不同地震动强度下珊瑚礁砂地基中桩-土-结构地震响应试验研究

珊瑚礁砂在地震作用下的场地响应受其特殊的工程性质影响。为揭示珊瑚砂场地桩基-地基-上部结构在地震作用下的动力响应特性,开展了不同地震动强度下珊瑚砂地基上三层框架结构群桩基础的振动台模型试验,对地基土和结构物的动力响应进行测试与分析,同时与可液化福建砂场地进行对比研究。结果表明,0.1 g正弦波激励下,两种砂模型地基内各处超孔压比均远小于1,模型地基未发生液化。0.2 g正弦波激励下,两种砂模型地基发生液化,珊瑚砂场地液化程度小于福建砂场地,液化后的珊瑚砂场地模型地基相比福建砂场地仍具有一定的剪切传递能力和刚度。0.1 g和0.2 g振动强度下珊瑚砂场地建筑物沉降、水平位移和立柱动弯矩相比福建砂场地较小。不同振动强度下桩基础出现动弯矩峰值的位置不同。     

离心机振动台模型试验验证的珊瑚礁砂液化判别方法研究

工程现场珊瑚礁砂场地主要以珊瑚砂、砾组成的宽级配珊瑚礁砂,其砾粒含量分布从20%～90%,其液化特性与普通石英砂有较大区别,如仍采用现行液化判别方法评估珊瑚礁砂场地液化潜势,则容易导致工程场地的抗液化处理设计不经济或无法满足要求。以中国南海岛礁和东帝汶珊瑚礁砂为研究对象开展了原级配大动三轴试验分析,建立了基于抗液化强度(cyclic resistance ratios,简称CRR)与相对密实度Dr关系液化判别方法,并通过离心机振动试验进行对比分析。结果表明,当采取相同地震动工况时,由动三轴试验产生的超孔压比相比模型试验超孔压比大;当持时增加到30周时(对应震级8级),土体液化深度达20m,有效证明了珊瑚礁砂场地遭遇强地震动时具有液化潜在风险。此外,通过液化判别计算,验证了基于CRR-D_r关系的液化判别方法准确率达82.5%,且判别不一致工况的判别结果偏保守,进一步验证了此方法可应用于工程抗液化设计。     

不同地震动强度下珊瑚礁砂地基中桩-土-结构地震响应试验研究

珊瑚礁砂在地震作用下的场地响应受其特殊的工程性质影响。为揭示珊瑚砂场地桩基-地基-上部结构在地震作用下的动力响应特性,开展了不同地震动强度下珊瑚砂地基上3层框架结构群桩基础的振动台模型试验,对地基土和结构物的动力响应进行测试与分析,同时与可液化福建砂场地进行对比研究。结果表明:0.1g正弦波激励下,两种砂模型地基内各处超孔压比均远小于1,模型地基未发生液化;0.2g正弦波激励下,两种砂模型地基发生液化,珊瑚砂场地液化程度小于福建砂场地,液化后的珊瑚砂场地模型地基相比福建砂场地仍具有一定的剪切传递能力和刚度。0.1g和0.2g振动强度下珊瑚砂场地建筑物沉降、水平位移和立柱动弯矩相比福建砂场地较小。不同振动强度下桩基础出现动弯矩峰值的位置不同。     

钙质砂抗剪强度特性的环剪试验

珊瑚礁沉积的钙质砂与石英砂的物理力学性质有较大差别。对取自南海岛礁的钙质砂进行了单次往返环剪试验以分析钙质砂的抗剪强度特性,试验中考虑了相对密实度和竖向应力对结果的影响,并与相同级配和试验条件下的石英砂进行对比分析。结果表明：钙质砂正向剪切时应力-位移曲线为软化型,具有明显的残余强度特性,而反向剪切时则表现为硬化型,正向和反向剪切强度基本一致;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切均表现为软化型。钙质砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与峰值强度的比值在0.75～0.93之间;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与对应峰值强度的比值在0.89～0.96之间。相同级配和试验条件下,钙质砂残余强度均大于石英砂,且强度比值基本保持在1.05～1.3之间。在100、200 kPa竖向荷载作用下,钙质砂0.5～2.0 mm的颗粒发生了破碎,破碎率分别为4%和6%。     

