50?mol/L MJ对坛紫菜的Fv/Fm和Y(II)影响不显著,而100?mol/L SA则可以提高这两个叶绿素荧光参数。该研究表明适当浓度的MJ和SA可以促进坛紫菜生长,提高其光合能力,在一定程度上增强坛紫菜的抗逆性。     

海洋酸化没有显著影响成体鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化作用和光合能力

工业革命以来,人类活动释放的大量CO2进入大气层,不仅产生严重的温室效应,也使得全球海洋出现酸化的现象。造礁珊瑚被认为是受海水酸化影响最大的类群。本研究以鹿角杯形珊瑚(Pocillopora damicornis)为研究对象,通过气体交换法模拟未来的酸化环境(2100年)研究鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合能力(Fv/Fm)对酸化的响应。实验设置两个pH组(分别为7.8和8.1),自然光下进行4周的实验,水温控制在(27.5±1)℃。由于珊瑚等生物的代谢过程(主要是呼吸作用),实验系统的pH昼夜变化显著,酸化处理组和对照组的pH分别介于7.69~7.91和7.99~8.29。鹿角杯形珊瑚的生长率介于1.15%~2.09%/周,酸化对鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化率和光合效率没有显著的影响,鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的敏感度低。对比历史研究数据,本研究的结果进一步表明酸化对造礁珊瑚的影响存在种的特异性。推测鹿角杯形珊瑚对酸化的抗性可能与该珊瑚在有光的条件下能够利用HCO-3以及能够上调钙化位点的pH有关。这种特异性的pH缓冲能力使得珊瑚能维持钙化位点钙质基质高的文石饱和度(Ωarag),因此能以小的额外能耗提高造礁珊瑚的钙化率。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.