Performance-based seismic design of nonstructural building components:The next frontier of earthquake engineering

With the development and implementation of performance-based earthquake engineering,harmonization of performance levels between structural and nonstructural components becomes vital. Even if the structural components of a building achieve a continuous or immediate occupancy performance level after a seismic event,failure of architectural,mechanical or electrical components can lower the performance level of the entire building system. This reduction in performance caused by the vulnerability of nonstructural components has been observed during recent earthquakes worldwide. Moreover,nonstructural damage has limited the functionality of critical facilities,such as hospitals,following major seismic events. The investment in nonstructural components and building contents is far greater than that of structural components and framing. Therefore,it is not surprising that in many past earthquakes,losses from damage to nonstructural components have exceeded losses from structural damage. Furthermore,the failure of nonstructural components can become a safety hazard or can hamper the safe movement of occupants evacuating buildings,or of rescue workers entering buildings. In comparison to structural components and systems,there is relatively limited information on the seismic design of nonstructural components. Basic research work in this area has been sparse,and the available codes and guidelines are usually,for the most part,based on past experiences,engineering judgment and intuition,rather than on objective experimental and analytical results. Often,design engineers are forced to start almost from square one after each earthquake event: to observe what went wrong and to try to prevent repetitions. This is a consequence of the empirical nature of current seismic regulations and guidelines for nonstructural components. This review paper summarizes current knowledge on the seismic design and analysis of nonstructural building components,identifying major knowledge gaps that will need to be filled by future research. Furthermore,considering recent trends in earthquake engineering,the paper explores how performance-based seismic design might be conceived for nonstructural components,drawing on recent developments made in the field of seismic design and hinting at the specific considerations required for nonstructural components.     

损失分布和非结构损失对房屋建筑地易损性的影响

房屋建筑的地震易损性是地震损失评估和地震巨灾风险模型的基础。作为房屋建筑的重要组成部分,各类非结构构件的损失在现有的易损性模型中并未得到足够重视。本文以一栋典型钢筋混凝土框架结构教学楼为对象,通过将房屋建筑中的各类构件划分为具有不同地震损伤特性和损失后果的易损性组,考察建筑内的损失分布和非结构损失对房屋建筑地震易损性的影响。分析结果表明:由于许多非结构构件在中小地震作用下即可能发生较严重的破坏,房屋建筑在中小地震下的易损性主要受非结构损失控制;随着地震动强度等级的不断提高,结构损伤渐趋严重,结构损失对整体建筑易损性的影响不断增大;在结构进入震后不可修状态之前,建筑不同楼层的损失分布是评估建筑地震损失时不可忽略的因素。     

云南漾濞6.4级地震公共建筑的震害特征

2021年5月21日云南漾濞发生6.4级地震,成为继2014年6.5级鲁甸地震和6.6级景谷地震之后云南省内时隔7年的又一次震级大于6级的破坏性地震。漾濞地震虽然与鲁甸地震在震级、震源深度和震源机制等方面均较相似,但漾濞地震震中附近的地面运动强度远不及鲁甸地震,且漾濞县的抗震设防烈度远高于鲁甸;相应地,漾濞地震对抗震设防建筑造成的破坏也远轻于后者。本文首先通过比较这三次地震震中附近的强震记录的反应谱,并结合公共建筑的震后应急评估结果,说明漾濞地震和鲁甸地震中公共建筑破坏程度的显著差异。进而以位于漾濞县城的两栋钢筋混凝土公共建筑为例,介绍此次地震中砌体填充墙和吊顶等典型非结构构件的震害。     

Softening effects of RC nonstructural flat walls on ductile concrete buildings

Nonstructural reinforced concrete flat walls architecturally designed as exterior/partition walls in concrete buildings were severely damaged by the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku. This damage was observed in the monolithic nonstructural flat walls of relatively old ductile concrete buildings. Although these flat walls might affect the overall seismic performance and behavior of a building, the nonstructural wall effects have not been clarified because of the complex interactions among the structural components. To understand these effects, this paper conducts an experimental and numerical investigation of the nonstructural wall effects, focusing on a typical residential building damaged by the 2011 earthquake. A single‐story, one‐bay moment‐resisting frame model of the building with a nonstructural flat wall was tested to clarify the fundamental behavior. The results reveal that the wall significantly contributed to the seismic performance of the overall frame until it failed in shear, subsequently losing structural effectiveness. Such experimental wall behavior could be simulated by the isoparametric element model. Moreover, the structural effects of the nonstructural flat walls on the global seismic performance and behavior of the investigated building were discussed through earthquake response analyses using ground motions recorded near the building site and pushover analyses. Consequently, the building damage could be simulated in an analytical case considering the nonstructural flat walls, showing larger inter‐story drifts in the lower stories due to softening of the walls. The analytical results also indicated that the softening of the nonstructural flat walls decreased the building ductility, as defined by ultimate inter‐story drifts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强震作用下机场高耸塔台结构抗震性能分析

