1971—2015年鄂尔多斯市大雾天气特征分析

利用1971—2015年内蒙古鄂尔多斯市11个国家区域自动站能见度≤1km大雾天气地面观测资料,进行分类整理,对大雾时空分布、日变化、持续时间等气候特征及气象要素的特点,进行分析判断,结果表明：鄂尔多斯市大雾西北部最少,东南部最多,有很大的波动性和明显的季节性。21世纪70年代呈下降趋势,80年代呈上升趋势,近2ａ出现猛增趋势。出现大雾高峰期07—10时,持续时间主要在0～4h。适宜的气温、微弱的风力、潮湿的空气和一定厚度的逆温层,有利于形成大雾天气。     

1949—2015年北上热带气旋特征

利用1949—2015年CMA STI热带气旋(TC：Tropical Cyclone)最佳路径数据集、NCEP25°×25°再分析资料及常规资料,对北上TC特征进行研究。结果表明：1949—2015年进入北上定义区的TC共计91个,占西北太平洋（包含南海）TC总数41%,年平均14个;进入定义区最早5月,最晚9月,最多8月,但7月北上几率最大。依据TC运动形态特征将北上TC路径分为转向北上和直接北上两大类,其中转向北上TC转向之后路径与转向点密切联系,这对北上TC路径预报有重要意义。北上TC生成源地主要在8°~25°N,122°~155°E,不同路径北上TC源地纬度、经度分布有差异,源地偏北的TC未来转向点偏北和直接北上的可能性大。北上TC一般在定义区外20°N左右达到生命史最大强度,进入定义区后强度大多减弱为热带风暴,强度越强减弱速度越快;进入影响区后发生变性的TC明显增加。北上TC路径与西太平洋副热带高压的主体位置、形态和强度有关,副高西端高脊的引导气流决定北上TC未来路径是转向还是北上,西脊点的位置决定北上TC未来转向点的位置。不同路径北上TC暴雨和大风天气区分布存在差异,中纬转向、高纬转向和直接北上路径是造成北方强烈降水和大风的主要路径。     

2015年12月新疆极端暴雪天气过程分析*

2015年12月10-12日新疆大面积暴雪是欧洲脊发展衰退、乌拉尔低槽东移南下环流形势下的极端强天气过程,环流形势、高低空系统配置与新疆强降水研究成果[1-3]吻合,高低空三支急流是大尺度上升运动维持和水汽输送、辐合的重要系统。暴雪过程中存在3条水汽输送路径,水汽长时间向暴雪区输送且输送厚度较厚,水汽辐合从低层发展、东移时层次抬升强度增强,水汽输送和辐合主要出现在低层700-850hPa,当水汽输送层和辐合层降低、强度减弱后最强降水开始。天山地形强迫抬升作用明显,低层水汽在天山北坡聚集抬升,低层冷垫有利于中层西南暖湿气流向北输送。环流经向度大和槽前偏南风强、天山地形的强迫抬升和上升运动维持以及水汽持续输送和3条中尺度云带的持续影响是此次新疆极端暴雪形成的重要机制。     

2015—2019年辽宁省暴雨红色预警信号分布及其特征

利用2015—2019年辽宁省发布的暴雨红色预警信号和1605个自动站的分钟级降水资料,统计暴雨红色预警信号和短时大暴雨年际变化和时空分布,分析暴雨红色预警信号的高分布区、易发时段。结果表明：2015—2017年辽宁省暴雨红色预警信号发布站数逐年递增,最大值出现在2017年,发布站数为147个;2015—2018年预警信号准确率提升,提前时间略减少,最低值为2018年,提前时间为19 min;2019年比2018年暴雨红色预警信号发布站数减少59个,提前时间增加29 min;暴雨红色预警信号的空间分布为东南部地区多、中部地区少;暴雨红色预警信号多在夜间发布;在辽宁省发布的50%以上的暴雨红色预警信号中,降水量达到预警发布标准的时间滞后于最大雨强出现时间90 min,最大雨强出现时间为暴雨红色预警信号发布的重要指标。为了达到防灾减灾的服务效果,发布暴雨红色预警信号时,应充分考虑最大雨强出现时间、发布时机、短时大暴雨高发区及地形的影响。     

