基于小田原试验场地数据的不同基岩输入模型对预测地震动特征的影响研究

随着强震台网的密布及观测记录的增加,为研究各类局部场地地震反应预测模型的合理性提供了有效的参考依据,也使利用强震记录及场地条件研究地震动特征成为可能。选取场地地质参数资料和地震记录数据齐全的日本小田原（Ashigara Valley）盲测试验场地,通过对比不同地震动输入方式及场地反应分析模型,研究地震动特征,分析现有模型的优劣。基于1990年8月5日M5.1强震事件的地表基岩记录和地下基岩地震记录,采用地下台强震记录直接输入、地表基岩台强震记录减半为基底地震动输入、地表基岩台强震记录反演为基底地震动输入作为3种基岩地震动输入。基于局部场地条件分别建立一维等效线性模型、二维黏弹性模型及二维时域等效线性化模型等工程中常用的场地数值分析模型,进行局部场地地震反应分析,预测该盲测场地的地表地震动特征,并与对应的实测强震记录结果进行对比,分析不同基岩地震动输入方式对预测地震动特征及地表土层反应谱特征的影响,重点分析地震动输入、土体非线性、场地横向不均匀性及几何与非线性特征共同作用等因素对地表地震动特征的影响,以期为地表地震动的合理预测提供参考。     

九寨沟MS7.0地震强地震动模拟及漳扎镇地震动强度预测

破坏性地震强度预测可用于工程领域抗震设防以及地震危险性分析评估,是防震减灾中一项很重要的基础工作.为了再现九寨沟地震的地震动强度,评估缺失强震记录的九寨章扎台站的地震动强度,本文用经验格林函数法对九寨沟地震进行了数值模拟.选取了震源周边地震动峰值加速度超过10 Gal的10个强震台站进行模拟.因未得到九寨沟地震的余震,初次尝试将汶川地震和定西地震的余震作为格林函数模拟九寨沟地震.模拟结果整体上可以反映各台站地震动的强度特征,尤其是地震动高频成份拟合较好.模拟值的地震动峰值加速度、时程数据、反应谱等与观测值拟合较好.预测结果显示漳扎镇的地震动峰值加速度值约为180~200 Gal.预测结果也表明在缺少大震的余震记录时,经验格林函数法使用其他大震的余震同样可以再现目标地震的强度特征.本研究也为经验格林函数方法在缺乏小震记录地区的使用积累了经验.最后总结了格林函数的选取标准,为经验格林函数方法来预测未来强震动特征积累了经验.     

GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GAOYOU-BAOYING M4.9 EARTHQUAKE

An M4.9 earthquake occurred at the junction of Gaoyou and Baoying on July 20, 2012. In this paper, 43 sets of strong motion records of the main shock are analyzed. With these data, we analyzed the characteristics of the peak ground motion value, attenuation relation, duration and acceleration response spectrum. We draw the peak acceleration contour map of the region near the epicenter. The contour line is smooth and the trend of long axis is northwest-southeast. Distribution of peak acceleration of the observed records is basically consistent with the real intensity distribution. Compared with the predicted result based on the seismic attenuation relation proposed by Yu Yanxiang and Wang Suyunon for eastern China and the Fifth-generation ground motion zonation map, the horizontal PGA and PGV of Gaoyou-Baoying earthquake are higher than the predicted results that are based on the model of Fifth-generation ground motion zonation map, while the PGV is similar with the predicted results which are based on Yu Yanxiang and Wang Suyun's model. We regressively analyzed the spatial-temporal change curves of the two types of relative ground motion durations. Compared with the predicted results proposed by Bommer et al. (2009) based on the NGA strong motion records, the durations of all the three components of this earthquake are higher. 10 typical recordings' acceleration response spectra with 5% damping are calculated, their peak periods are around 0.1~0.3s. The acceleration response spectrum of the station 32BYT, which has the largest amplitude, is considerably larger than the Chinese code design spectra, while it becomes notably smaller when the period is larger than 0.4s. Compared with the horizontal bedrock acceleration response spectrum predicted by the attenuation relationship for the eastern part of China, the observed response spectrum shape is similar with the predicted ones, while almost all the observed response spectrum values (except station 32YCT)are smaller than the predicted bedrock acceleration response spectrum. These phenomena suggest that this earthquake has a weak impact on the seismic fortification standards in this area. Using H/V single-station spectral ratio method, amplitude and site amplification effect of the two typical stations are calculated, and the results show the H/V values are obviously larger than that of ground microtremor. This suggests that the site of the station has obvious amplification effect on ground motion.     