珊瑚礁岩土工程地质的探索与研究——从事珊瑚礁研究30年

珊瑚礁是一种特殊的岩土体,从工程地质角度可分为珊瑚砂屑土和珊瑚礁灰岩两大类。本文回顾了珊瑚礁研究30年的基本历程,重点对珊瑚砂屑土的静力学特性、动力学特性、颗粒强度低等特殊力学性能以及桩基工程性质的探索和研究成果进行了回顾与展望,并以南海岛礁工程建设为引,号召更多的科研学者加入到珊瑚礁的研究队伍中,共同促进珊瑚礁工程地质学科的发展。     

循环加载频率对饱和珊瑚砂液化特性的影响

人们对循环加载频率f对饱和石英砂液化特性的影响已进行大量的不排水循环试验研究,但循环加载频率f对饱和珊瑚砂液化特性的影响尚未引起重视。为探究f对饱和珊瑚砂液化特性的影响,针对中密、均等固结的饱和珊瑚砂试样,开展了f=0.01～1.00 Hz、循环主应力路径90°跳转的系列不排水循环剪切试验。试验表明：孔压比ru和广义剪应变γg的增长速率随f增大而降低,到达初始液化所需的液化次数N_L随f增大而增大;不同循环加载方式引起的广义剪应变幅值γ_ga与峰值孔压比r_umax存在事实上的唯一性关系,且γga可表示为以r_umax为自变量的正切函数;f的增大会减弱试样的剪胀性。引入单元体循环应力比USR作为施加于试样的循环应力水平指标,USR-N_L关系曲线随f的增大而移向右上侧,不同f的USR-N_L关系曲线均服从相同形式的负幂函数。这意味着饱和珊瑚砂的抗液化强度随f的增大而增大。     

几种地震液化判别方法的对比

地震液化判别是地震地质灾害评价的重要环节,不同的判别方法有时会得出不同的结论。对几种主要判别方法进行梳理,通过具体工程测试数据,分别应用标准贯入法、NCEER法、静力触探法及剪切波速法进行判别,分析各种方法的结论,得出用剪切波速法进行液化判别存在明显的缺陷,对于浅层的粉土较为冒进,对于深层的砂土又过于保守。标准贯入法、NCEER法、静力触探法得出的结论基本一致,但对于细颗粒含量较高的砂土,NCEER法与其他方法存在明显的差别。     

基于互相关函数的单孔法波速测试优化算法

土的剪切波速是岩土工程领域的一个重要参数。建筑场地类别划分、地基饱和砂土液化判别、地震反应分析等都依赖于剪切波速,由于其重要性,对它的测定技术和精确程度应重点研究。针对工程中广泛采用的单孔法剪切波速测试,提出了一种基于互相关函数计算土层剪切波速的优化算法。克服了传统数据处理方法中经常遇到的负波速、波速数值明显过大或过小和同一土层各测点波速差别较大等4种不合理因素,提高了数据分析的精度和效率。     

