Investigation of the weathering layer using seismic refraction and high-resolution seismic reflection methods, NE of Riyadh city

Five seismic refraction and five high-resolution seismic reflection (HRSR) profiles were carried out in northeastern part of Riyadh city to investigate depth of the weathering layer. Results obtained from seismic refraction survey reveal the depths of weathering layer at 12, 25, 17, 12, and 16?m, respectively. On the other hand, HRSR stack sections illustrate the depths of weathering layer at 14, 28, 20, 13, and 18?m, respectively. The weathering layer is composed of alluvial sediments and gravel, which is underlain by a sequence of limestone and dolomite layer. Seismic results from site no. 2 have been found to be in good agreement with lithological information reported from the adjacent water well. The HRSR data generally reveal better signal-to-noise ratio and enhanced resolution compared to the refraction data. Although, the HRSR data failed in achieving high-quality common midpoint (CMP) stacking profile at site no. 3, it provide an improved image of the subsurface features than the refraction data, recognizing it as a potential seismic technique.     

地震层析成像方法综述

地震层析成像作为一种有效还原地下介质速度模型的方法,为全波形反演提供了可靠的初始速度模型,从原始的射线层析到相移旅行时层析和瞬时旅行时层析,实现了地震波传播的有限频特性;从声波方程到弹性波方程,从各向同性介质到VTI,TTI介质,实现了对真实地下介质情况的模拟.减缓层析反演的病态性也一直是研究热点,常用的方法有正则化,用高斯束层析的敏感核代替传统的射线层析敏感核等.此外,为了避免使成像结果的精度依赖于共成像道集上反射位的真实深度,角度域双差分反射层析可以稳定有效地收敛到精确的偏移速度模型.如今,层析成像逐步向各向异性介质过渡,使用的数据从VSP到WVSP,从单一波形到多种波形联合反演发展,然而,分辨率和计算效率的相关问题仍然需要得到关注.     

The characteristics of the seismic signals induced by landslides using a coupling of discrete element and finite difference methods

Landslide seismic signals support researchers to estimate magnitudes and locations of landslides. They can serve as a crucial data for landslide warning systems. However, the randomness of landslide locations makes the acquisition of landslide-induced seismic signals difficult and limits the number of available field data. The objectives of this study are to establish a numerical modeling approach to examine the characteristics of seismic signals induced by landslides and perform parametrical study. The two-dimensional particle flow code (PFC) and Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) are coupled to simulate the landslide process. The force and velocity data at the coupled interfaces of FLAC and PFC are transferred back and forth via a Socket I/O connection. Four locations were monitored for the induced vertical seismic signals, including velocity, acceleration, and stress histories. The signals were analyzed by Hilbert-Huang transform to obtain the time-frequency spectrograms for examining the characteristics of the signals. The particle size, wall friction, particle friction, and parallel bond of PFC input parameters were parametrically investigated. The Xiaolin landslide in 2009 was successfully simulated, and the characteristics of the seismic signals were studied and compared with the data from a broadband seismic station. These results demonstrate that terrain and transition in the movement type of a complex landslide do influence the seismic signals. A landslide with larger rock particles generates lower-frequency content seismic signals. Also, there can be approximately 40 s to escape before a large-scale landslide hits if seismic instrumentation is installed. The method proposed can be further applied for studies on many other large-scale rock avalanches to verify recorded signals and further correlate the signals with the landslide characteristics.     

矿井导水构造三维精细模型构建与转换技术

为了解决矿井导水构造精细刻画与三维地质模型灵活继承中存在的陷落柱内部岩石结构刻画不精细、多源数据融合不准确等技术问题,开展了矿井导水构造多源数据融合实体模型构建方法、精细模型构建过程与模型转换系统开发等方面的研究。基于数据融合分布式结构理论,采用地质数据耦合、实体模型耦合和构建模式耦合3个层次的耦合策略,建立一套水文地质勘探多源数据融合为三维地质实体模型的构建方法,通过多源异构地质数据标准化预处理、跟踪与分类、数据配准、关联与融合等4个关键步骤,构建矿井导水构造多源数据融合实体模型。在地质统计学研究的基础上,以陷落柱为例,提出“矿井精细导水构造模型”与“广域概略模型”的基本概念,同时构建了陷落柱广域概念模型与精细模型。根据SURPAC和FLAC^3D2种三维模型的属性与数据结构特点,提出了矿井导水构造SURPAC和FLAC^3D模型转换方法,利用JAVA语言和TCL语言研发了SURPAC-FLAC^3D模型转换系统,该系统同时支持本地、网络操作与多用户多台机器的远程控制,最终实现了导水构造实体耦合模型转换为FLAC^3D计算模型的目标,为矿山地质条件精细勘查与融合构建、矿山水害精准预测与防治提供技术支撑。     