几种仪器烈度算法在汶川地震与芦山地震中的可靠性比较

破坏性地震发生后, 特别是在通信中断的情况下, 利用仪器烈度快速估计地震动强度(烈度)的分布情况, 可为开展最有效的地震应急救援提供决策依据. 该文介绍了现有的几种仪器烈度算法, 并利用汶川地震与芦山地震中获得的强震加速度记录对各种算法的可靠性进行了比较. 结果表明, 在这两次地震中只利用地震动峰值参数确定仪器烈度的算法可靠性较低, 而考虑反应谱特性的算法可靠性更高. 在未得到更多强震数据的检验前, 建议采用袁一凡提出的仪器烈度算法, 或利用谱烈度值确定仪器烈度的算法, 或利用加速度反应谱值确定仪器烈度的算法.      

用有限强地震动记录校正等震线的估计研究

选用获得了加速度记录的2011年4月10日四川炉霍MS5.3及2011年8月11日新疆维吾尔自治区克孜勒尔自治州阿图什市与伽师县交界MS5.8地震,研究其快速生成震动图的偏差校正方法;通过台站实际观测值与借助经验性衰减关系估计值之间的残差分析,提出了利用台站数据对缺少台站地区借助经验性衰减关系估计值的对数偏差校正方法; 并比较了圆和椭圆衰减关系模型的对数残差及震动图的分布形态．结果表明, 适合于当地地震动衰减关系plusmn;3倍标准差的标准能够识别一些台站异常数据, 如炉霍MS5.3地震中炉霍地办强震台近场峰值加速度的高频脉冲引起的异常数据;对数偏差校正方法适合于地震动强度速报中缺少台站数据地区借助经验性衰减关系地震动参数估计值的系统偏差校正;圆衰减关系模型只能控制震动的程度,不能控制其分布形态．明确的地震震源机制、震源破裂过程、当地的地质构造背景及余震分布等信息有助于修正震动图的分布形态．      

An energy-based envelope function for the stochastic simulation of earthquake accelerograms

An energy-based envelope function is developed for use in the stochastic simulation of earthquake ground motion. The envelope function is directly related to the Arias intensity of the ground motion as well to the manner in which this Arias intensity is built-up over time. It is shown that this build-up, represented by a Husid plot, can be very well modelled using a simple lognormal distribution. The proposed envelope makes use of parameters that are commonly available in seismic design situations, either following a deterministic scenario-type analysis or following a more comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), either in terms of Arias intensity or the more common spectral acceleration. The shape parameters of the envelope function are estimated following the calculation of the analytic envelopes for a large number of records from PEER Next Generation of Attenuation (NGA) database. The envelope may also be used to predict the distribution of peak ground acceleration values corresponding to an earthquake scenario. The distribution thus obtained is remarkably consistent with those of the recent NGA models.     

中强地震活动区地震动衰减关系的确定

地震动衰减关系是影响地震安全性评价特别是地震区划结果的重要因素.我国现行的地震动衰减关系主要是依据6级以上地震的地面运动资料得到的,并没有考虑中强地震的衰减特性.为此,文中利用现有的烈度资料和其他可供参考的研究成果来建立我国中强地震活动区的地震动衰减关系.收集了我国华中、华南、东北等地区的51次地震的烈度等震线资料,运用单随机变量加权最小二乘回归法得到中强地震活动区烈度衰减关系.然后以美国西部地区为参考地区,运用缺乏地震动参数的地震动估计方法-地震对映射法得到中强地震活动区峰值加速度和有效峰值加速度衰减关系.最后,通过与我国强地震区和中强地震区已有的烈度衰减关系和地震动衰减关系的对比,验证了得出的我国中强地震活动区烈度衰减关系和地震动衰减关系的合理性.     

