天然气水合物钻探低温低密度水泥浆体系优选试验

针对天然气水合物钻探对固井水泥浆的特殊要求,经过大量试验,优选出一种新型低温低密度水泥浆体系：100%G级油井水泥+15%漂珠+10%～15%微硅+8%超细矿渣+1%消泡剂+0.5%降失水剂+2.5%分散剂+2%硅烷偶联剂+5.6%～6%偏硅酸钠+8%～8.5%氯化钙+0.3%三乙醇胺+1%氯化钠（水固比0.7）。该水泥浆体系在低温条件下的密度、稠化时间、抗压强度、流变性和泌水量均可满足天然气水合物钻探固井要求。     

基于紧密堆积理论的低密度固井水泥浆设计

合理的颗粒级配是提高固井水泥环内部密实度、早期力学强度和界面胶结能力的关键。基于此,本文从几种典型的连续颗粒级配的紧密堆积理论中优选出DFE进行固井水泥浆体系设计,并通过大量实验首次确定了适宜G级油井水泥基深水固井水泥浆体系设计的n值最优范围：0.33~0.40。结合激光粒度分析仪实测结果,在粒径≤3.38 μm、3.38~70.70 μm、≥70.70 μm三个范围内依次采用纳米CaCO₃（nano CaCO₃,以下简称“NC”）、G级油井水泥和漂珠,并按DFE（n=0.33~0.40）体积分布曲线进行混配。在此基础上,提出一种密度为1.50 g/cm³的低成本低温早强三元固相级配水泥浆体系,并与漂珠二元固相水泥浆体系和NC二元固相水泥浆体系的性能进行对比。研究结果表明：该三元体系水泥石的抗压强度、抗折强度和二界面胶结强度相比于漂珠二元体系和NC二元体系分别提高了7%~21.1%、13.4%~51.9%和41.4%~122.2%。三元体系的固井水泥石在垂向上的最大密度差为0.022 g/cm³。基于DFE设计的三元体系具有良好的流变性、稳定性和力学性能。DFE对于多元固井水泥浆体系的设计和应用具有一定的指导意义,在保证低密度的前提下能够有效地提高固井水泥石的早期强度和综合性能。     

纳米二氧化硅在固井水泥浆中的应用研究进展

近年来,纳米二氧化硅由于其本身超高的比表面积及与水泥的火山灰反应,在石油天然气工业中引起了广泛的关注。本文系统梳理了纳米二氧化硅在固井水泥浆中的研究现状,着重介绍了纳米二氧化硅对固井水泥浆的失水量和稠化时间、对水泥石的力学性能和微观结构的影响,总结了NS在高温条件下的性能表现,探讨了纳米二氧化硅在固井水泥浆的应用中存在的问题、面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向,以期对纳米二氧化硅在固井领域的 应用和发展有所帮助。     

新型低密度水泥浆体系在大庆油田深层气井中的应用

针对常规漂珠的批量生产限制、承压能力差,非漂珠低密度水泥浆体系密度可控范围窄、低温强度低等问题,进行了新型深井高强低密度水泥浆体系的研究。选用新型高承压人造空心微珠作为主减轻剂,以颗粒的合理级配及紧密堆积为理论基础,通过水泥石抗压强度、水泥浆沉降稳定性等试验优选了 DC-1、DC-2外掺料,并确定最优配比。复配外加剂体系后,研制出密度为1.30～1.40 g/cm3的低密度水泥浆体系,具有密度低、强度高、稳定好等特点。该体系泥浆在大庆油According to the problems of conventional floating bead about mass production limit, poor resistance to pressure and non floating bead about narrow controllable range and low temperature strength, the study was made on high compressive strength and low density cement slurry system for new deep well. New high pressure artificial cenospheres were selected as density reducer, on the theoretical basis of reasonable gradation of particles and dense packing and by the cement compressing strength and cement slurry sedimentation stability tests, DC-1 and DC-2 additives were optimized and the optimal proportion was determined. With the additive system completion, new cement slurry system of 1.30～1.40g/cm3 was developed with the characteristics of low density, high compressive strength and good sedimentary stability, this slurry system was applied in Zhaoshen well 19 in Xujiaweizi block of Daqing oilfield. The good application effects show its good popularization and application prospect.田徐家围子区块肇深19井成功应用,取得较好的效果,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