中国南海珊瑚砂的多尺度颗粒形貌特征分析

颗粒形貌是影响珊瑚砂力学性质的重要参数,研究珊瑚砂多尺度形貌特征有助于从细观角度阐释其力学特性。基于颗粒动态图像分析技术对不同粒径范围内超过20万个珊瑚砂和陆源石英砂（包括人工破碎石英砂和天然石英砂）颗粒开展颗粒形貌扫描和对比分析,提出了适用于珊瑚砂的颗粒形状分类标准,并从颗粒形状、磨圆度和凸度3个尺度上揭示了海相珊瑚砂与陆源石英砂颗粒形貌的差异性。结果表明：（1）珊瑚砂主要由块状、片状及棒状3种类型的颗粒组成,以伸长率和扁平率为0.5作为珊瑚砂颗粒形状的划分阈值进行颗粒形状分类,该分类方法的准确率可达90%。（2）珊瑚砂中块状颗粒占比最大,且含量大于50%。随着粒径增加,块状颗粒占比增加,片状颗粒占比下降,而棒状颗粒基本维持不变;随着粒径的增加,石英砂中的块状颗粒占比高于珊瑚砂,这是由颗粒的矿物性质决定的,而与颗粒的风化破碎方式无关。（3）人工破碎石英砂的磨圆度与珊瑚砂的较为接近,且略小于天然石英砂。块状颗粒的磨圆度大于片状颗粒,更大于棒状颗粒,因此块状颗粒占比越高,集合体的磨圆度越大。（4）珊瑚砂的颗粒凸度介于0.85～1.00间,石英砂的凸度大于珊瑚砂。随着粒径的增加,珊瑚砂的凸...     

马尔代夫珊瑚砂孔隙比试验研究及无核密度仪应用初探

马尔代夫珊瑚砂因其特有的形状不规则、微孔丰富等特性,不仅在颗粒表面有不规则敞口孔隙,在颗粒内部还有封闭内空隙,与传统的石英砂差别较大。在珊瑚砂物理和化学特性分析的基础上,提出一套行之有效的确定珊瑚砂孔隙比的方案,并通过实测资料进行计算。同时,在工程实践中,采用无核密度仪,不仅数据更加可靠,同时大大提高了工作效率。     

Soil liquefaction evaluation using shear wave velocity

A reasonably good relationship between shear wave velocity (SWV) and standard penetration resistance (SPT) of granular soils in agreement with previous studies was obtained from field tests. A similar correlation between SWV and cone penetration resistance of granular soils was also obtained. Using Seed's Standard Penetration Test (SPT)-based soil liquefaction charts, new charts of soil liquefaction evaluation based on SWV data were developed for various magnitude earthquakes.     

Steady state and liquefaction characteristics of gravely sands

Liquefaction of loose and saturated soils during earthquakes and strong ground motions has been a major cause of damage to buildings and earth embankments as well as other civil engineering structures. In order to evaluate the liquefaction potential and steady state characteristics of gravely sand of south west Tehran,a subsoil exploration program conducted dividing the region into 10 zones. In each zone of 500 m × 500 m a borehole of 20 m deep was drilled. SPT was performed at one meter intervals in each borehole and a total of 200 samples were recovered. Soils of similar grain size distribution have been considered to have similar steady state characteristics,therefore consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on these soils of similar grain size distribution to evaluate the steady state strength. The steady state line for each soil type was derived. Comparing the steady state strengths with the shear stress due to an earthquake with a PGA of 0.35 g,the potential of sand liquefaction and .ow failure in soil layers has been evaluated and the settlement of soil due to the liquefaction phenomena is calculated. Finally some recommendations for estimating the steady state strength from simple SPT test in gravely sands are presented.     

Soil void ratio correlation with shear wave velocities and SPT N values for Indo-Gangetic basin

In this study attempt has been made to understand in-situ void ratio in Indo-Gangetic basin (IGB) and to form empirical relations between void ratio and shear wave velocity (V_s), N values considering subsoil investigation data. Multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) test and standard penetration test was carried out along with soil property measured at 25 locations. The general soil profile varied from silty sand to clay of low compressibility, ground water level fluctuated between 1-27 m, depth of borehole varied from 20-40 m. Regression analysis was conducted on 202 data sets of void ratio and shear wave velocity, 293 data sets of void ratio and SPT- N value, which resulted in inverse correlations between void ratio and V_s, SPT N value. The datas were segregated into fine, coarse grained data based on engineering classification and relations were developed separately. Until now, no studies have related in-situ void ratio to V_s and SPT N. These correlations will be useful to predict void ratio for sites having measured values of V_s and N value. These void ratios can be further used to assess liquefaction susceptibility.     

