近巷煤体高温区域红外成像探测与分析

煤炭自燃高温点的检测与判定是矿井火灾防治的基础工作,也是矿井防灭火方案制定的前提。利用红外热像仪测试煤巷壁面煤体温度场分布,排查全断面高温点,找出近巷煤体高温点;依据巷道壁面与巷道风流的温度差,确定煤巷高温区域。探测显示,煤巷高温区域主要集中在断层带附近,由此可知巷道煤体破碎、漏风是导致煤炭自热的主要原因。在此基础上制定了向高温区域打钻压注MEA (一种商业高分子材料)封堵剂的治理措施,使得高温区域钻孔内CO浓度从100~160 ppm (0.004 5~0.007 1 mol/m3)降至10 ppm (0.000 45 mol/m3),有效地降低了煤巷温度,为矿井防灭火提供了依据。      

Comparing the Response of Static Loading Tests on Two Model Pile Groups in Soft Clay

Static load test program was performed on a single pile and two 16-pile groups with equal and different pile lengths. The soil profile consists of sand fill to 0.5 m depth placed on a thick deposit of soft, normally consolidated and compressible clay. The closed end steel pipe piles in 60 mm diameter were installed from 1.5 m through 2.1 m depth within soft clay deposit. The center-to-center distance of piles in group is about 3 times of pile diameter. The strain gages were installed at one level above and two through four levels below ground surface. Tests were carried out about 7 days after driving by method of a series of load increments placed every 5-min until plunging failure occurred. The load at plunging failure for the single pile, the equal-length pile group and the different-length pile group were about 3, 40 and 48 kN, respectively. The movements at start of failure were about 12, 18, and 17 mm, respectively. The analysis of strain gage measurements indicates that the load distribution on piles in the different-length pile group has become significantly uniform.     

Estimation of bearing capacity of open-ended model piles in sand

The plugging of pipe piles is an important phenomenon, which is not adequately accounted for in the current design recommendations. An open-ended pipe pile is said to be plugged when the soil inside the pile moves down with the pile, resulting in the pile becoming effectively closed-ended. Plugging is believed to result in an increase in the horizontal stresses between the pile and the surrounding soil, which results in an increase in skin friction. A total number of 60 model pile tests are carried out to investigate the behavior of plugs on the pile load capacity and the effects of plug removal. Different parameters are considered, such as pile diameter–to–length ratio, types of installation in sands of different densities, and removal of the plug in three stages (50, 75, and 100 %) with respect to the length of plug. The changes in the soil plug length and incremental filling ratio (IFR) with the penetration depth during pile driving show that the open-ended piles are partially plugged from the outset of the pile driving. The pile reached a fully plugged state for pressed piles in loose and medium sand and partially plugged (IFR = 10 %) in dense sand. For driven piles, the IFR is about 30 % in loose sand, 20 % in medium sand, and 30 % in dense sand. The pile load capacity increases with increases in the length of the plug length ratio (PLR). The rate of increase in the value of the pile load capacity with PLR is greater in dense sand than in medium and loose sand. Based on test results, new empirical relation for the estimation of the load carrying capacity of open-ended piles based on the IFR is proposed.     

Estimation of atmospheric iodine emission from coal combustion

Coal combustion is the primary anthropogenic source of atmospheric iodine, which has important environmental and health effects. The iodine distribution in Chinese coals and the atmospheric iodine emission factors of coal-fired boilers are studied to estimate the iodine atmospheric flux from coal combustion in China from 1995 to 2009. The national average iodine content weighted by coal yield fluctuated from 2.61 mg kg^-1 in 1995 to 2.09 mg kg^-1 in 2009, recording an annual decline of 1.42 %. By establishing a monitoring program, iodine distribution in coal by-products after the coal is consumed in combustors is measured, and atmospheric iodine emission factors by sectors are calculated. Based on the coal consumption by sectors, the annual atmospheric iodine emission from coal combustion in China increased at an annual rate of 4.3 % from 3031.1 tons in 1995 to 4872.6 tons in 2009. Anthropogenic atmospheric iodine emission is significantly underestimated, and its environmental and health effects must be given more attention.     