固井水泥浆主要性能模糊评价方法研究

根据不同模糊数学隶属函数分布曲线的形状和走向,分别选取适合描述水泥浆稠化时间、流性指数、API滤失量、抗压强度和析水性能的模糊分布,以实际固井的水泥浆实测性能综合评分与实际固井质量评分对比,优选了相关隶属函数的参数。以5口井的实际固井为例,验证了评价方法的可靠性,所得到的评价结果与现场固井胶结质量的平均拟合误差由文献\[4\]中的±12.26%减小到±3.34%。证明本研究所确定的评价方法可作为水泥浆体系及外加剂的优选方法,合理确定固井质量。     

水泥浆失重对高压油气井固井质量的影响分析及工艺对策

高压油气井由于存在高压地层,在整个钻井工程中都引起了高度重视。有些高压油气井可能还存在低压易漏层。在固井候凝过程中,水泥浆会产生失重,进而降低了井筒内的液柱压力,如果液柱压力低于失重井段的地层压力,地层流体将会向环空侵入,造成窜槽,甚至会引发井控事故;如果液柱压力高于地层（破裂）压力将引起地层漏失,进而污染油气层,造成水泥浆低返。因此,处理好固井过程中井筒内动态压力和地层压力的关系以及制定相关的应急措施是高压油气井固井成败的关键。分析了水泥浆失重对高压油气井固井质量的影响因素,提出了高压油气井油气水侵的预防措施和固井中相关风险的应急措施和机制。     

延长油田西部区域水平井固井水泥浆体系优化技术

分析了目前延长油田西部区域固井现状及造成固井质量差的原因,据此提出了适合延长油田西部地区水平井固井水泥浆性能的要求,优选出了适合该地区水平井固井的水泥浆体系。该水泥浆体系具有低滤失、零自由液、高沉降稳定性、好流变性,有利于提高浆液顶替效率。形成的水泥石具有不收缩、微膨胀、早强的特点,满足水平井射孔、后期压裂改造等工程施工的要求。最终形成了一整套适合延长油田西部地区水平井固井的水泥浆体系。     

煤层气泡沫水泥浆固井工艺技术及现场应用

针对沁水盆地南部煤层气井储层压力低、易漏失、易坍塌的特点,开发了超低密度泡沫水泥浆体系及暂堵型前置液体系,并形成了泡沫水泥浆固井技术。泡沫水泥浆体系密度为1.10~1.20 g/cm³,具有良好的流动性能、无游离液、沉降稳定性好、API失水量小于50 mL/30 min、稠化时间合理、水泥石强度高等优点;暂堵型前置液体系具有良好的流变性能,对3号煤层具有良好的堵漏能力。根据钻井过程中出现的漏失情况、完钻后的钻井液返出情况及井壁稳定情况,从固井浆体的用量、顶替液的顶替排量等方面总结了泡沫水泥浆固井的配套工艺措施。在沁水盆地南部现场试验了4口井,取得了较好的效果。     

泡沫固井水泥浆密度与环空液柱压力变化规律研究

超低密度泡沫水泥浆是解决低漏失压力井固井漏失,提高固井质量的有效措施。除泡沫水泥浆体系的开发与性能优化外,掌握泡沫水泥浆在环空内产生的静液柱压力随井深的变化规律,是成功实施该工艺技术的前提。借助实际气体状态方程,考虑温度、压力变化对充入氮气的影响,建立了静液柱压力和水泥浆密度与井深之间的数学模型,以迭代法编程求解该隐函数方程,并借助VB语言实现程序运算。分析了含气量变化、井深等因素对泡沫水泥浆密度及静液柱压力的影响规律,并提出了泡沫水泥浆“防漏”与“压稳”固井浆柱结构设计思路,为该工艺平衡压力固井设计提供了一定的参考和理论依据。该设计方法经现场应用,证实其运算结果的可靠性。     

