俄罗斯石油开采和长输油气管道的事故分析及对中国的启示

俄罗斯不仅是世界上石油、天然气储量和开采量大国,而且是长输油气管道技术水平较高的国家.以近年来俄罗斯长输油气管道事故统计资料作为切入点,分析了俄罗斯长输油气管道事故的类型及发生的原因,并提出了对中国现役管道管理的建议和将建管道应注意的事项.     

伊拉克石油资源状况及其对中国能源安全战略的影响

伊拉克油气资源丰富，探明石油储量超过1125亿桶，天然气储量110万亿立方英尺。中国2001年石油进口量的55％来自中东，中东局势紧张，会直接影响中国石油的稳定供应。通过详细分析伊拉克石油资源状况，结合中国实际情况，探讨其对中国能源安全战略的影响，认为中国在摸清家底，加强国内油气地质勘查工作，包括全国油气资源战略选区工作，提高石油地质储量，增加国内生产能力的同时，应积极拓展中亚—俄罗斯、中东—北非和南美石油市场，实现原油进口地区的多元化，以降低对中东石油进口的依赖程度。     

长输油气管道裂纹缺陷事故树模型的建立

分析了引起长输油气管道裂纹缺陷的原因(腐蚀疲劳、应力腐蚀破裂、氢脆、机械疲劳断裂)及其特征.应用事故树理论建立了长输油气管道发生裂纹缺陷的事故树模型,给出了事故发生概率的计算方法.根据俄罗斯长输油气管道的故障资料计算出在长期高压条件下运输聚乙烯时,发生长输油气管道裂纹缺陷的概率,计算结果与统计概率基本相同.     

四极法电阻率测量在石油管道防腐蚀中的应用

土壤电阻率是地下石油管道一个重要的腐蚀性指标,因为管道的腐蚀程度和土壤电阻率的大小密切相关。本文介绍了四极法电阻率测量的原理和实施过程,并应用于某石油管道周围土壤的勘测,对测试数据做了处理和分析,为输油管道施工设计的防腐蚀提供了科学依据。     

寒区输油管道基于应变设计的极限状态研究

寒区输油管线沿线地质环境复杂,滑坡、冻胀、融沉等自然灾害会导致管道形成大差异变形量.而差异变形量所引起的应力应变行为直接影响管道的安全服役性能,严重时会使管道破坏失效.基于寒区输油管道在实际服役工况下的受力变形条件,充分考虑冻胀效应、油压效应和热应力效应对输油管道的影响,分析了不同长度、壁厚、油压条件下轴向拉伸应变的分布规律及其影响因素.基于轴向应变设计理论准则,建立了上述条件下输油管道的极限服役状态,得到了对应状态下输油管道的许应最大极限冻胀变形量.结果分析表明,采用基于应力的设计准则偏保守,采用基于轴向应变的设计准则能更多的利用管材的变形性能.可为管道的合理设计、安全评价、完整性管理提供一定的理论参考.     

海底滑坡冲击下悬跨管道动态响应及安全性评估

作为一种常见的海洋地质灾害,海底滑坡会对油气管道的安全造成巨大威胁。由于海洋底流的冲刷作用,海底管道往往会悬跨于海床之上,稳定性较差。当悬跨管道遭受到海底滑坡的冲击作用后,其动态响应预测及安全性评估尤为重要。本文建立了海底滑坡-管道相互作用的有限元模型,将油气管道分为悬跨段和埋地段,考虑了悬跨长度和高度变化条件下,油气管道遭受海底滑坡冲击作用时的动态响应。数值计算结果表明,管道悬跨长度和高度对其塑性变形影响显著,海底滑坡引起的管道应变会随着悬跨长度和高度的增加而增大。最后,提出了综合考虑悬跨长度和高度影响下海底管道安全性评估方法,该成果可直接用于海底滑坡作用下油气管道安全性的动态评估。     

岛状多年冻土管道周围热-水-应力耦合数值模拟

考虑大气温度以及管内流动介质温度的影响,建立由多个土层构成的岛状冻土物理模型,研究塔河地区埋地输油管道周围热-水-应力（T-H-M）耦合作用,分析水-热-应力耦合作用下管道的受力情况并进行管道强度验算。采用多物理场耦合软件COMSOL Multiphysics进行数值模拟,计算在T-H-M三场耦合及非耦合两种工况下岛状多年冻土管道周围应力和沉降曲线等。分析比较表明,岛状多年冻土区的温度,冰水相变以及水分迁移对应力场存在较大的影响;水分场、温度场以及应力场三者之间耦合作用明显;岛状冻土随季节呈周期性冻融,管道周围出现较大应力集中和沉降现象,会对管道安全产生一定影响。     

