钠基蒙脱土水合演化机制

为了查明钠基蒙脱土的水合演化过程,以天然钠基蒙脱土为研究对象,开展在相对湿度（ ）为0～0.98区间的水汽等温吸-脱附试验,通过吸附速率曲线、BET曲线界定钠基蒙脱土各水合阶段及相应的水合主控因素;通过测定晶层 值变化规律,从吸附水影响黏土矿物晶层厚度的角度探讨钠基蒙脱土的水合演化特征;基于傅里叶红外光谱,从水分子结构伸缩振动信息角度对钠基蒙脱土水合演化过程进行定性定量验证;通过热重/差热分析,以吸附水相变所需能量与吸附水重量变化的角度解释钠基蒙脱土的吸附水特征与其水合机制的关系。试验结果表明：在较低相对湿度下（0 0.15）,以钠基蒙脱土矿物外表面吸附为主,形成表面吸附水;0.15 0.40为钠基蒙脱土层间阳离子水合阶段;0.40 0.98,为晶层内外表面水合阶段,水分子逐步完整的包裹蒙脱土,形成多层吸附层。钠基蒙脱土的水合演化过程受控于层间钠离子与晶层基面,层间钠离子的水合能影响了钠基蒙脱土水合演化的起始顺序。     

锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土的制备研究

以钠基蒙脱土为原料,采用共聚法合成锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土,并研究不同锆铝摩尔比例和不同NaOH的量对柱撑蒙脱土制备的影响。XRD研究表明,当锆铝摩尔比例为1：6、加入70ml0．4mol／LNaOH时,可得到（001）面网层间距达1．9343nm的锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土。通过FT—IR发现,锆铝聚合羟基阳离子进入蒙脱土层间,形成Si-O-Al和Si-O-Zr。对柱撑前后蒙脱土的比表面积和孔径结构进行分析,发现锆铝基柱撑蒙脱土具有较大的比表面积,较为均匀的孔径分布,是一种合适的催化和吸附材料。     

离子固化剂改性蒙脱土水合-孔隙关联演化机制

以天然钙蒙脱土为研究对象,采用不同浓度的离子固化剂对其进行改性处理,开展素土与改性蒙脱土在相对湿度（P/P0）0～0.95区间的水汽等温吸-脱附试验,通过吸附速率曲线、晶层间距d001值变化曲线分析蒙脱土水合机制,并采用蒙脱土孔隙比变化曲线关联分析水合-孔隙演化规律,提出不同尺度孔隙吸附水的界限相对湿度区间。在此基础上,基于X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附以及压汞试验对离子固化剂改性蒙脱土水合过程的孔隙分布特征进行验证分析。试验结果表明：对于钙蒙脱土,00.8～0.9时,黏土颗粒表面持续吸附弱结合水,此时大孔内逐渐充填水分。离子固化剂通过改变蒙脱土的微观物理化学性质（阳离子与晶层基面）调控其吸附水特性,进而影响不同尺度孔隙的吸附水过程。     

蒙脱石的电动电位调控及其对重金属离子吸附性能的影响

为了提高蒙脱石对水体中的Cr3+、Ni2+、Cu2+等重金属离子的净化效率,用各种金属离子、聚合羟基铝离子、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵及邻菲罗啉的螯合物等插层蒙脱石,调控其电动电位,研究了改性蒙脱石的电动电位与吸附金属离子性能的关系,探索了pH值及金属离子浓度对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:蒙脱石经不同物质改性后,电动电位发生了不同程度的变化,其中聚合羟基铝离子,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵及邻菲罗啉螯合物的插层,使蒙脱石的电性从负值变为正值,不利于对带正电的金属离子的吸附。利用重金属离子的配位性,先在含有重金属离子的溶液中加入邻菲罗啉,使其生成螯合物,再用蒙脱石进行吸附,能显著改善吸附性能,这一方法不仅提高了对低浓度的金属离子的吸附性能,而且由于氢键和范德华力起主要作用,使得吸附性基本不受溶液pH值的影响。     

铀与某些粘土矿物之间关系的初步研究

60年代初苏联的研究了蒙脱石、高岭石、蛭石、铝土矿、钠长石等对铀的吸附作用及这些矿物吸附铀与作用时间、温度、氢离子、溶液铀浓度之间的关系。认为粘土吸附铀与这些矿物的离子交换性能密切相关,且其吸附容量从蒙脱石向钠长石逐渐减少。     