基于强震动记录的地震生命损失快速评估方法

随着我国强震动观测数据数量和质量的大幅提高, 破坏性地震发生后所观测到的强震动记录也在试验性地转化为仪器烈度数据． 本文将强震动记录引入应急性的生命损失快速评估, 借助已有的地震应急灾害损失快速评估模型的表达方法, 提出了一种将仪器烈度概率密度函数和生命损失函数相结合的地震人员伤亡快速评估方法． 通过确定仪器烈度的概率密度, 并结合四川地区已有房屋建筑易损性研究成果, 建立了考虑建筑地震易损性并与烈度相关的地震生命损失快速评估函数, 并利用汶川地震的强震动记录对本文提出的生命损失快速评估方法进行评估计算. 结果表明, 该方法的计算结果与实际震害损失结果颇为一致, 说明了该方法的可行性, 因而能够及时为地震应急救援提供可靠信息．      

2016年8月24日意大利佩鲁贾M_W 6.2地震动特性

2016年8月24日在意大利佩鲁贾地区发生M_W 6.2地震,截至北京时间2016年8月25日8时,共获得强震记录192组,分析地震动PGA、反应谱以及能量参数的衰减特征。研究结果表明:(1)峰值。此次地震PGA100 cm/s~2记录的水平平均反应谱在短周期明显大于欧洲的设计谱。两水平方向平均反应谱谱比小于1.5,并且在短周期(T0.5 s)谱比差值变化较大,说明此次地震EW向地震动对短周期结构物影响较大;(2)衰减特性。整体看来,此次地震中的PGA值均不同程度低于中国第五代区划图中的中强地震区、中国西部地区、美国西部地区以及欧洲中小地震衰减模型的预测值,且衰减快。Arias强度的衰减变化趋势与Travasarou等的理论模型基本一致,但均小于理论模型值;(3)持时。此次地震的相对持时随震中距增大有逐渐增大趋势,持时均大于Kempton及McQuire的理论模型,表明此次地震的能量释放时间较长。此次意大利地震的地震动参数特征研究表明,该地震具有能量衰减快、持续时间长、对短周期结构物影响较大等特点,验证了此次地震破坏集中在近场、远场震害相对较轻的结论,这也是造成本次地震灾害严重的主要原因。     

2020年7月12日唐山古冶5.1级地震影响信息与启示

2020年7月12日发生了唐山古冶5.1级地震,其强震动影响波及京津唐地区,特别是北京城区也出现了强烈的震感。中国强震动观测台网、国家地震烈度速报台网及典型建筑结构地震反应观测台阵获得大量的强震动记录。这次地震震级不大,但为地震科学研究提供了较为丰富的信息。基于获得的地震影响信息,可开展以下方面的研究:①利用地震附近及区域范围内地震烈度速报台网的密集观测记录,开展地震影响烈度快速计算分析及台网功能可靠性检测;②利用北京和天津地区的强震动观测记录,探讨深厚覆盖土层和盆地场地地震动影响;③利用京津唐地区震中距至300 km的强震动观测记录,研究京津唐地区的地震动衰减特性;④利用北京城区的建筑结构地震反应观测台阵记录,分析典型工程结构地震反应特征;⑤其他,如场地土层参数和工程结构参数反演研究等。本文针对以上关注的问题,介绍了相关初步研究工作并开展了进一步探讨性分析研究,展示了唐山古冶5.1级地震影响的丰富信息和对相关研究的潜在推进作用。      

地震动衰减模型在玛多Mw7.3级地震影响场快速评估中的应用

2021年5月22日青海省玛多县发生M_w7.3级地震。震后,根据初步估计的断层走向和破裂长度,基于YU15地震动衰减模型和三种NGA-West2（Next Generation Attenuation-West2）地震动衰减模型快速产出地震区震动图及理论烈度图。在获得强震记录和地表破裂长度信息后,对预测结果进行修正。通过比较理论烈度与调查烈度,并结合震动图分布形态以及衰减模型在2016年新疆呼图壁M_w6.0地震中的应用情况对四种地震动衰减模型的适用性进行了分析。结果表明:在台网稀疏地区,基于地震动衰减模型可在震后快速获得地震动分布,并产出具有应用价值的地震影响场;NGA-West2模型在断层破裂较长的大震中表现优于YU15模型,而在中强地震中后者适用性更强;近实时强震动记录可用来检验模型的适用性并对预测结果进行修正;断层破裂尺度、震源机制和破裂过程等信息的准确估计可有效提高地震影响场预测精度。     

Intelligent determination of peak ground motion parameters based on intensity assessed by artificial neural network

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model of computation based on mathematical model of neural processes is applied to establish an intelligent computing network from seismic intensity to peak ground parameter instead of the conventional statistical relationship in this paper. For a give seismic intensity rating, the network formed with actual strong ground motion records directly produces the corresponding peak ground parameters and the effects of earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance are included. The computed results of the network trained with a number of strong motion records in the West America show that such networks have obtained good conversion relationship from seismic intensity to peak ground parameters. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 208–216, 1993.     