水合物地层低热固井水泥浆用相变微胶囊的制备及应用

当深海固井遇到天然气水合物地层时,由于水泥浆水化放热,导致水合物的相变平衡条件发生改变,诱发水合物分解,引起二界面胶结质量下降等问题。为提高水合物地层固井质量,可向水泥浆中添加具有吸热控温作用的相变微胶囊,可有效降低固井水泥浆的水化升温。基于此,以配比石蜡为控温芯材、碳酸钙为壁材,利用自组装法制备了一种使用于深水水合物地层固井水泥浆控温微胶囊。由于固井水泥浆在达到水合物地层的过程中,外界温度环境复杂,单一相变温度的控温芯材极易失效。为扩展控温区间,选用切片石蜡与白油作为混合芯材,控温区间达到14.8~39.8 ℃。研究表明,该微胶囊表观形态良好、彼此无团聚,在热循环过程中,不易发生泄漏。与水泥浆复配后,对水泥浆流变性能无明显影响。在低掺加量时,微胶囊主要起降低水泥浆峰值温度的效果,并提升水泥石整体力学强度;高掺加量时,微胶囊既可以有效降低水泥浆峰值温度,也可以明显地延缓水泥浆放热速率。     

温敏堵漏水泥浆体系研究与应用

温敏形状记忆聚合物是形状记忆材料的一种,其结构中存在记忆起始形状的固定相和随温度变化能可逆地固化和软化的可逆相。本文将这种材料性能应用于石油工程的固井领域,利用温敏聚合物温敏形变的特点,在井下温度升高时激发粒子形变形成大形变体,为封堵漏失层提供架桥结构,解决固井水泥浆防漏堵漏效果差、水泥车不能泵送较大尺寸颗粒的难题。研制的温敏堵漏材料初始粒径1 mm,达到温敏点后体积形变膨胀,应用温度60~140 ℃,加量0~2% BWOC;据此构建的温敏堵漏水泥浆体系,能有效封堵2 mm的缝隙板,承压7 MPa。温敏堵漏水泥浆先后在东北分公司北209井、北8井、北213-1井等的尾管或油层固井中进行了现场应用,尤其在北213-1井的固井堵漏过程中有效解决了固井漏失难题。     

Research and application of mud proportioning optimization of slurry balance shield in mudstone and gravel composite stratum

Slurry performance is one of the key factors to maintain the stability of excavation face when slurry balance shield is tunneling in complex strata. Based on the engineering background of slurry shield tunneling in mudstone and gravel composite stratum of Nanning Metro Line 5, the control variable method and the self-made slurry shield tunneling system are adopted to compare and select the mud admixture and to analyze the influence of the admixture amount and the formation composite ratio on the slurry relative density. Then, the mud permeability law and the dynamic and static mud film forming law under different formation composite ratios, swelling water ratios and slag dosages are analyzed comprehensively by factorial design. The results show that different admixtures have significant influence on the properties of bentonite slurry. Specifically, potassium methyl silicate and potassium chloride can effectively reduce the relative density of slurry, while sodium chloride and sodium silicate can promote the disintegration of mudstone in water. In addition, the slag admixture can effectively reduce the water filtration, improving the film quality and reducing the consumption of bentonite. When the cutter head speed is less than or equal to 2.5 r/min, the formation rate of mud film is greater than or equal to the failure rate so as to ensure the stability of driving face. The mud swelling water ratio suitable for mudstone and gravel composite stratum (composite ratio: 0?1) is 0.1?0.20, the residue content is 100?200 g/kg, and the potassium methyl silicate is 3.75%?7.50%.     