铝柱撑膨润土吸附处理水中磷酸根和结晶紫

采用不同添加量(1~4 mmol/g)的聚合羟基铝离子(Al13)柱撑改性膨润土,制得系列铝柱撑膨润土(Al13-Bent)。采用X射线衍射、热分析、N2吸脱附比表面积分析等表征分析了其结构特点,比较了不同添加量Al13-Bent对水中磷酸根与结晶紫的吸附性能。结果显示,随着Al添加量增大,Al13-Bent的比表面积增大,柱撑产物的底面间距在添加量为2 mmol/g后达到最大,稳定于1.9 nm左右。Al13-Bent对水中磷酸根的吸附效果好于原始膨润土,且随着Al含量增加而提高。Al13-Bent在低Al添加量下对水中结晶紫虽有较好的吸附能力,但其吸附性能相比于膨润土原土却有所下降。就其吸附机理来看,层间域内Al13离子表面羟基与层间阴离子促进了对阴离子含氧酸根的吸附;由于Al13柱撑后,层间可交换阳离子减少,导致对阳离子型染料的吸附性能下降。     

对聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合注浆材料的初步研究

聚合物/蒙脱土（MMT）纳米复合材料,是现在世界上投入研究探索最多、最受人们关注的复合材料之一。在我国,蒙脱土资源非常丰富,蒙脱土独有的特点,使其成为制备新型复合材料的最重要的一类无机物。蒙脱土与聚合物的插层复合研究在塑料和橡胶领域己取得了很多成果,但在化学注浆方面却是一片空白。本篇论文只是作了一些探索性研究,介绍了聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合注浆材料的概念;用插层法制备聚合物/蒙脱土复合材料浆液。文章最后对将来研究工作进行了一些展望。     

阿拉尔河下游沉积物对铀的吸附及其影响因素

采用静态吸附实验,研究了阿拉尔河下游沉积物对水溶液中铀的吸附机制,分析了反应时间、pH值、粒径、固液比、铀初始浓度等因素对沉积物吸附铀的影响,并对其吸附动力学过程和热力学性质进行了探究。结果表明:阿拉尔河河流沉积物对铀的吸附在16 h左右趋于平衡;溶液pH值对沉积物吸附铀具有显著影响,当pH=6~7时,吸附率最大;在一定条件下,吸附率与固液比呈正相关,与粒径及铀初始浓度呈负相关;吸附量与固液比呈负相关,与铀初始浓度呈正相关;吸附动力学过程遵循准二级动力学模型,由两个以上步骤共同控制;吸附热力学符合Freundlich吸附等温模型,沉积物对铀的吸附以多分子层吸附为主,是自发、吸热的熵增过程。     

聚噻吩插层有机蒙脱土导电复合材料的制备及其修饰

实验采用Fe~(3+)-H_2O_2催化氧化体系,以水为介质,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)为乳化剂,室温下制备聚噻吩(PTP)有机蒙脱土(OMMT)复合材料。当有机蒙脱土/聚噻吩=2g/ml时,反应时间为12 h,制得复合材料电导率最高,其值为3.44×10~(-5)S/cm;在Fe~(3+)-H_2O_2和过硫酸铵(APS)两种氧化体系下,分别采用苯胺(ANI)和吡咯(PY)对聚噻吩-有机蒙脱土进行修饰,制得聚苯胺-(聚噻吩-有机蒙脱土)和聚吡咯-(聚噻吩-有机蒙脱土)复合材料的电导率均达到10~(-2)S/cm~10~(-1)S/cm,较未修饰时提高了10~3倍~10~4倍。傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)表明噻吩(TP)进入有机蒙脱土层间聚合,形成插层复合,经苯胺和吡咯修饰后,插层结构没有被破坏;重分析(TG)则证实复合后材料热稳定性得到提高,500℃时失重在11.69%左右,但经修饰后材料的热稳定性有所降低500℃时失重达到80%以上。扫描电镜(SEM)表明在Fe~(3+)-H_2O_2氧化体系下,经修饰后材料形貌更规整,且均为球形。     

凹凸棒石粘土吸附铀的性能研究及应用

本文研究了凹凸棒石粘土吸铀的酸度,吸附速率、肿附反应热焓吸附容量等性能,确定了吸附铀的最佳条件,并采用动态法片处理了含铀废水,效果良好,钱的去除率在９９．９５％以上,排放液中的铀的残余浓度达到国家规定的０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ排放标准。     

粘土对地下水中U（VI）的吸附作用及其污染控制研究

进行了U（VI）在粘土上吸附的批实验，其中，粘土样采自我国南方某大型铀尾矿库库底。实验结果表明U（VI）在粘土上的吸附与浸泡液的pH值呈强烈的非线性关系，在pH值近中性时，U（VI）在粘土上的吸附达到了一个最大值，而在偏酸性或偏碱性条件下，U（VI）在粘土上的吸附迅速减少；运用表面络合理论建立了U（VI）在粘土上吸附的表面络合模型（DLM），该模型很好地拟合了实验数据。模型检验表明，它可以精确预测U（VI）在不同热力学条件下的吸附行为；此外，模拟结果表明，U（VI）的粘土上吸附在酸性条件下受固液比（M／V）影响明显，而在碱性条件下主要受浸泡液中HCO3^-和CO3^2-的控制。     