地震迁移的类型、特征及机制讨论

地震活动的迁移是指地震沿着某一方向循序地发生,是地震活动总体无序中局部出现的有序结构。通过系统分析区域上典型的地震迁移现象可以发现,迁移可划分为沿断裂走向的纵向迁移、垂直断裂走向的横向迁移与岩石圈尺度的深源迁移三大类。结合具体的实例分析,可初步归纳出纵向迁移（包括单向、双向、反复和跳跃式迁移等常见形式）、横向迁移和深源地震迁移的主要特征,并初步估算出了不同类型迁移的速度值,其中沿全球板块边界纵向迁移平均速度约为V=569 km/a,沿亚板块边界的平均速度约为V=120 km/a,沿大陆内部断裂带平均速度约为V=50 km/a。横向迁移相对比较复杂,初步发现在东亚存在两种速度分别为约20 km/a、50 km/a的迁移现象。而深源地震迁移速度的全球平均值大约为360 km/a。地震的纵向与横向迁移都存在不同层次和级别,也存在多种不同频率、能量与速度的形变波与迁移现象,这很可能是区域上大地震丛集活动过程中断层相互作用、地震应力触发和岩石圈尺度的形变波传播等因素共同作用的结果,而这种大空间尺度上的地震迁移现象的存在及其所具有的规律性特征,显然可为开展区域地震危险性分析提供新的思路和方法参考。      

Ultrashallow seismic experiment on a trenched section of the Chelunpu fault zone, Taiwan

Ultrashallow P-wave seismic reflection experiments were conducted at a model test site and in a trenched shallow fault zone along the Chelunpu fault line. The field layout was designed to have the shallowest undistorted reflection from about 1 m depth with 0.5 m vertical resolution. The smallest group interval tested in this study was 0.05 m with a 0.25 ms sample interval, which can avoid spatial aliasing of ground roll if the target is very shallow and the velocities are low. Data processing was designed to be simple but consistent. As the ultrashallow reflections may be contaminated with high-amplitude coherent noise in many aspects, first break muting and surgical muting were performed on each file as detailed as possible, and f–k filtering was applied mainly for the purpose of attenuating the aliasing energy and back-scattered noise. Data acquired in this study show that the low P-wave velocities (< 200 m/s) and high dominant frequencies (120–200 Hz) of near-surface layers may have a potential vertical resolution of 0.4 m or even better.Comparing the test profile with the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) control profile of the same test site and correlating the results obtained from the study site with those of the geologic cross-section of the trench, this experiment demonstrates the possibility of using seismic methods in investigating shallow structures at depths of less than a few meters with vertical resolution comparable to the GPR technique.     

利用地震偏移剖面解释岩浆岩的方法分析

在吉林敦化黑石煤炭资源赋存区,岩浆岩发育,煤层较大范围内受到岩浆岩侵蚀,岩浆岩侵蚀部位在地震剖面上差异十分明显,利用二维地震方法,对水平和偏移时间剖面特征进行分析和解释,就可确定其分布范围及位置。     

Prediction of porosity and water saturation using pre-stack seismic attributes: a comparison of Bayesian inversion and computational intelligence methods

Rock physical parameters such as porosity and water saturation play an important role in the mechanical behavior of hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. A valid and reliable prediction of these parameters from seismic data is essential for reservoir characterization, management, and also geomechanical modeling. In this paper, the application of conventional methods such as Bayesian inversion and computational intelligence methods, namely support vector regression (SVR) optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system-subtractive clustering method (ANFIS-SCM), is demonstrated to predict porosity and water saturation. The prediction abilities offered by Bayesian inversion, SVR-PSO, and ANFIS-SCM were presented using a synthetic dataset and field data available from a gas carbonate reservoir in Iran. In these models, seismic pre-stack data and attributes were utilized as the input parameters, while the porosity and water saturation were the output parameters. Various statistical performance indexes were utilized to compare the performance of those estimation models. The results achieved indicate that the ANFIS-SCM model has strong potential for indirect estimation of porosity and water saturation with high degree of accuracy and robustness from seismic data and attributes in both synthetic and real cases of this study.     

基于不规则三角形网格和有限体积法的物理性流域水文模型

传统的栅格离散方式不能很好反映流域水文过程的边界特征,且难以实现流域水文过程的多尺度模拟.采用有限体积法构建了基于不规则三角形网格的物理性水文模型,将物理性描述的偏微分方程组在控制体积内积分得到空间半离散的常微分方程组,保证数值求解中的水量平衡,并可与概念性描述部分水文过程(如截留、填洼等)的常微分方程组更好地耦合;建立了数值求解方案,采用Triangle对计算区域进行离散,并在沁河上游流域进行了验证,结果表明模型具有较高的模拟精度和良好的应用前景.     