青藏高原移动冰丘引起输油管道拱曲的数值模拟

青藏高原北部常年冻土区沿活动断裂发育有移动冰丘,其对输油管道、桥梁、涵洞等工程设施具有破坏作用。应用ANSYS有限元通用程序,对移动冰丘引起的输油管道的破坏进行了三维非线性有限元数值模拟计算,揭示了移动冰丘冻胀产生的应力场、位移场与塑性变形,给出了移动冰丘冻胀导致输油管道拱曲变形及应力分布。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形,在管道内部产生的应力超过管道的强度,使管道产生塑性弯曲变形和破坏,导致输油管道局部报废。移动冰丘导致输油管道拱曲变形的三维有限元数值模拟能够为管道工程设计和地质灾害防治提供依据。在数值模拟的基础上,提出了灾害防治措施。     

多年冻土区输油管道工程中的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题

多年冻土区石油和经济开发不断推动输油管道技术的发展,但是多年冻土区输油管道的(差异性)融沉和冻胀问题仍是关键性难题.寒区管道设计和施工必须考虑沿线的地形和环境条件对冻胀和融沉,以及相应的管道工程基础和结构整体性的影响.阿拉斯加输油管道工程取得成功的原因在于充足的科研投入、讨论和决策时间,以及最终采用的一系列创新设计来保护多年冻土和抑制融沉.这些研究围绕的关键问题是温热油管在多年冻土中的水热效应和差异性融沉和冻胀所导致的管道变形破坏,这些研究对可能出现问题的及早发现、充分理解和正确预测以及最终合理的设计、施工和维护至关重要.罗曼井和格拉线环境温度输油管道在20a左右的运营中,冻胀和融沉都比较显著.准确预测管道和围岩土的冻胀和融沉需要详细的观测研究和模拟试验相结合.在预测的基础上,针对具体问题抑制融沉和冻胀.成功设计、施工和运行寒区输油管道需要科学家、工程师、业界人士和管理部门密切合作.     

勐梅河滑坡特征及稳定性分析

某拟建油气管道纵向斜穿勐梅河滑坡,滑坡的稳定性直接影响到管道的安全运营。通过现场调查和勘探,查明了该滑坡的变形特征、空间形态特征、结构特征、水文地质特征,通过分析该滑坡的影响因素和形成机制和滑坡在不同工况下的稳定性,给滑坡的防治工程提供了有力的地质依据。     

刚性管线纵向应变计算及安全评价

随着地铁建设的快速发展,地铁施工中邻近管线的安全评价是一项亟待解决的关键技术问题。在地层移动基本规律认识的基础上,提出了一种经验或半经验的刚性管线纵向应变计算及安全评价方法。该方法可应用于快速评估管线的潜在损害,具体的管线细节一般不予考虑,涉及的参数少,更易于工程应用。该方法尤其适用于没有足够资料或者特殊敏感的条件下,需要采用保守估计的情况。     

柔性管线安全评价的简便方法

随着我国地铁建设的快速发展,地铁施工中邻近管线的安全评价是一项急待解决的关键技术问题。在地层移动基本规律认识基础上,提出了一种经验或半经验的基于变形控制的柔性管线的安全评价方法。该方法可应用于快速评估柔性管线的潜在损害,具体的管线细节一般不予考虑,涉及的参数少,更易于工程应用。该方法尤其适用于没有足够资料或者特殊敏感的条件下,需要对管线的接头单独考虑,需要采用保守估计的情况。     