Relevant approach to assess the performance of sawdust as adsorbent of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions

The biosorption of chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions by two adsorbents viz. mango and neem sawdust was studied under a batch mode. An initial pH of 2.0 was most favorable for chromium (VI) removal by both the adsorbents. The results obtained for the final concentration of chromium (VI) and chromium (DI) at a pH range of 2–8 indicated that a combined effect of biosorption and reduction was involved in the chromium (VI) removal specially when the pH value is lower than 3. The maximum loading capacity was calculated from adsorption isotherms by applying the Langmuir model and found to be higher for neem sawdust (58.82 mg/g). Evaluation of experimental data in terms of biosorption kinetics showed that the biosorption of chromium (VI) by neem sawdust followed pseudo second-order kinetics. Therefore, the rate limiting step may be chemical sorption or chemisorption. The efficiency of this process was examined in using tannery wastewater contaminated with chromium (VI) ions in column mode.     

Retention studies of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution on the surface of a novel carbonaceous material

In the present study, the retention capacity of carbonaceous material obtained from the diesel engine exhaust mufflers for Cr(VI) removal has been investigated. The physicochemical properties such as density, pH of aqueous slurry, pH at point of zero charge, ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, surface area, scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive spectroscopy of the carbonaceous material were determined. The capacity of adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was observed under different experimental condition like contact time, initial concentration of metal ions, pH and temperatures on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. Maximum adsorption of Cr(VI) ions was found at low pH. The adsorption process was found to follow second-order kinetics. The rate constant was evaluated at different temperatures along with other thermodynamic parameters like activation energy, Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium of carbonaceous material at different temperatures. Langmuir isotherm shows better fit than Freundlich isotherm at given conditions. The result shows that low-cost carbonaceous material from diesel engine exhaust mufflers can be efficiently used for wastewater treatment containing Cr(VI) ions.     

A novel adsorbent for heavy metal remediation in aqueous environments

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using maize tassel as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effect of pH, solution temperature, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and adsorbent dose on the adsorption of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) by tassel was investigated using batch methods. Adsorption for both chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) was found to be highly pH dependent compared to the other parameters investigated. Obtained results gave an adsorption capacity of 79.1 % for chromium (VI) at pH 2, exposure time of 1h at 25 °C. Maximum capacity of cadmium of 88 % was obtained in the pH range of 5-6 at 25 °C after exposure time of 1 h. The adsorption capacities of tassel for both chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) were found to be comparable to those of other commercial adsorbents currently in use for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous wastes. These results have demonstrated the immense potential of maize tassel as an alternative adsorbent for toxic metal ions remediation in polluted water and wastewater.     

Uranyl adsorption onto montmorillonite: Evaluation of binding sites and carbonate complexation

The fate and transport of uranium in contaminated soils and sediments may be affected by adsorption onto the surface of minerals such as montmorillonite. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the adsorption of uranyl (UO₂²⁺) onto Wyoming montmorillonite. At low pH (∼4) and low ionic strength (10⁻³ M), uranyl has an EXAFS spectrum indistinguishable from the aqueous uranyl cation, indicating binding via cation exchange. At near-neutral pH (∼7) and high ionic strength (1 M), the equatorial oxygen shell of uranyl is split, indicating inner-sphere binding to edge sites. Linear-combination fitting of the spectra of samples reacted under conditions where both types of binding are possible reveals that cation exchange at low ionic strengths on SWy-2 may be more important than predicted by past surface complexation models of U(VI) adsorption on related montmorillonites. Analysis of the binding site on the edges of montmorillonite suggests that U(VI) sorbs preferentially to [Fe(O,OH)₆] octahedral sites over [Al(O,OH)₆] sites. When bound to edge sites, U(VI) occurs as uranyl-carbonato ternary surface complexes in systems equilibrated with atmospheric CO₂. Polymeric surface complexes were not observed under any of the conditions studied. Current surface complexation models of uranyl sorption on clay minerals may need to be reevaluated to account for the possible increased importance of cation exchange reactions at low ionic strengths, the presence of reactive octahedral iron surface sites, and the formation of uranyl-carbonato ternary surface complexes. Considering the adsorption mechanisms observed in this study, future studies of U(VI) transport in the environment should consider how uranium retardation will be affected by changes in key solution parameters, such as pH, ionic strength, exchangeable cation composition, and the presence or absence of CO₂.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by barium ion cross-linked alginate beads

