"绿色建筑"随笔

人是离不开人类所依赖的“自然社会”的，而建筑活动作为人类一个车要的生活组成部分，如何利用自然，保护自然环境，与自然环境“共生”，是摆在建筑师面前的重要任务，是对建筑师们提出的挑战，也是21世纪人类所面临的严峻任务。可以预言，“生态建筑”将是21世纪人类社会建筑活动的主流建筑形式。阐述了如何实施“生态城市”、“生态建筑”     

软玉中的一种绿色斑点——钙铝榴石

近年来我国软玉市场上见到一种比较罕见的局部带有翠绿色矿物的软玉,其矿物组成及绿色斑点还没有相关研究报道.本文应用高倍率光学显微镜观察到绿色矿物的晶形较完整并呈斑点状分布,再利用拉曼光谱仪和能量色散荧光光谱仪对样品及其绿色矿物进行无损分析.结果表明,该软玉样品主要矿物成分为透闪石,呈斑点状分布的绿色矿物为钙铝榴石,钙铝榴石的主要致色元素为Cr元素,因此含Cr绿色钙铝榴石是使玉石局部呈现绿色的原因之一,与青海翠青玉、碧玉的绿色成因有一定差异.绿色石榴石多出现于碧玉中,在其他品种的软玉中一般没有见到,本文研究的玉石中出现一定数量并有一定晶体形态的绿色钙铝榴石对研究该类玉石的产地及矿床成因具有重要意义.     

绿色宝石之王——祖母绿

介绍祖母绿宝石的物理化学特征,矿床成因类型及主要产地,并叙述祖母绿的鉴别及质量评价依据。     

绿色建筑设计方法

在世界范围内,建筑师和工程技术人员已经提出了绿色建筑、生态建筑问题,并且在1998年的斯图加特生态建筑展览会上提出了绿色建筑的各种设想和模型。90年代后半期,美国和加拿大进而成立了国家级绿色建筑委员会,对绿色建筑\可持续发展建筑从规划、设计、建造、运行全范围进行了系统的研究和推广,取得了巨大的经济效益和环境效益。 近年来,由于绿色建筑广泛研究,相关建筑设计和技术正在进入非常变革时期。在前不久还被认为不是很重要的设计方法,如利用被动太阳能的设计、环境保护的设计、注意室内空气品质的设计等,已变得非常重要,而且经济上可行。这些方法被运用到建筑过程中,为建筑提供发新的视角。     

绿水及其研究进展

从水循环的角度分析,全球尺度上总降水的65%通过森林、草地、湿地和雨养农田的蒸散返回到大气中,成为绿水流（绿水）,仅有35%的降水储存于河流、湖泊以及含水层中,成为蓝水。目前的水资源评价多集中于可见的、可以被人类直接利用的蓝水资源,忽略了绿水资源的评价和管理。绿水最初被定义为蒸散流,是流向大气圈的水汽流,后来被定义为具体的资源,即绿水是源于降水、存储于土壤并通过植被蒸散发消耗掉的水资源,尤其在雨养农业区是重要的水资源。介绍了绿水的概念,绿水在陆地生态系统中的作用,综述了绿水评价研究的进展、影响绿水流的因素、全球绿水资源状况和水安全等,展望了未来绿水研究,指出应将绿水资源纳入水资源评价之中,开展绿水管理、绿水和蓝水综合利用研究,自然生态系统与粮食生产绿水均衡利用研究。     

绿色煤炭资源主要评价指标研究

依据学界对我国煤炭资源赋存和禀赋特性的研究成果及绿色开发的要求,厘定了绿色煤炭资源的内涵,提出了绿色煤炭资源评价指标的构成和评价指标级别划分方案,以及绿色煤炭资源评价指标影响权重,制定了评价指标分等、分级划分方案;在此基础上,确定了不同类别绿色煤炭资源评价指标特点。     

绿色分析化学技术的研究进展

绿色分析化学技术已成为国际分析化学的前沿,其目标是利用以好的方法和原理,尽量不用或少用有在化学试剂,将环境污染减少到最低限度,目前的研究主要集中于环境友好的样品处理和富集技术,如微波消解、微波萃取、超临界流体萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取和膜萃取等,以及绿色分析技术,如用开发仪器的功能来消除干扰,从而取代使用掩蔽试剂,将不机相测定变为水相测定等,文章对上述内容进行了综述,引用近期文献５４篇。     