Urban heat island research from 1991 to 2015: a bibliometric analysis

A bibliometric analysis based on the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-Expanded) database from the Web of Science was performed to review urban heat island (UHI) research from 1991 to 2015 and statistically assess its developments, trends, and directions. In total, 1822 papers published in 352 journals over the past 25 years were analyzed for scientific output; citations; subject categories; major journals; outstanding keywords; and leading countries, institutions, authors, and research collaborations. The number of UHI-related publications has continuously increased since 1991. Meteorology atmospheric sciences, environmental sciences, and construction building technology were the three most frequent subject categories. Building and Environment, International Journal of Climatology, and Theoretical and Applied Climatology were the three most popular publishing journals. The USA and China were the two leading countries in UHI research, contributing 49.56% of the total articles. Chinese Academy of Science, Arizona State University, and China Meteorological Administration published the most UHI articles. Weng QH and Santamouris M were the two most prolific authors. Author keywords were classified into four major groups: (1) research methods and indicators, e.g., remote sensing, field measurement, and models; (2) generation factors, e.g., impervious urban surfaces, urban geometry, waste heat, vegetation, and pollutants; (3) environmental effects, e.g., urban climate, heat wave, ecology, and pollution; and (4) mitigation and adaption strategies, e.g., roof technology cooling, reflective cooling, vegetation cooling, and urban geometry cooling. A comparative analysis of popular issues revealed that UHI determination (intensity, heat source, supporting techniques) remains the central topic, whereas UHI impacts and mitigation strategies are becoming the popular issues that will receive increasing scientific attention in the future. Modeling will continue to be the leading research method, and remote sensing will be used more widely. Additionally, a combination of remote sensing and field measurements with models is expected.     

Changes in aridity in response to the global warming hiatus

The global warming slowdown or warming hiatus, began around the year 2000 and has persisted for nearly 15 years. Most studies have focused on the interpretation of the hiatus in temperature. In this study, changes in a global aridity index (AI) were analyzed by using a newly developed dynamical adjustment method that can successfully identify and separate dynamically induced and radiatively forced aridity changes in the raw data. The AI and Palmer Drought Severity Index produced a wetting zone over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in recent decades. The dynamical adjustment analysis suggested that this wetting zone occurred in response to the global warming hiatus. The dynamically induced AI (DAI) played a major role in the AI changes during the hiatus period, and its relationships with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) also indicated that different phases of the NAO, PDO, and AMO contributed to different performances of the DAI over the Northern Hemisphere. Although the aridity wetting over the mid-to-high latitudes may relieve long-term drying in certain regions, the hiatus is temporary, and so is the relief. Accelerated global warming will return when the NAO, PDO, and AMO revert to their opposite phases in the future, and the wetting zone is likely to disappear.     

1949～2005年全国干旱灾害若干统计特征

根据1949～2005年干旱灾情统计资料,分析了我国干旱灾害的时空分布特征及其变化趋势.统计结果表明:近60年来,我国干旱灾害的受灾面积、成灾面积、经济损失有逐步增加的趋势,灾害发生的频率不断加快.空间分布上,西北区、华北区、内蒙古是受灾严重的区域,内蒙古、陕西、宁夏、吉林、山西等是受灾严重的省份,中国重旱的发生具有分形特征,其分维数为1.73,说明重旱灾害是一个混沌系统.     