Barium ion cross-linked alginate beads have shown great affinity to toxic hexavalent chromium ions in aqueous solution, in contrast to the traditionally used calcium alginate beads. Our adsorption experiments were carried out by the batch contact method. The optimal pH for removal was found to be pH 4. The equilibrium was established in 4 h, and the removal efficiency of chromium(VI) was found to be 95 %. The adsorption data were applied to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Redushkevich (D–R), and Temkin isotherm equations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm constants indicated a favorable adsorption. The value of mean sorption energy calculated from D–R isoterm indicates that the adsorption is essentially physical. The high maximum chromium(VI) adsorption capacity was determined from the Langmuir isotherm as 36.5 mg/g dry alginate beads. The chromium(VI) adsorption data were analyzed using several kinetic models such as the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models, and the rate constants were quantified. Our study suggests that barium alginate beads can be used as cost-effective and efficient adsorbents for the removal of chromium(VI) from contaminated waters.     

Studies on the recovery of uranium from nuclear industrial effluent using nanoporous silica adsorbent

In this paper, the sorption of uranium onto nanoporous silica adsorbent in the presence of nitrate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride and phosphate was studied. The effect of contact time between the nanoporous sorbent and aqueous solution, pH and initial concentration of uranium was also investigated. Uranium sorption onto nanoporous silica adsorbent is a very fast process as sorption rate increases with pH increment. Optimum pH for uranium sorption was 4?C8. Experimental sorption isotherm is successfully described by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results obtained by batch experiments showed that the presence of high concentration of nitrate, sulfate, chloride and phosphate anions alone had no interference with uranium recovery. However, the presence of fluoride ions (>250?mg/L) decreases uranium sorption by about 55?%. The results also showed that the presence of phosphate ions (about 300?mg/L) in solution could remove fluoride interference completely. Finally, the efficiency of the nanoporous silica adsorbent for uranium recovery from wastewater of the uranium conversion facility was investigated.     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by lignocellulosic solid wastes

The batch removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using lignocellulosic solid wastes such as sawdust and pine leaves under different experimental conditions was investigated in this study. The influence of pH, temperature, contact time, initial concentration of Cr(VI) and particle size on the chromium removal was investigated. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is highly pH-dependent and the results indicate that the optimum pH for the removal is 2. The capacity of chromium adsorption at equilibrium by these natural wastes increased with absorbent concentration. Temperature in the range of 20–60 °C showed a restricted effect on the adsorption capacity of pine leaves, but had a considerable effect on the adsorption capacity of sawdust. The capacity of chromium adsorption at the equilibrium increased with the decrease in particle sizes. The suitability of adsorbents was tested with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and their constants were evaluated. Results indicated that the Freundlich model gave a better fit to the experimental data in comparison with the Langmuir equation. The study showed that lignocellulosic solid wastes such as sawdust and pine leaves can be used as effective adsorbents for removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater.     

Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by wheat bran

In this research, adsorption of chromium (VI) ions on wheat bran has been studied through using batch adsorption techniques. The main objectives of this study are to 1) investigate the chromium adsorption from aqueous solution by wheat bran, 2) study the influence of contact time, pH, adsorbent dose and initial chromium concentration on adsorption process performance and 3) determine appropriate adsorption isotherm and kinetics parameters of chromium (VI) adsorption on wheat bran. The results of this study showed that adsorption of chromium by wheat bran reached to equilibrium after 60 min and after that a little change of chromium removal efficiency was observed. Higher chromium adsorption was observed at lower pHs, and maximum chromium removal (87.8 %) obtained at pH of 2. The adsorption of chromium by wheat bran decreased at the higher initial chromium concentration and lower adsorbent doses. The obtained results showed that the adsorption of chromium (VI) by wheat bran follows Langmuir isotherm equation with a correlation coefficient equal to 0.997. In addition, the kinetics of the adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetics model with a rate constant value of 0.131 g/mg.min The results indicate that wheat bran can be employed as a low cost alternative to commercial adsorbents in the removal of chromium (VI) from water and wastewater.     

Removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions using Lewatit FO36 nano ion exchange resin

The removal of the chromium (VI) ion from aqueous solutions with the Lewatit FO36 ion-exchange resin is described at different conditions. The effects of adsorbent dose, initial metal concentration, contact time and pH on the removal of chromium (VI) were investigated. The batch ion exchange process was relatively fast and it reached equilibrium after about 90 min of contact. The ion exchange process, which is pH dependent showed maximum removal of chromium (VI) in the pH range 5.0–8.0 for an initial chromium (VI) concentration of 0.5 mg/dm³. The equilibrium related to Lewatit FO36 ion- exchange capacity and the amounts of the ion exchange were obtained using the plots of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was observed that the maximum ion exchange capacity of 0.29 mmol of chromium (VLVg for Lewatit FO36 was achieved at optimum pH value of 6.0. The ion exchange of chromium (VI) on this cation-exchange resin followed first-order reversible kinetics.