绿色化学的进展

绿色化学是一门从源头上阻止污染的化学,近年来这方面的研究主要是围绕化学反应,原料,催化剂,溶剂和产品的绿色化开展的。根据这条主线,评述了绿色化学的一些主要研究进展。最后,介绍了国内绿色化学的活动。     

西藏多龙矿集区绿色勘查与绿色矿山建议

多龙矿集区位于西藏自治区改则县物玛乡境内,距改则县城西北方向约110 km。矿集区内包括地堡那木岗、拿顿、波龙、多不杂、拿若、铁格龙、色那、尕尔勤等矿床。多龙矿集区目前已经探明的铜达到18.0 Mt,金300 t。深部和外围仍有巨大的找矿潜力,已经探明的和资源潜力总计预计铜可达到 20 Mt以上,为世界少有的几个铜金属量达到约20 Mt的矿床之一,也是我国最大的铜矿床,并已成为中国最具潜力的铜矿战略资源储备开发基地（陈红旗等,2015）。但是,该矿区的铜和金的品位均相比与世界主要斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床,要明显偏低。例如多不杂、波龙、荣那、拿若Cu的品位分别为0.52%、0.65%、0.57%、0.41%。鉴于其所处的生态环境脆弱和低品位等特殊的矿床特征,对其开展绿色勘查和进行绿色矿山提出建议和意见非常必要。     

对绿色会计几个问题的认识与思考

本文对绿色会计的概念与产生、确认和计量等几个问题，提出了自己的认识，并就我国实行绿色会计进行了思考。     

Elemental abundances in Green River oil shale

Spark-source mass spectrometric analysis of pyrolyzed Green River oil shale for trace element distribution showed enhanced concentrations for only lithium and beryllium. In general, trace elemental concentrations were found to be below anticipated crustal amounts. There appears to be no promise of any substantial accumulation of any trace elements within the organic matrix of Green River oil shale.     

Biological markers from Green River kerogen decomposition

Isoprenoid and other carbon skeletons that are formed in living organisms and preserved essentially intact in ancient sediments are often called biological markers. The purpose of this paper is to develop improved methods of using isoprenoid hydrocarbons to relate petroleum or shale oil to its source rock. It is demonstrated that most, but not all, of the isoprenoid hydrocarbon structures are chemically bonded in kerogen (or to minerals) in Green River oil shale. The rate constant for thermally producing isoprenoid, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons is substantially greater than for the bulk of shale oil. This may be related to the substantial quantity of CO₂ which is evolved coincident with the isoprenoid hydrocarbons but prior to substantial oil evolution. Although formation of isoprenoid alkenes is enhanced by rapid heating and high pyrolysis temperatures, the ratio of isoprenoid alkenes plus alkanes to normal alkenes plus alkanes is independent of heating rate. High-temperature laboratory pyrolysis experiments can thus be used to predict the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in low temperature processes such as in situ shale oil production and perhaps petroleum formation. Finally, we demonstrate that significant variation in biological marker ratios occurs as a function of stratigraphy in the Green River formation. This information, combined with methods for measuring process yield from oil composition, enables one to relate time-dependent processing conditions to the corresponding time-dependent oil yield in a vertical modified-in situ retort even if there is a substantial and previously undetermined delay in drainage of shale oil from the retort.     

墨绿色仿翡翠品的宝石学特征

我国玉器市场的繁荣发展,使得玉器优劣并存,导致大量墨绿色“石材”充斥市场,充当翡翠销售.在广东玉器加工批发集散市场上收集了多种墨绿色仿翡翠原料,挑选具有代表性的4件原料进行测试分析.通过宝石显微镜观察、折射率、密度以及红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、偏光显微镜薄片鉴定等测试方法进行对比研究.该4件样品的密度、折射率与翡翠一致,红外反射光谱与绿辉石非常相似,但其结构特征、矿物组成明显区别于翡翠.综合国标判定,该4件样品均为仿翡翠品.笔者提醒,常规宝石学测试和红外光谱测试不易区分此类制品,而加强基础性研究、提高镜下鉴定能力是防范检测风险的有效途径.     