芦山7.0级地震强震台仪器烈度与调查点烈度的对比分析

2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震发生在龙门山断裂带南段,该地震是继汶川8.0级地震后的1次强震,但并非余震。文中利用2013年4月20日芦山地震的强震记录计算等效峰值加速度A0.5换算地震仪器烈度,并且将地震仪器烈度与强震台站周边5km内调查点烈度对比分析。结果表明,芦山地震的仪器烈度与周边调查点烈度吻合度58.6%,且偏差不超过1度。然而,即使宏观烈度相同,观测地面运动参数也存在较大离散度。但在缺少现场调查的震后初期,地震仪器烈度有可能为地震烈度范围判断提供定量的参考指标。     

Torsional spectrum for earthquake motions

A computational scheme is presented to construct torsional spectra due to the rotational component of seismic ground motions. The rotational component of ground motion is estimated from the measured earthquake acceleration records. In contrast to previous studies, no differentiation of acceleration records is involved in the present scheme. The torsional spectrum of the 1940 El Centro earthquake is computed and compared with previous results. An average and a mean plus one standard deviation torsional spectrum is presented for design purposes. These spectra are results based on four historical records (1934 El Centre, 1940 El Centro, 1949 Olympia and 1952 Taft) normalized to the 1940 El Centro intensity.     

Orientation effect on ground motion measurement for Mexican subduction earthquakes

The existence of the principal directions of the ground motion based on Arias intensity is well-known. These principal directions do not necessarily coincide with the orientations of recording sensors or with the orientations along which the ground motion parameters such as the peak ground acceleration and the pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) are maximum. This is evidenced by the fact that the maximum PSA at different natural vibration periods for horizontal excitations do not correspond to the same orientation. A recent analysis carried out for California earthquake records suggests that an orientation-dependent ground motion measurement for horizontal excitations can be developed. The main objective of this study is to investigate and provide seismic ground motion measurements in the horizontal plane, including bidirectional horizontal ground motions, for Mexican interplate and inslab earthquake records. Extensive statistical analyses of PSA are conducted for the assessment, The analysis results suggest that similar to the case of California records, the average behavior of the ratio of the PSA to the maximum resulting PSA can be approximated by a quarter of an ellipse in one quadrant; and that the ratio can be considered to be independent of the value of the maximum resulting PSA, earthquake magnitude, earthquake distance and the focal depth. Sets of response ratios and attenuation relationships that can be used to represent a bidirectional horizontal ground motion measurement for Mexican interplate and inslab earthquakes were also developed.     

Increment of Macroseismic Intensity at Seismic Stations of the Kamchatka Region Relative to the Petropavlovsk Seismic Station

The paper presents the method and results of calculating the increment of macroseismic intensity at seismic stations of Kamchatka. Calculation is based on measurement of the relative level of maximum accelerations of intense earth vibrations in the phase of S-waves of comparatively strong regional earthquakes and the root-mean-square deviation of acceleration in the phase of P-waves of a strong distant earthquake. In the latter case, records of an earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1, which occurred in Japan on March 11, 2011, were used. The Petropavlovsk seismic station was used as the reference station. At the foundation of this station rests on rocky soil composed of siliceous shales. An estimate of the increment for the majority of digital stations is presented. Anomalously high intensity values were noted at a number of stations. The data obtained are used to assess the properties of soils in the investigated area. At several stations, the intensity of the horizontal component of soil vibrations above the intensity of the vertical component is much greater than the corresponding design value, which is probably due to the presence of resonant soil layers under these stations. The discrepancy in the incremental intensity estimates from records of intense oscillations from regional earthquakes and from records of a very strong remote earthquake obtained from sensors located in basements of heavy-frame concrete structures is revealed. To avoid distortion in recording ground vibrations, it is desirable to place seismic instruments far from such structures. The results obtained in the study can be used for seismic microzoning of construction sites in the investigated territory.     