长庆油田小套管二次固井工艺技术研究与应用

针对长庆油田?139.7 mm生产套管中下?88.9 mm小套管二次固井环空间隙小、固井施工压力高,水泥环薄、密封完整性难以满足后期措施需求,固井前井筒界面环境差、二界面水泥胶结不佳等技术难点,通过技术创新及改进,研制出适用于小套管二次固井的低摩阻耐压防漏水泥浆体系、热固性树脂水泥浆体系,结合自主研发的界面增强型冲洗液和固井压塞液体系,形成一套长庆油田小套管固井工作液体系。优选性能可靠的固井配套工具,优化小套管固井管串结构,按照平衡压力固井原理,采用一次上返固井工艺,总结出了一套小套管二次固井工艺技术。现场应用10口井,固井质量优良率95%,增产效果显著,为长庆油田老井增潜挖效及套损井治理提供了有力的技术支撑。     

山西干热岩GR1井高温固井技术研究与实践

固井质量对干热岩后期开发利用具有重要意义。针对山西大同盆地干热岩勘查井GR1井温度高、高温固井水泥浆技术体系不完善等问题,通过研究勘查区地质特征,提出了高温固井水泥浆技术体系开发思路。研究表明：干热岩高温固井水泥浆水胶比控制为0.45,优选添加剂高温降失水剂CG82L、高温缓凝剂H40L、高温稳定剂CF40L、消泡剂GX-1、硅粉及HV-PAC,形成一套适用于山西干热岩井的高温固井水泥浆技术体系。该水泥浆体系在GR1井成功应用,现场固井质量良好,研究成果为今后同类型高温固井工作提供了宝贵经验和技术支撑。     

煤系复杂地层钻探护壁浆液研究与应用

基于护壁材料对浆液的流变性和失水及造壁性的影响,通过室内试验,研究了适用于煤系复杂地层的护壁浆液——膨润土-高聚物浆液。采用正交试验法得出护壁浆液的优化配方：5%膨润土+0.3% SM植物胶+0.04%聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）+1%腐植酸钾（KHm）。将这种高聚物低固相泥浆用于现场试验,在煤系复杂地层的钻探护壁中取得了良好的效果。     

Leaching potential and redox transformations of arsenic and selenium in sediment microcosms with fly ash

The unintended release of coal ash to the environment is a concern due to the enrichment of contaminants such as arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) in this solid waste material. Current risk assessments of coal ash disposal focus on pH as the primary driver of leaching from coal ash. However, redox speciation of As and Se is a major factor for their mobilization potential and has received much less attention for risk assessments, particularly in disposal scenarios where coal ash will likely be exposed to microbially-driven redox gradients. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the differences of aerobic and anaerobic conditions for the leaching of As and Se from coal ash. Batch sediment-ash slurry microcosms were performed to mimic an ash spill scenario and were monitored for changes in As and Se speciation and mobilization potential. The results showed that the dissolved As concentrations were up to 50 times greater in the anaerobic microcosms relative to the aerobic microcosms during the two week incubation. This trend was consistent with As redox speciation determined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which indicated that 55% of the As in the solid phase at the end of the experiment was present as As(III) (a more leachable form of arsenic relative to As(V)). In the aerobic microcosms, only 13% of the As was As(III) and the rest was As(V). More than half of the Se was present as Se(IV) in the original fly ash and in the aerobic microcosms, while in the anaerobic microcosms Se was gradually transformed to less soluble Se(0) species. Likewise, dissolved Se concentrations were up to 25 times greater in the aerobic microcosms relative to anaerobic conditions. While the overall observations of As and Se mobilization potential from coal ash were consistent with expectations for aqueous and solid phase speciation of these elements, the findings directly show the relevance of these processes for coal ash disposal. These results highlight the need to select appropriate environmental parameters to include in risk assessments as well as provide potential geochemical monitoring tools through the use of dissolved Se/As ratios to determine the redox conditions of ash storage and spill sites.     

深孔水力采矿碎岩与矿浆举升机具设计与试验

钻孔水力采矿技术作为一种新型非传统采矿方法,在开采易分散、疏松、多孔、弱胶结性等固体矿产时显示出独特的优点。基于钻孔水力采矿原理,主要对碎岩高压水枪工作原理和结构进行了研究,对矿浆举升系统等方面进行了优化设计,通过数值模拟分析和地表、孔内实物模型试验进行了设计验证,并研究了相应的钻孔水力采矿工艺,这些研究为未来深部固体矿产领域开发提供技术支撑。