为提升强震作用下机场高耸塔台结构的抗震性能及安全,采用非线性时程分析方法研究高耸塔台结构的强震损伤分布规律;基于性能化抗震设计方法确定塔台关键构件抗震性能水准,对高耸塔台结构进行性能化抗震设计和损伤控制;最后分析了竖向地震对高耸塔台结构强震损伤的影响.分析得到,采用多遇地震设计的塔台结构,在罕遇地震作用下塔台结构层间位...     

Seismic loss and damage in light-frame wood buildings from sequences of induced earthquakes

Activities related to oil and gas production, especially deep disposal of wastewater, have led to sequences of induced earthquakes in the central United States. This study aims to quantify damage to and seismic losses for light-frame wood buildings when subjected to sequences of induced, small to moderate magnitude, events. To conduct this investigation, one- and two-story multifamily wood frame buildings are designed, and their seismic response dynamically simulated using three-dimensional nonlinear models, subjected to ground motion sequences recorded in induced events. Damage is quantified through seismic losses, which are estimated using the FEMA P-58 methodology. Results show that at levels of shaking experienced in recent earthquakes, minor damage, consisting of cracking of interior finishes and nonstructural damage to plumbing and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, is expected, which is consistent with observed damage in these events. The study also examines how expected losses and building fragility will accumulate and/or change over a sequence of earthquakes. Results indicate that damage quantified in terms of absorbed hysteretic energy tended to accumulate over the sequences; this damage corresponds to elongation or widening of cracks. However, fragility is not significantly altered by damage in a preceding event, meaning structures are not becoming more vulnerable due to existing damage. In addition, sequences of events do not change losses if the building is only repaired once at the end of the sequence, as the worsening of damage does not alter repair actions. If repairs are conducted after each event, though, total seismic losses can increase greatly from the sequence.     

Multi-hazard performance assessment of a transfer-plate high-rise building

Many urban areas are located in regions of moderate seismicity and are subjected to strong wind. Buildings in these regions are often designed without seismic provisions. As a result, in the event of an earthquake, the potential for damage and loss of lives may not be known. In this paper, the performance of a typical high-rise building with a thick transfer plate (TP), which is one type of building structure commonly found in Hong Kong, is assessed against both earthquake and wind hazards. Seismic- and wind-resistant performance objectives are fi rst reviewed based on relevant codes and design guidelines for high-rise buildings. After a brief introduction of wind-resistant design of the building, various methodologies, including equivalent static load analysis (ESLA), response spectrum analysis (RSA), pushover analysis (POA), linear and nonlinear time-history analysis (LTHA and NTHA), are employed to assess the seismic performance of the building when subjected to frequent earthquakes, design based earthquakes and maximum credible earthquakes. The effects of design wind and seismic action with a common 50-year return period are also compared. The results indicate that most performance objectives can be satisfi ed by the building, but there are some objectives, such as inter-story drift ratio, that cannot be achieved when subjected to the frequent earthquakes. It is concluded that in addition to wind, seismic action may need to be explicitly considered in the design of buildings in regions of moderate seismicity.     

青海省共和地区农村民居特征与抗震性能分析

青海省共和地区位于柴达木—阿尔金地震带内,具备发生中强地震的构造背景,近年来该地区地震活动频繁,农村地区受经济和技术等条件的限制,造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失.为深入了解共和地区农村民居结构特征与抗震性能现状,开展实地调查,基于历史震害资料,总结区域内典型农村民居震害特点,并进行震害预测,得到不同地震烈度下农村民居不...     

日本福岛7.3级地震灾害损失总结与讨论

2021年2月13日,日本本州东岸近海发生7.3级地震,没有造成人员死亡,仅150余人受伤,导致建筑物和基础设施发生不同程度的破坏和功能中断。此次强震并未造成大量的人员伤亡和工程结构本体破坏,但出现非结构构件破坏较为普遍以及基础设施功能中断的情况。介绍了各机构的震后灾害损失快速评估工作,总结了工程结构破坏和功能影响、人员伤亡和经济损失情况。对此次地震的灾害特征进行了总结和思考,认为随着各地区抗震能力的提高,非结构构件破坏、地震灾害链、基础设施功能中断与恢复、抗震韧性将成为今后研究的重点。     

Identification of the structural model and analysis of the global seismic behaviour of a RC damaged building