山东兖州东滩矿3#煤层自燃临界氧浓度指标研究

文章采用煤自燃的模拟试验装置,对兖州东滩矿3#煤层煤样在不同的氧浓度条件下(分别为21%、13%、10%、7%和5%)进行了煤样自燃过程的实验研究,分别得到了两煤样的一氧化碳浓度与煤温关系曲线、自燃氧化中氧浓度的变化曲线、不同氧浓度下的热力学特性曲线、煤样CO增率与煤温关系曲线和煤样耗氧速度与煤温关系曲线。经过分析研究得出,不同温度下反应生成的标志气体成分不同,以一氧化碳、乙烯和乙炔作为标志气体比较合适,能准确反映出煤的不同自燃阶段。对数据分析对比研究,得出东滩煤矿3#煤层的自燃临界氧浓度指标为10%。     

Spatio-temporal variations of respirable particles at residential areas located in the vicinity of opencast coal projects,India: a case study

The objective of the study is to investigate spatio-temporal variations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ concentrations at seven residential sites, located in the vicinity of opencast coal projects, Basundhara Garjanbahal Area (BGA), India. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and temperature were collected simultaneously with PM concentrations. Mean concentrations of PM₁₀ in the range 215 ± 169–526 ± 412 μg m^?3, PM_2.5 in the range of 91 ± 79–297 ± 107 μg m^?3, PM₁ in the range of 68 ± 60–247 ± 84 μg m^?3 were obtained. Coarse fractions (PM_2.5–10) varied from 27 to 58% whereas fine fractions (PM_1–2.5 and PM₁) varied in the range of 51–73%. PM_2.5 concentration was 41–74% of PM₁₀ concentration, PM₁ concentration was 31–62% of PM₁₀ concentration, and PM₁ concentration was 73–83% of PM_2.5 concentration. Role of meteorology on PM concentrations was assessed using correlation analysis. Linear relationships were established among PM concentrations using least square regression analysis. With the aid of principal component analysis, two components were drawn out of eight variables, which represent more than 75% of variance. The results indicated that major sources of air pollutants (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, PM₁, CO, CO₂) at the residential sites are road dust raised by vehicular movement, spillage of coal generated during transportation, spontaneous combustion of coal, and biomass burning in village area.     

考虑桩底沉渣的随钻跟管桩竖向承载特性模型试验研究

随钻跟管桩施工不能完全清除桩底岩土沉渣,从而影响桩基端承力。为揭示桩底沉渣对随钻跟管桩承载力的影响机制,开展了考虑桩底沉渣影响的随钻跟管桩竖向承载特性模型试验研究。试验结果表明:在密砂地层中,具有桩端水泥土扩大头的随钻跟管桩,其桩顶荷载-沉降曲线为缓降型,而模拟试验的其他管桩均为陡降型;桩底沉渣降低随钻跟管桩的极限承载力在22%以内,且其桩顶荷载主要由桩侧摩阻力承担,承担占比超过90%;与存在一定厚度沉渣的钻孔灌注桩相比,随钻跟管桩的桩底沉渣对降低承载力的影响相对较小;靠近桩端的轴力随着沉渣厚度的增加而减小,沉渣越厚,减少的幅度越明显;桩端水泥土扩大头施工可提高随钻跟管桩约37%的承载力,且桩端阻比均小于15%。现场原位测试(桩长为15.5 m,长径比为15.50)和室内模型试验(桩长为1 m,长径比为15.87)结果均表明:存在桩底沉渣时,随钻跟管桩是以发挥侧摩阻力为主的端承摩擦型桩。研究成果有助于进一步加深对随钻跟管桩承载性状的认识。     

低煤阶煤中甲烷扩散性能分析

甲烷在煤基质中的扩散性能是影响煤层气产出的重要储层参数。采用云南东南部地区新近系中新统小龙潭组褐煤样品,开展了低煤阶煤中甲烷等温吸附实验。基于等温吸附实验获得的吸附量与时间的关系数据,应用一元孔隙结构气体非稳态扩散模型,计算了煤中甲烷气体扩散系数,揭示了煤中甲烷扩散规律和控制机理。研究结果表明,低煤阶煤中气体扩散规律服从Langmuir方程,煤中甲烷有效扩散系数和扩散系数随着压力的增高而增大;吸附时间常数随着压力的增高而减小,服从负指数函数规律。4个实验煤样Langmuir有效扩散系数和扩散系数分别是（1.71~5.46）×10-4 s-1和（2.17~6.91）×10-12 m2/s,Langmuir压力为0.63~1.97 MPa。在相同温度和压力条件下,干燥煤样的有效扩散系数和扩散系数大于平衡水分煤样,随着温度的增高,其有效扩散系数和扩散系数增加,煤中气体扩散性能增强。      