The analysis and forecast for fouling in water pipelines in Daqing oilfield

In order to maintain the reservoir pressure and improve oil recovery efficiency, water flood recovery is used commonly in the middle and last periods of oilfield exploitation. At the same time, in order to avoid environmental pollution, the oilfield sewage should be reinjected. During that manufacture, variations in the conditions of pressure, temperature and unstability and incompatibility of thermodynamics make scale formation in water flood assize, casing, bottom of the wells, surface equipments and gathering lines. Taking the Daqing oil field for example, in which the surface gathering lines the scale forming is comparatively serious. In order to improve crude oil processing effect to warm up wet oil, this measure results in scale formation constant in pipelines and equipments, so inner diameter becomes less, leading to back pressure ascent in pipelines, the loss of efficiency of processing equipment, these all have a strong impact on normal activities in oilfield, increase the frequency of maintenance repairs and replacements for pipelines and equipments, and reduce the completion benefit. So forecasting the scaling tendency of surface gathering pipelines, and judging the degree of the scaling tendency or possibility, preventing and controlling scaling effectively is not a negligible research topic in petroleum production technology and oil-gas-water treatment technology. This paper introduces the fouling process, fouling mechanism and the influence factors of the scale, mainly analyses the formation mechanism of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, and some factors, such as temperature, pressure, salinity and some thermodynamics conditions. All these factors lead to changes in ionic equilibrium condition, so they will influence the fouling. This paper analyses the main kinds of scale in the gathered transportation water pipeline in the forth plant in the Daqing Oilfield, adopts the method of saturation exponent and energetic solubility to forecast the trend of fouling, reduces the calcium carbonate showing scaling tendency, calcium sulfate having the possibility of scaling.     

漠河-加格达奇段多年冻土区中俄原油管道运营以来的次生地质灾害研究——以MDX364处的季节性冻胀丘为例

通过对中俄原油管道漠河-加格达奇段多年冻土区的现场勘查研究, 统计了管道运营以来出现的冻土次生地质灾害主要有冻胀、融沉、水毁、冻胀丘、冰椎等. 在研究区域特定的气候背景下, 管道的修建和季节性变化的正油温运营, 破坏了管道周围冻土的水热平衡, 使得管道周围土体出现差异性冻胀和融沉, 这种差异性位移量的累积对管道安全稳定长期运营造成了威胁. 以管道里程MDX364处的冻胀丘为例, 利用探地雷达进行了现场探测. 结果表明: 管道周围存在的融区为冻胀丘的发生和发展提供了水源补给通道, 管道的热影响加速了冻胀丘的发展和消融, 2014年3-10月管道周围地表产生的差异性位移超过了1.1 m. 针对该次生开放型季节冻胀丘, 提出了修筑或疏通管道附近的排水通道、钻孔放水和保温排水渗沟等防治措施. 研究成果能为中俄原油管道的安全稳定运营提供技术支撑, 为其他冻土区管道设计施工和运营维护提供参考和依据.     

Allocation of commingled pipeline oils to field production

This paper presents a case study of using oil fingerprinting technology to correctly back allocate commingled pipeline crude to production from six contributing fields in an offshore southeast Asia basin. A large number of oil and pipeline samples were collected over time and analyzed by gas chromatography for their oil fingerprints. In this case, production from each field pipeline could easily be distinguished by their whole-oil fingerprints that changed little with time. However, oils collected from the commingled pipelines showed significant chromatographic variation with time, indicating production contribution from the different fields to the pipelines varied with time. Quantitative results were attained using a proprietary computer program which mathematically calculates relative contributions (±3%) of oil mixes based on a best-fit least-squares regression of selected chromatographic peak ratios. This allocation method assisted operations to more accurately determine production for each field or a group of fields in the basin. The technique, which provides a new approach to supplement and cross-check production metering necessary for defining tax liability, has helped save significant tax dollars for field operation units.     

世界油页岩资源开发利用现状与发展前景

由于世界原油价格的高涨和常规油气资源的短缺,非常规油气资源中的油页岩以资源丰富、经济性和开发利用的可行性成为21 世纪重要的石油补充和替代能源。世界油页岩资源探明储量折算成页岩油约70%分布在美国,其次集中分布在中国、俄罗斯、巴西、加拿大、约旦、澳大利亚和爱沙尼亚等; 中国油页岩资源约85%以上分布在吉林、辽宁和广东省。随着各国重新或开始重视油页岩的开发与利用,油页岩的储量、页岩油的产量和油页岩开发利用的经济价值都呈增长趋势,相应的政策支持力度也在加大。     