巴西绿欧泊的宝石学特征

近期国内珠宝市场上出现一种产自巴西的绿欧泊,该类绿欧泊表现出的宝石矿物学特征与传统的欧泊有着明显差异。采用常规宝石学测试手段,并结合电子探针、X射线粉末衍射、扫描电子显微镜、红外吸收光谱、紫外吸收光谱等测试分析方法,就其化学成分、物相、微结构、谱学特征及颜色成因等问题展开初步研究。结果表明,巴西绿欧泊的主要矿物组成为蛋白石,含不等量的α-方石英和α-鳞石英等次要矿物,整体呈不规则胶柬状结构,局部微波纹理发育;该类欧泊主要由直径约10～30nm的SiO2球粒聚集而成;由H2O和M—OH倍频振动致近红外吸收谱带位于7000cm-1处,由H2O合频振动致近红外吸收谱带分别位于5200,5612cm叫处,由M—OH与[SiO4]合频振动致近红外吸收谱带位于4600-4100cm-1范围内。笔者还对巴西绿欧泊的呈色机理一并给予了探讨。     

Green supply chain management in the electronic industry

Green supply chain management has emerged as a proactive approach for improving environmental performance of processes and products in accordance with the requirements of environmental regulations. Various approaches for implementing green supply chain management practices has been proposed and recognized in previous literatures, yet no investigation has identified the reliability and validity of such approaches particularly in electronic industry. This study examines the consistency approaches by factor analysis that determines the adoption and implementation of green supply chain management in Taiwanese electronic industry. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method is applied to prioritize the relative importance of four dimensions and twenty approaches among nine enterprises in electronic industry. The findings indicate that these enterprises would emphasize on supplier management performance in the crucial role of implementing green supply chain management. Establishing an environmental database of products, asking for product testing report and top management support are among the most important approaches. The results for the implications of green supply chain management implementation in electronic industry investigated in this work generate a generic hierarchy model for decision-makers who can prioritize those approaches for implementing green supply chain management in Taiwan.     

国内外绿色建材开发研究进展

绿色建材是一种既不破坏环境、又能保护环境、节约能源和资源、满足社会发展的新型建筑材料。本文扼要回顾了绿色建材的研究史、概念及内容,对国内外绿色建材的进展作了述评。指出应提高环境保护意识,大力开发和使用绿色建材,提高人类居住环境的健康、安全条件,以保证社会可持续发展。     

High resolution OH observations of Extended Green Objects

Themaser pumping schemes proposed for the various OH lines may not be as clear-cut as they once seemed. The main OH lines, at 1665 and 1667 MHz, are thought to be radiatively pumped, with the radiation typically coming from nearby ultracompact HII regions. Recently, a new class of main-line maser has been posited, collisionally pumped by shocks due to molecular outflows. The W3(OH)/W3(OH)-TW system is the archetype: traditional OH masers are excited by theW3(OH) ultracompact HII region, while collisionally pumped OH masers arise in the younger object W3(OH)-TW, which is driving an outflow. The 1720 MHz OH satellite line maser, typically found in SNR–cloud interaction regions, is thought to be collisionally pumped, as are class I methanol masers found in star formation regions. Thus it is plausible that these two masers arise in similar (shocked gas) circumstances. In this study we observe all four OH transitions in the direction of Extended Green Objects (EGOs) that trace shocked gas (possibly from outflows) in high-mass star formation regions. Previous studies have found a high incidence of class I methanol maser emission in these objects, suggesting that OH(1720) masers might also be abundant in this sample. Observations of 20 northern EGOs (δ > −17°) were carried out with the Jansky Very Large Array of all four ground state OH transitions, the HI line, and the 20 centimeter continuum. Positive detection of OH lines was obtained for 10 EGOs: OH lines at 1665 and 1667 MHz were detected toward 45% of the sample. The stellar OH line at 1612 MHz was detected toward 15% of the sample. The 1720 MHz emission line was detected in only one EGO source, G45.47+0.07, which is also presents the strongest main-line OH emission of our sample. We measure the projected separations between OH masers and GLIMPSE point sources associated with EGOs (median value 0.04 pc), betweenOH and class II methanol masers (median value 0.03 pc), and between OH and class I methanol masers (median value 0.14 pc), thus confirming previous findings that class I methanol masers are located further from exciting sources than areOH and class II methanol masers. Bearing in mind the theoretical incompatibility of class I and class II methanol maser pumping schemes, and the obtained separations between class I methanol masers and other masers in the EGOs, we conclude that class I methanol masers do not co-exist with GLIMPSE point sources, OH and class II methanol masers in one and the same core. Rather, we suggest that the class I masers arise in distinct but neighboring cores, about 1 pc distant, and in a different evolutionary state.