饱和砂土液化研究现状及展望

通过多年的研究,人们对饱和砂土液化有了很深的认识。在Seed简化法,剪切波速法和标准贯入试验等判别的方法的研究方面也取得了很多的成果。本文主要介绍了我国广泛应用的标准贯入试验的方法,以及应用数值方法如何更好的判断场地的抗液化性。提出应用室内的微型贯入试验来判断饱和砂土液化的展望。     

饱和砂土的剪切波速与其抗液化强度关系研究

根据饱和砂土剪切波速与其抗液化强度的相关性原理,利用剪切波速与振动三轴联合实验装置,进行了控制饱和砂土初始剪切波速的振动液化实验,依据实验结果建立了剪切波速与抗液化强度的定量关系。最后用现场勘查数据对此定量关系进行验证,结果表明：该关系式对实际 66 个未液化地点的判别准确率达到 81.2 %;对 108 个实际液化地点的判别准确率达到 62.8 %;平均判别准确率达到 69.5 %。     

Geospatial contour mapping of shear wave velocity for Mumbai city

Shear wave velocity is one of the most important input parameter in the analysis of geotechnical earthquake engineering problems, particularly to estimate site-specific amplification factor and ground response study. Dynamic in situ tests such as spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) or multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) are very expensive. Also due to lack of specialized personnel, these tests are generally avoided in many soil investigation programs. Worldwide, several researchers have developed correlations between the SPT ‘N’ value and shear wave velocity ‘V _s’, which are useful for determining the dynamic soil properties. In the present study, more than 400 numbers of soil borehole data were collected from various geotechnical investigation agencies, government engineering institutes and geotechnical laboratories from different parts of Mumbai city, which is financial capital of India with highest population density. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop the correlation between the SPT ‘N’ value and shear wave velocity ‘V _s’ for various soil profile of Mumbai city and compared with other existing correlations for different cities in India. Using Geographical Information System (GIS), a geospatial contour map of shear wave velocity profile for Mumbai city is prepared with contour intervals of 25 and 50 m/s. The scarcity of database or maps of shear wave velocity profile for Mumbai city will make the present geospatial contour maps extremely useful and beneficial to the designer, practitioners for seismic hazard study involved in geotechnical earthquake engineering.     

Geotechnical reconnaissance and liquefaction analyses of a liquefaction site with silty fine sand in Southern Taiwan

Geotechnical reconnaissance of a recurrent liquefaction site at a Quaternary alluvial deposit in southern Taiwan was conducted to establish a comprehensive case history for liquefaction on silty fine sand with high fines content. The liquefaction occurred at a silty fine sand layer with D₅₀ = 0.09 mm and fines content greater than 35% and was triggered by a M_w = 6.4 earthquake on March 4, 2010, which induced maximum horizontal acceleration up to 0.189 g at the site. In situ subsurface characterizations, including standard penetration test, cone penetration test, and shear wave velocity measurement, were performed as well as cyclic simple shear tests on undisturbed specimens retrieved by a modified hydraulic piston sampler. Comparisons of cyclic resistance ratios (CRRs) indicate that CPT sounding with standard penetration rate could overestimate the resistance ratio and drainage conditions during penetration should be considered for high fines content soil in the liquefaction analysis. Additionally, variations of CRRs from different in situ tests indicate that correlations among in situ tests and CRR could be soil specific and precautions should be taken when using these curves on silty fine sands.     

Least square support vector machine and relevance vector machine for evaluating seismic liquefaction potential using SPT

The determination of liquefaction potential of soil is an imperative task in earthquake geotechnical engineering. The current research aims at proposing least square support vector machine (LSSVM) and relevance vector machine (RVM) as novel classification techniques for the determination of liquefaction potential of soil from actual standard penetration test (SPT) data. The LSSVM is a statistical learning method that has a self-contained basis of statistical learning theory and excellent learning performance. RVM is based on a Bayesian formulation. It can generalize well and provide inferences at low computational cost. Both models give probabilistic output. A comparative study has been also done between developed two models and artificial neural network model. The study shows that RVM is the best model for the prediction of liquefaction potential of soil is based on SPT data.