亚洲中部干旱气候研究综述与机理分析

综述了亚洲中部干旱气候若干研究进展,并对亚洲中纬度干旱区形成机理进行了深入分析。依据大尺度气候分类法将全球陆地划分为季风、地中海及西风带气候区,分别对应于年内季节循环中多雨—高温的同位相、反位相及不相关等类型水—热配置特征。亚洲中部干旱区南北部分属地中海和西风带气候区,其不同水—热位相配置又对应于不同的水汽通量及其散度等特征。研究揭示了欧亚大陆中部干旱区形成于降水不足且季节性水—热配置不当,起因于大气环流平均槽脊季节变化引起的大气动力—热力配置,其根源是海陆热力差异及大地形对大气环流强迫的结果。本文还讨论了季风区与非季风区之间平均气流水汽散度的季节性互动,以及行星尺度上不同气候区之间平均气流与瞬变涡动水汽散度之间的配置等问题。     

Analysis of bulk precipitation chemistry in Serbia for the period from 1982 to 2010

Bulk precipitation samples collected daily through bulk collectors at eight meteorological stations in Serbia were analyzed for their chemical composition. The data covers time series, from 20 to 28 years, in the period between 1982 and 2010. The most abundant ion in the samples was sulfate. Only 0.17 % of all samples were from strong acid rains (pH < 3.5). The relatively high average pH values (5.94–6.26) of the collected precipitation indicate the neutral or alkaline nature of local rainwater. Trends in both the annual amount and the composition of precipitation were tested by the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. Significant increasing trend of precipitation was identified for almost all stations. Rebuilding activities after the bombing of Serbia in 1999 were identified as a possible anthropogenic cause of the sharp increase of some ions (Ca²⁺) in the first year following the bombing. The origin of air masses arriving at one particular station was examined using two-dimensional backward trajectories. Western sectors (W, SW and NW) accounted for almost half (44.3 %) of all rainy days, while eastern sectors (SE, E and NE) brought only 10.4 % of all rainy days. The distribution, per sector, of volume-weighted concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sodium ions, as well as the amount of precipitation and its pH values for one station, was also analyzed. Rainwater from the SE and S sectors was the most polluted.     

Spatial analysis of the annual and seasonal aridity trends in Extremadura,southwestern Spain

The knowledge of drought (or wetness) conditions is necessary not only for a rational use of water resources but also for explaining landscape and ecology characteristics. An increase in aridity in many areas of the world is expected because of climate change (global warming). With the aim of analysing annual and seasonal aridity trends in Extremadura, southwestern Spain, climate data from 81 locations within the 1951–2010 period were used. After computing the De Martonne aridity index at each location, a geographic information system (GIS) and multivariate geostatistics (regression kriging) were utilised to map this index throughout the region. Later, temporal trends were analysed using the Mann-Kendall test, and the Sen’s estimator was utilised to estimate the magnitude of trends. Maps of aridity trends were generated by ordinary kriging algorithm, providing a visualisation of detected annual and seasonal tendencies. An increase in aridity, as the De Martonne aridity index decreased, was apparent during the study period, mainly in the more humid locations of the north of the region. An increase of the seasonal De Martonne aridity index was also found, but it was only statistically significant in some locations in spring and summer, with the highest decreasing rate in the north of Extremadura. Change year detection was achieved using cumulative sum graphs, obtaining that firstly the change point occurred in spring, in the mid-1970s, later in the annual period in the late 1970s and finally in summer at the end of the 1980s.     

1960-2019年沙雅县极端天气的气候变化特征分析

采用一元线性回归分析和基于Matlab的Mann-kendal气候突变检验和morlet小波分析等方法,开展沙雅气象站50年常规气象要素和极端天气指数研究分析。结果显示：(1)气温增温趋势明显,最低气温上升对气温增温贡献大。(2)降水量变化趋势不明显,在20世纪80年代强度变化大。(3)历年日照时数显著下降,有高频振荡周期。(4)风速下降显著,春季风速下降速率最快;全年主导风向为东北风,除此之外夏季还多出现北风,秋冬季节多出现偏西风。(5)夜间最低气温增温明显,且增温速率高于白天,极端低温日数减少,沙雅县气温呈上升趋势;降水日数和各量级降水日数趋势变化不明显。     