ARMA order model detection using minimum of Kurtosis: application on seismic data

The objective of this study is to find the order and coefficients of non-low-phase causal filters for ARMA (auto regressive moving average) filter model, using the Kurtosis minimization criterion. This method is based on the Kurtosis calculation of the treated sample at the input level and its identification at the output of the ARMA model. For this purpose, the order and coefficients of the AR (auto regressive) part are identified using the Yule-Walker algorithm at order two and then extended to order four. To obtain the MA (moving average) part, the AR components are calculated at first from the ARMA filter by deconvolution. Then, spectrally equivalent and minimum phase (SEMP) MA filter is identified using the Durbin algorithm at second and fourth order. Finally, the correct filter is found when the Kurtosis value of the output ARMA filter reconstituted is the closest to the Kurtosis of introduced signal. The proposed method is then tested on simulated processes and applied to real seismic data to perform blind deconvolution and obtain the reflectivity coefficients of subsoil studied.     

浅层地震折射波法综述

浅层地震折射波法是在工程地质、水文地质及环境地质勘查中广泛应用的地震探测方法之一。在工程地质调查中,根据不同的场地地质条件和勘察目的,合理地正确应用浅层折射波法可以取得较明显的岩土工程勘察效果。本文简要地回顾了浅层地震折射法的发展历史,对各种新近发展的折射波解释方法进行了简单的介绍和比较,并列举了工程勘察中的应用领域。     

土壤硒的赋存状态与迁移转化

随着硒在生命活动中的重要性被广泛认识,硒在自然界赋存形态的研究也越来越引起人们的关注。本文对土壤中硒赋存状态与转化富集特征进行了归结,并据此分析了影响土壤硒赋存状态的环境因子,可为土壤硒的研究和硒资源开发利用提供参考。     

Hypothesis testing of buoyant plume migration using a highly parameterized variable-density groundwater model at a site in Florida, USA

A highly parameterized variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport model was developed to test multiple hypotheses for upward movement of treated wastewater (effluent) injected into a saline coastal aquifer in southeastern Florida, USA. The model was designed to assess risk to a drinking-water aquifer above the zone of injection, where monitoring wells have detected effluent. The model-based analysis accommodated geological and data complexity, including the observed presence of effluent in upper monitoring wells, but not in lower monitoring wells, thereby giving the appearance of the effluent having bypassed geological layers. The modeling approach included the application of multiple methodologies to reduce model run times during parameter estimation while providing detailed calibrated model(s) that can be used to assess the potential capacity for different mechanisms of effluent migration. The methods included use of a semi-analytical equation to quickly calculate initial concentrations, parallelization of model runs over multiple processors when calibrating, and utilization of the concepts of singular value decomposition and Tikhonov regularization to accommodate a high level of parameterization complexity. The results reveal that vertical effluent migration could occur as diffuse flow through heterogeneous confining units; however, flow through a channelized pathway caused by well construction appears to be more likely.     

Comparison of two methods for seismic hazard assessment in a low-seismicity area

The EGO method, developed by Egozcue et al. and the SRAMSC method, originally developed by Cornell and later programmed by McGuire, to assess the seismic hazard, are compared for the low seismicity area Belgium, The Netherlands, and NW Germany. Using the same input data, the results of the EGO method without the majority criterion and the SRAMSC method with upper bound XII agree very well. The influence of the zoning is investigated for the EGO method. It is not necessary to define the zones for the EGO method so strictly as for the SRAMSC method, but too wide zones can give bad results.     

Developing a seismic source model for the Arabian Plate

A seismic source model is developed for the entire Arabian Plate, which has been affected by a number of earthquakes in the past and in recent times. Delineation and characterization of the sources responsible for these seismic activities are crucial inputs for any seismic hazard study. Available earthquake data and installation of local seismic networks in most of the Arabian Plate countries made it feasible to delineate the seismic sources that have a hazardous potential on the region. Boundaries of the seismic zones are essentially identified based upon the seismicity, available data on active faults and their potential to generate effective earthquakes, prevailing focal mechanism, available geophysical maps, and the volcanic activity in the Arabian Shield. Variations in the characteristics given by the above datasets provide the bases for delineating individual seismic zones. The present model consists of 57 seismic zones extending along the Makran Subduction Zone, Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Eastern Anatolian Fault, Aqaba-Dead Sea Fault, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Owen Fracture Zone, Arabian Intraplate, and a background seismic zone, which models the floating seismicity that is unrelated to any of the distinctly identified seismic zones. The features of the newly developed model make the seismic hazard results likely be more realistic.     

Aftershock probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Bushehr province in Iran using ETAS model

Natural Hazards - Aftershock probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (APSHA) has a key role in risk management after a major earthquake. The main goal of the current study is to assess aftershock...     

适于大规模数据的逆时偏移实现方案

针对海量地震数据逆时偏移所面临的问题和挑战,解决逆时偏移海量计算和海量存储需求在CPU/GPU异构集群平台上实现时的技术瓶颈,重点介绍了基于GPU?RDMA直接通信技术和GPU?Stream流技术的并行算法,形成适合于GPU集群的大规模分布式并行计算,即高密度采集地震数据的三维叠前逆时偏移计算技术;应用高密度实际地震数据测试,计算效率可提升15~40倍。