The study of the structural behaviour of damaged RC buildings during ground motion is a fundamental topic in the modern earthquake engineering. Many studies have been carried out in order to better understand the real evolution of the damage in RC buildings during a seismic event. In this work, a damaged RC building has been intensively investigated in terms of materials property and stiffness evolution in order to interpreting the structural and nonstructural surveyed damage. The peculiarity of this building is its damage sequence during the 2002 Molise earthquake. In fact, the town of Bonefro suffered moderate damage (MCS intensity VII), with the exception of the investigated reinforced concrete building. The October 31, 2002 event (M=5.4) caused some structural damage to this building. The second event (M=5.3), on November 1, 2002, increased substantially the damage level (grade 4 according to the 1998 European Macroseismic Scale). It occurred just while, due to fortuitous circumstances, a 5 min. seismic velocimetric recording was being taken. The working group has performed some frequency analyses based on the recording. Several non linear models have been defined to understand the damage evolution of the building and the local and global damage patterns through for static analyses. Finally, linear and non linear models have been developed with the main goal of identifying the characteristics of a reliable undamaged structural model.     

Recent progress of seismic research on tall buildings in China Mainland

As a result of rapid economic growth and urbanization in the past two decades,many tall buildings have been constructed in China Mainland,offering researchers and practitioners an excellent opportunity for research and practice in the field of structural engineering. This paper reviews progress by researchers throughout China Mainland on the seismic research of tall buildings,focusing on three major topics that impact the seismic performance of tall buildings. These are:(1) new types of steel-concrete composite structural members such as steel-concrete composite shear walls and columns,(2) earthquake resilient shear wall structures such as shear walls with replaceable structural components,self-centering shear walls and rocking walls,and(3) performance-based seismic design,including seismic performance index,performance level and design method. The paper concludes by presenting future research needs and directions in this field.     

Consistent floor response spectra for performance-based seismic design of nonstructural elements

The achievement of adequate performance objectives for buildings under increasing seismic intensities is not only related to the performance of structural members but also to the behavior of nonstructural elements. The need to properly design nonstructural elements for earthquakes has been largely demonstrated in the last few years and has become an important objective within the earthquake engineering community. A crucial aspect in the proper design of nonstructural elements is the definition of the seismic demand in terms of both absolute acceleration and relative displacement floor response spectra. In the first part of this study, relative displacement and absolute acceleration floor response spectra were computed for four reinforced concrete moment-resisting archetype frames via dynamic time-history analyses and were compared with floor response spectra predicted by means of two recent simplified methodologies available in the literature. It was observed that one of the existing methodologies is generally unable to predict consistent absolute acceleration and relative displacement floor response spectra. An improved procedure is developed for estimating consistent floor response spectra for building structures subjected to low and medium-high seismic intensities. This new procedure improves the predictions of a relative displacement floor response spectrum by constraining its ordinates at long nonstructural periods to the expected peak absolute displacement of the floor. The resulting acceleration and relative displacement response spectra are then consistently related by the well-known pseudo-spectral relationship over the entire nonstructural period range. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was appraised against floor response spectra computed from nonlinear time-history analyses.     

Building service life economic loss assessment under sequential seismic events

Aftershocks have been shown to exacerbate earthquake‐induced financial losses by causing further damage to structural and nonstructural components in buildings that have already been affected by a mainshock event and increasing the duration of disrupted functionality. Whereas seismic loss assessment under isolated events has been addressed thoroughly in previous studies, comparatively less has been accomplished in the area of loss assessment under sequences of mainshock‐aftershock ground motions. The main objective of the current study is to formulate a comprehensive framework for quantifying financial losses under sequential seismic events. The proposed framework is capable of accounting for the uncertainties in the state of structure due to accumulation of earthquake‐induced damage, the time‐dependent nature of seismic hazard in the post‐mainshock environment, and the uncertainties in the occurrence of mainshock and aftershock events. Application of the proposed framework to a 4‐story reinforced concrete moment frame shows that consideration of aftershocks could increase lifecycle earthquake‐induced losses by up to 30% compared with mainshock‐only assessments.     

Seismic fragility assessment of nonstructural components in unreinforced clay brick masonry buildings

The results of an investigation of the probability of earthquake damage to nonstructural unreinforced masonry (URM) components are presented. The components include parapets, chimneys, and out-of-plane loaded facades typical of low-rise pre-1940 construction in Australia and New Zealand. The study is based on a street survey of component geometry, in situ data on material strength, and simplified mechanical models. Uncertainties in capacity and demand were quantified based on, respectively, stochastic and deterministic approaches. The damage probabilities were compared with relevant guidelines and empirical damage data from three earthquakes. The study established a link between the qualitative damage states reported in existing guidelines and the quantitative URM component damage states. While some median damage state thresholds correlated well with the data from the guidelines, a larger dispersion value was found in the current study due to the large variations in component properties. Comparisons with empirical data suggest that the developed fragility data provide a realistic estimate of nonstructural component damage that occurred in similar buildings, with a reasonable level of conservatism. The outcome is useful in rapid assessment of the seismic risks due to nonstructural component collapse in URM precincts.     