基于模糊综合评判的煤自燃发火倾向性研究

自燃发火倾向性是煤自燃火灾的主要影响因素之一。通过对国内外煤自燃倾向性鉴定方法的分析, 指出了我国现行的煤自燃倾向性的不足之处。根据煤自燃机理的煤、氧复合理论,建立了依据煤在低温氧化过程中的吸氧率、放热强度和着火燃烧阶段的活化能作为鉴定煤自燃发火倾向性影响因素的模糊综合评判新方法。在此基础上,用热重分析方法测试了5种煤样在相同条件的指标参数,建立模糊综合评判模型,通过模糊运算得出评判5种煤样自燃发火倾向性的综合指标。验证表明,该方法有较强的实用性,其评判结果与5种煤样的实际自燃发火期趋势一致。      

Cyclic and seismic response of single piles in improved and unimproved soft clays

Presented in this paper are results of two centrifuge tests on single piles installed in unimproved and improved soft clay (a total of 14 piles), with the relative pile–soil stiffness values varying nearly two orders of magnitude, and subjected to cyclic lateral loading and seismic loading. This research was motivated by the need for better understanding of lateral load behavior of piles in soft clays that are improved using cement deep soil mixing (CDSM). Cyclic test results showed that improving the ground around a pile foundation using CDSM is an effective way to improve the lateral load behavior of that foundation. Depending on the extent of ground improvement, elastic lateral stiffness and ultimate resistance of a pile foundation in improved soil increased by 2–8 times and 4–5 times, respectively, from those of a pile in the unimproved soil. While maximum bending moments and shear forces within piles in unimproved soil occurred at larger depths, those in improved soil occurred at much shallower depths and within the improved zone. The seismic tests revealed that, in general, ground improvement around a pile is an effective method to reduce accelerations and dynamic lateral displacements during earthquakes, provided that the ground is improved at least to a size of 13D × 13D × 9D (length × width × depth), where D is the outside diameter of the pile, for the pile–soil systems tested in this study. The smallest ground improvement used in these tests (9D × 9D × 6D), however, proved ineffective in improving the seismic behavior of the piles. The ground improvement around a pile reduces the fundamental period of the pile–soil system, and therefore, the improved system may produce larger pile top accelerations and/or displacements than the unimproved system depending on the frequency content of the earthquake motion.     

Analysis of piled raft coefficient and load-settlement on sandy soil

A piled raft foundation is a combined foundation, which is developed to utilize the load-carrying capabilities of both raft and piles. To obtain an optimum piled raft design, it is important to properly evaluate and consider the load-sharing behavior between the raft and piles, which changes according to the settlement level of the piled raft. In this study, 27 three-dimensional finite element models were analyzed to investigate the piled raft coefficient with linear and nonlinear load-settlement behaviors. The length of piles was varied between 10, 15, and 20 m. The spacing between pile centers was varied between 3D, 5D, and 7D, and the pile diameter was kept constant. The number of piles and the distance between the exterior piles and the edge of the raft were maintained at 9 and 1 m, respectively. The sand conditions varied between dense, medium, and loose. The results indicated that the piled raft coefficient increases when the load-settlement curve is linear and decreases when the load-settlement curve is nonlinear. The influence of the incremental increase in pile length on the piled raft coefficient is more pronounced in short piles than in longer piles. The raft thickness has a negligible effect on the piled raft coefficient.     

巨野矿区煤自燃特性及动力学研究

针对巨野矿区3号煤层自然发火严重的现状,选择巨野矿区3上和3下两煤层煤样,采用煤的物性参数测试、热重分析、傅里叶红外光谱测试等实验方法,进行巨野矿区3煤层的自燃特性及动力学参数实验研究。结果表明,巨野矿区煤属于Ⅱ类自燃煤,煤的孔隙主要以大孔和中孔为主;煤在失水失重与吸氧增重阶段的活化能分别为94.49~123.61 kJ/mol和231.50~241.08 kJ/mol;煤分子中含有大量的羟基、甲基、亚甲基等活性官能团,这些活性官能团是导致巨野矿区煤自燃的关键化学结构。      