1962—2015年乌兰察布市霜冻日期变化特征分析

文章基于乌兰察布市11个气象观测站1962—2015年地面最低温度资料,以当年日地面最低温度≤0℃初终日期作为霜冻指标计算历年初、终霜冻日期,利用线性倾向估计法、经验正交函数分解（EOF）和Mann-Kendall法等统计分析方法,分析了乌兰察布市霜冻日期空间分布特征、年际和年代际变化规律及其突变特征。结果表明：1受地形特点影响,各旗县初、终霜日期气候态差异较大;2 54a来,全市初霜冻日期呈偏晚态势,终霜冻日期呈偏早的态势,年际变率大;3初、终霜日期的EOF特征向量空间分布以前两个模态为主,方差贡献率为50%~60%;4初、终霜冻日期在20世纪90年代都发生了显著性突变,突变后初霜日期延迟了6d,终霜则提前了7d。     

1981—2015年招远市气温变化特征分析

文章利用招远国家气象观测站1981—2015年气温观测资料,运用趋势滑动平均和线性倾向估计方法对招远气象站气温变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:1981—2015年招远气象站年平均气温以0.22℃/10a的速率呈明显上升趋势,且具有明显的阶段性变化特征。季节平均气温均以不同速率上升,冬季气温上升趋势最为显著。年平均最高气温、最低气温均呈上升趋势,年平均最低气温上升趋势最显著。受热岛效应的影响,年平均最低气温的上升速率远大于年平均最高气温。除夏季平均最高气温呈缓慢下降趋势,其他季节均呈上升趋势,且冬季平均最低气温上升趋势最为明显。平均最低气温的快速上升使得气温日较差呈减小趋势。     

1971—2015年大连地区低风速气象特征分析

利用1971—2015年大连地区7个国家气象站的气象资料, 统计低风速条件下的累积频率、日变化、月变化和持续性等特征,分析低风速频率空间分布和年际变化特征。结果表明: (1)大连地区低风速频率较低,平均约20%,地区间差异显著,近海区域长海站最低,为8%,内陆的普兰店地区较高,达32%。(2)近45年,低风速频率呈增加趋势,大连、长海和普兰店站增加趋势显著,特别是近10年增幅更大。(3)大连站低风速频率具有显著的日变化,主要表现为白天偏低、中午时段最低,夜间高,半夜达到最高。(4)3—7月,大连地区低风速频率低;9月至次年2月较高,最大值出现在9月。(5)低风速持续时间长海站最长,持续10 h以上低风速频率达到27%,持续20 h以上接近9%,大连站低风速持续时长最短,持续4 h以下的占85%。     

1949—2010年西北太平洋热带气旋特征分析

文章分析了1949—2010年发生在西北太平洋上的热带气旋的空间分布特征。并利用趋势分析、小波分析和滑动t检验方法分析了热带气旋的年际变化特征、季节变化特征、周期特征和突变特征。结果表明:西北太平洋热带气旋多生成于5~25°N,110~170°E的海域。频数的年际变化存在三个阶段,月际变化明显,集中出现在7—10月。整个时域上10~15a的波动明显,并经历了三次突变过程。62a间强热带风暴生成最多,台风次之,热带风暴最少。热带气旋强度的年变化不明显。热带气旋强度越强,频数最大值的月份出现越晚。亚洲季风和西太平洋副高对热带气旋的产生起很大的作用。     

1951—2015年通辽市科尔沁区日气温特征分析

文章利用通辽国家基本气象站1951—2015年逐日最高气温、最低温度和日平均气温,计算了3个要素序列的算数平均值、中位数、众数及样本标准差等基本统计量,分析了每个气温等级出现的频次和不同气温段的气温日较差出现日数、日最高气温〉30℃日数和日最低气温≤-20℃日数等。结果表明：（1）该地极端最高气温达39.4℃,极端最低气温为-33.9℃,最高气温出现在7月12日,最低气温出现在1月17日。（2）全年26.1~28.0℃的最高气温出现频次和16.1~18.0℃的日最低气温出现频次最高。（3）一年中,日最高气温在0℃以上的天数占全年总日数的75%;日最低气温在0℃以下的日数占全年总日数的46%;日较差〉10℃的日数占全年总日数的69%。（4）1981—2015年平均气温比1951—1981年明显升高,表现为低温日数明显减少,而近10a不仅冬季低温日数减少而且夏季高温日数明显增多。     