基于性能的设计方法在超限高层建筑结构设计中的应用研究

针对超限高层建筑结构抗震设计,提出了基于性能设计方法的性能目标,通过结构在小震、中震、大震作用下的弹性、弹塑性静力和动力时程分析,对三水准地震作用下结构构件进行了承载力定量分析。从理论上证明了结构性能可以达到“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的抗震设防目标,同时进行了1：20模型的结构振动台试验,确证了实际结构设计的安全性。     

基于复杂网络的建筑物强震下抗毁性估计模型

城市所处的地震危险性环境和城市建筑物的易损性是影响复杂网络建筑物强震环境下抗毁能力的关键因素。由于现阶段对建筑物抗震抗毁能力的评定仍存在一定困难,对建筑物震害程度测评只能通过强震之后建筑物受破坏的程度进行评估,且评估结果不够精准,因此提出基于复杂网络的建筑物抗震能力的评估方法。考虑到地震中的危险性因素,以地面峰值加速度为参数对强震环境下复杂网络建筑物抗毁性进行测评和分析,在此基础上提出对复杂网络下建筑物的防震抗毁能力进行评估的相对建筑物抗震性能指数,并结合建筑物抗震能力评估标准确定其抗震能力水平;再进行仿真实验加以测量,并结合震害经验,证实该方法的有效性。     

芦山M_S7.0与九寨沟M_S7.0地震灾区房屋震害特征对比研究

通过实地调研“4.20”芦山7.0级地震灾区和“8.8”九寨沟7.0级地震灾区建筑物破坏情况,对灾区内框架结构、砖混结构和简易结构三种类型的建筑物震害特征进行了对比。结果表明:两次地震中相同结构类型的建筑物在同级别地震作用下其破坏程度不同,其中砖混结构和简易结构震害特征差异性较大,分析认为除地震本身作用外,灾区房屋的抗震性能不同也是造成两次地震建筑物震害特征差异较大的原因。最后提出了建议以供灾区恢复重建、农村民居安全建设等借鉴和参考。     

基于下一代性能设计理论的全概率抗震性能评估

对建筑物灾变发生时经济损失和人员伤亡情况做出准确预估是未来建筑结构设计初期需要努力的方向。基于下一代性能化设计理论,通过精细化建模和动力时程分析对结构进行易损性分析,并以此得到抗震性能评估所需的各类地震响应参数,建立RC框架结构全概率抗震性能评估方法。以云南大学力行楼为例,通过地震损失预测得到了该栋建筑的经济损失、修复时间和人员伤亡情况。该方法直观清晰地展示了结果,便于业主及非本专业从业者理解。     

Lessons learned from the ＂5.12＂ Wenchuan Earthquake： evaluation of earthquake performance objectives and the importance of seismic conceptual design principles

Many different types of buildings were severely damaged or collapsed during the May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake. Based on survey data collected in regions that were subjected to moderate to severe earthquake intensities, a comparison between the observed building damage, and the three earthquake performance objectives and seismic conceptual design principles specified by the national ＂Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001,＂ was carried out. Actual damage and predicted damage for a given earthquake level for different types of structures is compared. Discussions on seismic conceptual design principles, with respect to multiple defense lines, strong column-weak beam, link beam of shear walls, ductility detailing of masonry structures, exits and staircases, and nonstructural elements, etc. are carried out. Suggestions for improving the seismic design of structures are also proposed. It is concluded that the seismic performance objectives for three earthquake levels, i.e., ＂no failure under minor earthquake level, ＂＂repairable damage under moderate earthquake level＂ and ＂no collapse under major earthquake level＂ can be achieved if seismic design principles are carried out by strictly following the code requirements and ensuring construction quality.     

混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估

提出基于构件性能的混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估方法,采用强度与延性法分析混凝土高层建筑构件强度和变形,以对强震作用下混凝土高层建筑结构性能实施准确描述。基于建筑结构性能以及多条地震波情况下高层建筑结构倒塌极限状态的分析规范,采用IDA方法设置建筑结构抗倒塌能力系数,并依据该系数获取基于构件性能的混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力评估流程,实现建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力的准确评估。实验结果说明,所提方法实现了混凝土高层建筑结构地震破坏抗毁能力的准确评估。