提高深埋成品油管道探测精度的方法

为满足工程建设的需要,如何提高深埋地下管线的探测精度是探测工作中的难点.在地铁盾构土建施工的工地,采用FDEM (frequency domain electromagnetic method) 法对埋深约16 m的成品油管道进行探测,第一步是经过地面测线X方向的探测工作,确定了目标管道的走向Y并缩小了范围,因为受干扰物体的影响,所以两种工作频率探测结果之间的定深误差很大,尚未满足工程实际的需要;第二步是在经过距目标管道5.0 m处的两个孔内的Z方向进行探测,获得了离开目标管道较近“测线”上的H_z实测曲线;第三步是用H_z理论曲线与H_z实测曲线进行拟合反演,最终获得了定位、定深误差分别为20 cm、10 cm以内的探测精度,为地铁施工建设提供了精准的基础性技术资料.孔内Z方向的探测工作表明,“测线”离目标管道更近,又可以避开地面X方向测线上的干扰物的影响,可以提高探测精度.孔内探测是对地面X方向探测成果的检验,值得推广到对地面探测成果质量的验收中;采用拟合软件进行推断解释,是对探测数据的信息处理技术,将在FDEM法探测地下管线中得到广泛的应用.      

Treatment on oil/water gel deposition behavior in non-heating gathering and transporting process with polymer flooding wells

Against a background of crude oil shortage and low-carbon economy, optimization and simplification of oil–gas gathering and transporting play an indispensable role in efficient development of oilfield. Profit from the high efficient utilization of the produced liquid self-energy, single-pipe non-heating gathering and transporting process has been recognized in polymer flooding wells of Daqing oilfield (China). However, it is also facing the challenges of deposition, partial blockage, high wellhead pressure, production fluctuation and environment management. A field investigation of the application for the non-heating process and the variation of polymer flooding wellhead pressure were recently carried out. The flow patterns of the oil, water and gas mixture in single-pipe process were identified, and the locations where the gel deposition was most likely to occur were estimated. Deposition inhibitions and removal processes were practiced, and the operation parameters under different working conditions were optimized. The results indicated that single-pipe non-heating process could reduce 20% of the investment and 30% of the running cost and could also make the wellhead pressure of some wells exceed the maximum allowable operating pressure of oil gathering pipelines. There appears to be a proportional relationship among water content, flow rate, residual polymer concentration and gel deposition behavior in a certain range of gathering radius. The gel deposition rate of the produced liquid with polymer concentration of higher than 600 mg/L and the water content of 90.5% reached 0.1154 mm/h in the coldest climate under the normal flow rate of 85 t/d, and the theoretical pigging period was <10 days. Gelation nucleation which was related to emulsification was induced by the transition and coexistence of separated flow and dispersed flow in non-heating gathering pipelines. The main deposition located on the beginning of pipelines, manifold, valve and elbow, and wellhead pressure of 350 psi was created in the test period of 20 days. Although using chemical inhibition method could still obtain a drag reduction rate of more than 25% under crude oil gelation temperature, the fact of the centralization disability of wellhead dosing facilities and the potential threat of chemical inhibitors to the environment could not be ignored. The noticeable energy consumption and potential risks of pipeline restarting may be encountered using facilities improvement and sphere pigging operation in gel deposition behavior treatment. A relation schema which could be used to predict deposition rate and extract thermal flush period according to the actual working condition was established. The successful application of the non-heating gathering and transporting process combated the traditional view that heat tracing is essential for maintaining the surface process in extremely cold area. Furthermore, the results contributed to the existing literature in establishing subsurface and surface parts integration idea for a green field development and accelerate further application of non-heating gathering and transporting process.     

中俄原油管道漠大线运营后面临一些冻害问题及防治措施建议

基于世界上几条多年冻土区修建输油气管道的经验,结合我国境内的中俄原油管道漠河－大庆段（漠大线）现场调查、油温监测和探地雷达等勘察结果,研究漠大线运营后可能面临的主要冻害问题、形成过程、影响因素、成灾机制、管道影响,提出预防和防治措施建议及进一步需要研究的主要问题。研究发现,目前漠大线面临的主要冻害问题包括融沉、冻胀丘、冰椎、冻土斜坡、冰刨蚀和潜在冻胀等,在管道持续运行和环境条件改变下,这些冻融灾害可能对管道造成一定的不利影响甚至破坏。现场油温监测显示,在2011年和2012年最低和最高油温分别为0.42 ℃和16.2 ℃,全年的正油温运行是造成目前管道周围冻土融沉的主要原因。冬季部分地段出现的冻胀丘、冰椎以及浮冰对管道形成一定的潜在威胁。研究成果为中俄原油管道漠大线以及规划建设的中俄原油管道二线、中俄输气管道、格尔木－拉萨输油管道改造工程以及其他多年冻土区输油气管道设计、施工、运营和维护提供参考和依据。