Complexity analysis of the air temperature and the precipitation time series in Serbia

Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) was applied to the study of the effect of the topographical altitude of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on a severe drought event which took place in eastern China from November 2008 to January 2009. Two simulations of this drought event were conducted: a control simulation (CNTRL run) using original model settings and a sensitive simulation (TOPO run), where no change other than to reduce the TP topography by 50 %. The results show that the CNTRL simulation validates RAMS by reproducing this drought event fairly accurately. However, as part of the TOPO simulation, the total heat flux showed a decrease over most parts of the TP, latent heat flux underwent a significant increase over the southeastern TP, contrary to sensible heat, and a universal decrease over eastern China; this led to an increase in precipitation over the southeastern TP and a decrease in precipitation over eastern China. The decrease of total heat flux over the TP is collocated with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation from the TP to the coasts of southeastern China. Changes in atmospheric circulation and low-level water vapor transport pathways were consistent with changes in precipitation. In general, reducing the topographical altitude of the TP worsens drought in eastern China and moreover causes a significant decrease in precipitation over southern China.     

Non-parametric trend analysis of the aridity index for three large arid and semi-arid basins in Iran

Currently, an important scientific challenge that researchers are facing is to gain a better understanding of climate change at the regional scale, which can be especially challenging in an area with low and highly variable precipitation amounts such as Iran. Trend analysis of the medium-term change using ground station observations of meteorological variables can enhance our knowledge of the dominant processes in an area and contribute to the analysis of future climate projections. Generally, studies focus on the long-term variability of temperature and precipitation and to a lesser extent on other important parameters such as moisture indices. In this study the recent 50-year trends (1955–2005) of precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET), and aridity index (AI) in monthly time scale were studied over 14 synoptic stations in three large Iran basins using the Mann–Kendall non-parametric test. Additionally, an analysis of the monthly, seasonal and annual trend of each parameter was performed. Results showed no significant trends in the monthly time series. However, PET showed significant, mostly decreasing trends, for the seasonal values, which resulted in a significant negative trend in annual PET at five stations. Significant negative trends in seasonal P values were only found at a number of stations in spring and summer and no station showed significant negative trends in annual P. Due to the varied positive and negative trends in annual P and to a lesser extent PET, almost as many stations with negative as positive trends in annual AI were found, indicating that both drying and wetting trends occurred in Iran. Overall, the northern part of the study area showed an increasing trend in annual AI which meant that the region became wetter, while the south showed decreasing trends in AI.     

2003-2015年北京市观象台酸雨特征以及长期趋势分析

本文利用2003年-2015年观象台的酸雨观测资料,统计分析了北京市观象台酸雨分布特征及长期变化趋势。结论如下,北京市观象台降水年均pH值的变化范围为4.34～5.87,北京市观象台酸雨变化分为三个阶段：2003～2005年年均pH值较高,2006年是转折点,年均pH值比2005年下降0.42, 2007～2010年的年均pH值均低于4.5,在此期间北京地区已成为重酸雨污染区,2011～2015年pH值呈现较稳定的上升趋势。由于北京地区夏、秋季节温度及湿度均较高,加快了酸雨前体物的转换速率,而冬、春季节干旱少雨,大气中沙尘和颗粒较多,对酸性降水有缓冲作用,所以酸雨发生频率在夏季、秋季明显高于春季、冬季。降水的年均电导率的变化范围为48.8～99.5μs/cm,年际变化规律不明显,但电导率与降水量存在相关性,总降水量较小的年份,年均电导率偏高;总降水量较大的年份,年均电导率偏低。