Seismic fragility of base-isolated water storage tanks under non-stationary earthquakes

Seismic fragility curves for fixed-base and base-isolated liquid storage tanks are developed under non-stationary earthquakes, and their seismic performance are compared. The correlation between different earthquake intensity measure (IM) parameters and peak response quantities of the base-isolated liquid storage tanks are investigated. The failure criteria are chosen based on (1) the elastic buckling strength of the tank wall, which is defined in terms of critical base shear and critical overturning moment, and (2) in terms of the critical isolation displacement. The uncertainty involved is considered in the earthquake characteristics. Non-stationary earthquake ground motions are generated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Influence of the isolator characteristic parameters and modeling approaches on the seismic fragility of the base-isolated liquid storage tanks is also investigated. Peak ground acceleration is found to be the well correlated IM parameter with the peak response quantities of the base-isolated liquid storage tanks. Substantial decrease in the seismic fragility of the base-isolated liquid storage tanks is observed as compared to the fixed-base tanks. Significant influence of the isolator characteristic parameters on the seismic fragility of the base-isolated liquid storage tanks are reported in the present study.     

Simulation of synthetic ground motions for specified earthquake and site characteristics

A method for generating a suite of synthetic ground motion time‐histories for specified earthquake and site characteristics defining a design scenario is presented. The method employs a parameterized stochastic model that is based on a modulated, filtered white‐noise process. The model parameters characterize the evolving intensity, predominant frequency, and bandwidth of the acceleration time‐history, and can be identified by matching the statistics of the model to the statistics of a target‐recorded accelerogram. Sample ‘observations’ of the parameters are obtained by fitting the model to a subset of the NGA database for far‐field strong ground motion records on firm ground. Using this sample, predictive equations are developed for the model parameters in terms of the faulting mechanism, earthquake magnitude, source‐to‐site distance, and the site shear‐wave velocity. For any specified set of these earthquake and site characteristics, sets of the model parameters are generated, which are in turn used in the stochastic model to generate the ensemble of synthetic ground motions. The resulting synthetic acceleration as well as corresponding velocity and displacement time‐histories capture the main features of real earthquake ground motions, including the intensity, duration, spectral content, and peak values. Furthermore, the statistics of their resulting elastic response spectra closely agree with both the median and the variability of response spectra of recorded ground motions, as reflected in the existing prediction equations based on the NGA database. The proposed method can be used in seismic design and analysis in conjunction with or instead of recorded ground motions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北地区地震危险性分析和地面运动预测的一致性方法

利用华北地区地震活动性资料,建立了地震危险性计算的一致性模型.在此模型的基础上,得出了北京、天津、唐山和济南等7个城市未来2500年内地震的时空强度分布,并计算了2500年回复周期的地震动峰值加速度(PGA).结果表明,唐山和太原的PGA最大(>0.2g),石家庄和北京次之(≈0.17g).对华北地区2500年地震记录的正演计算结果表明,太原和唐山地区的潜在地震危险最有可能来源于震级在6.0～7.0、震中距离在12～15km的地震活动;而北京、天津和石家庄地区则可能来源于震级在5.5～6.0、震中距离在10km左右的地震活动.采用IBC(International Building Code)方法计算后的结果显示,太原、唐山等地区的PGA与2001年我国地震动峰值加速度值基本一致,与此地区的较高地震活动性特征相符.利用随机震源模型,还给出了影响此7个城市的最大地震记录的加速度、速度及位移时程曲线,这对本区工程建筑的抗震性设计以及对救援设施的选址等有重要作用.     

基于烈度指标的核电厂地震预警停堆参数研究

核电厂在遭遇超设计基准地震时需要考虑安全停堆,以避免造成核泄漏事故。采用地震动的峰值加速度参数(PGA)作为判别停堆的参数具有一定的局限性,PGA参数不能反映地震动的频谱和持时特征,因而可能引起不必要的停堆。针对此问题,基于我国本土大量实际强震记录,遴选出7种典型的工程相关地震动参数,进而基于地震烈度指标,分析发现地震动的标准累计绝对速度参数能更好地表征地震对核电厂的整体潜在破坏能力,适合作为判别停堆的参数,然后提出两种确定预警参数阈值的方法,最终建议考虑我国强震数据特征的核电厂判别停堆的预警参数阈值,为我国核电厂的地震安全停堆参数的确定提供了参考。