反射波法检测水泥搅拌桩的可行性和方法研究

水泥搅拌桩作为桩基础的一种特殊形式,在软土地基地区已被广泛应用。由于其桩身纵波波速远低于混凝土桩的波速,且长径比一般较小及桩身均质性等问题,所以应用于混凝土桩的小应变反射波检测方法是否可以应用于对水泥搅拌桩进行检测,在测桩界尚存在分歧意见。作者从理论上分析了反射波法的本质,指出波阻抗差异,分辨率和波长的关系是反射波法的要害。本文讨论了长径比的实际意义及其与一维波动理论的关系．提出了水泥搅拌桩“桩身质量“的新观点。从理论分析和实际检测结果资料的讨论出发．肯定了反射渡完全可以对水泥搅拌桩进行检测,并总结了实际检测过程中的方法技术。     

Potential environmental pollution hazards by coal based power plant at Jhansi (UP) India

Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity in India. In order to study the potential environmental hazards by coal based power plants, particulate matters were collected using Stack Monitoring Kit and gaseous pollutants by Automatic Flue Gas Analyzer. The morphological and chemical properties, mineralogical composition and particle size distributions have been determined by SEM–EDX, XRD and CILAS. The data revealed the presence of particulate matters, SO₂, NOx in the range of 236–315, 162–238, 173–222 mg/Nm³ respectively. The emission of CO₂ was in the range of 43,004–60,115 Nm³/h with an average of 52,830 Nm³/h. Among the elements, Fe > Mn > Al > Zn > B > Ni > Cr > Cu were present in substantially higher proportion than Pb > Mo > Cd > Se > As > Hg. It was found that most of the elements were concentrated on fly ash surface rather than coal, bottom ash and pond ash. This variation may be attributed to the fineness of fly ash particles with large surface ratio to mass. Mineralogical studies of coal and fly ash by X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of mullite, quartz, cristobalite and maghemite. Presence of mullite and quartz found in fly ash indicate the conversion of complex minerals to mullite and quartz at high temperature. Transfer Coefficient was calculated to determine the ratio of the enrichment of trace elements in fly or bottom ash with respect to coal and pond ash.     

An Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Steel Open Ended Pipe Pile with Exterior Wings Under Compression Load

The present study investigates the increasing in ultimate pile capacity and studied the soil plugging phenomenon and the incremental filing ratio for a modified type of open-ended pipe pile. The modification performed by adding steel plates as wings with special dimensions and fixed on the exterior face of the pipe pile wall at a location near the pile tip with specified dimensions. Five wings have used for each new model of pipe pile. These wings distributed in equal spacing along with the circumstances of the exterior wall of the open-ended pipe piles. The efficiency of the proposed type studied by modelling and manufacturing twelve piles (40 mm diameter, L/D = 15 and L/D = 20). Complete setup manufactured for installing and loading the piles in a constant rate of penetration. The model piles installed in poorly graded loose dry sand. The obtained results show that the proposed type has a higher ultimate bearing capacity. The percentage of increase reaches more than 50%. The development of the load capacity is due to the three effects. The first is increases of the exterior shaft friction, and the second effect creates a new end-bearing capacity under the constrained soil between the exterior wings. And the third effect is developing the end-bearing capacity under the soil plug inside open-ended pipe pile due to the first and the second effects.

     

易自燃煤层综放工作面采空区自然发火防治数值模拟

本文针对古山矿065-2大倾角易自燃综放工作面上部有小煤窑火区和上分层火区、且自然发火期仅为15d、工作面火灾防治极其困难的问题,采用在采空区埋设束管、取样化验采空区气体成分的方法,得出采空区气体浓度场分布,划分工作面采空区的自燃＂三带＂,计算出工作面日最小推进度为2.54m。运用Comsol软件,通过对采空区氧浓度进行数值模拟,并与实测采空区氧浓度进行对比验证,结果证明基于Comsol模拟采空区氧浓度分布是可行的,为易自燃煤层综放工作面采空区自然发火防治提供了可靠的理论指导。     

End bearing capacity comparison of screw pile with straight pipe pile under similar ground conditions

In the present study, the end bearing capacity of screw and straight pipe pile under similar pile tip area and ground conditions were investigated. The effect of increasing overburden pressure was also considered in this research. Pile load tests on close-ended screw and straight pipe piles were conducted in the small scale. Dry Toyoura sand was used to develop the model ground. The sand was compacted at relative density of 70, 80 and 92 %. It was observed that in case of straight pipe pile, load settlement curve plunges downward without increase in load around settlement equals to 10 % of pile tip diameter, whereas in case of screw pile, the load settlement curve plunges around settlement equals to 15 % of pile tip diameter. Moreover, the screw piles having helix-to-shaft diameter ratio 2–4.1 showed 2–12 times higher end bearing capacity than straight pipe piles with similar pile shaft diameter. It was also observed from the test results that the end bearing capacity of single-helix screw pile was in average 16.25 % less than straight pipe pile with similar pile tip area and ground conditions irrespective of the effect of increasing overburden pressure.     

Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area

In China’s western coal mining area, the traditional room mining technology is facing coal pillar instability, mine earthquake, large-area roof subsidence in the goaf, surface subsidence, water and soil loss, vegetation deterioration, and other environmental problems. To solve the aforementioned problems and to improve coal recovery, the roadway backfill coal mining (RBCM) method was proposed as a solution and its technical principle and key equipment were presented in this paper. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical behavior (strain-stress relation in confined compressive test) of aeolian sand and loess backfill materials were studied for a rational backfill design for underground mines. Further, coal pillar stress, plastic zone change, and surface deformation of the RBCM schemes were studied using the FLAC^3D numerical simulation software, and a reasonable mining scheme of “mining 7 m and leaving 3 m” was determined. The engineering application in Changxing Coal Mine shows that the RBCM method with loess and aeolian sand as backfill materials allows a stable recovery of coal pillars with a recovery ratio of more than 70 %. The maximum accumulated surface subsidence and the maximum horizontal deformation were measured to be 15 mm and 0.8 mm/m respectively, indicating that the targeted backfilling effect can help protect the environment and also control surface subsidence.     

河南平煤四矿煤矸石山自燃爆炸成因及防治分析

2005年5月15日、16日,平煤集团四矿矸石山先后发生两次自燃爆炸灾害,8人遇难,122人受伤,造成生命财产的重大损失。论文首先介绍了平煤集团四矿煤矸石的物质组成,分析其致灾原因:高含硫煤矸石的存在是引起煤矸石山自燃的决定因素;煤矸石的堆积方式以及有效的粒径组成在一定程度上决定了煤矸石的透气性,是引起煤矸石山自燃的促进条件;突发降雨是本次灾害的主要导火索。在燃料含量一定,清除比较困难,燃烧已开始并还在不断堆积矸石的情况下,降温和隔氧显得尤为重要。针对本矸石山的实际情况,提出了采用注浆法为主,辅以高温区域表面喷射浆液、挖掘沟槽、表面覆盖等灭火方法;对今后避免矸石山自燃进行了展望。     

论煤地质学与碳中和

煤基碳排放构成了中国碳排放总量中最重要的部分,做好煤基碳减排和煤炭高效洁净低碳化利用是实现“碳中和”国家目标的重要途径,碳中和背景下的煤地质学发展值得关注。系统评述与碳中和相关的煤地质学研究领域,分析煤地质学在碳中和研究与工程实践中的作用和应用前景,探讨碳中和背景下煤地质学的重要发展方向。取得以下认识:推进清洁煤地质研究、服务煤的高效洁净化燃烧,勘探开发煤系天然气低碳燃料、优化一次能源结构和化石能源结构,开展煤化工资源勘查与开发地质保障研究、推动煤炭的低碳能源转化和新型煤化工产业发展,深化瓦斯地质研究、提高煤矿瓦斯（井下）抽采率、控制煤矿瓦斯的大气排放和泄漏,研究煤层甲烷天然逸散和煤层自燃排放、控制煤层露头的天然排放,发展煤层CO₂地质封存与煤层气强化开发（CO₂-ECBM）技术、推动碳捕获、利用与封存（CCUS）技术发展及其在火力电厂烟气碳减排中的商业化应用,研究煤炭勘查企业的碳足迹、实现企业净零排放,是与煤地质学紧密相关的碳减排技术路径;其中煤层甲烷与煤系气高效勘探开发、深部煤层CO₂-ECBM、煤层露头气体逸散与自燃发火控制、洁净煤地质与煤炭精细勘查是碳中和背景下煤地质学优先发展的重要领域。