广东锡坪钼铜多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年及其地质意义

广东锡坪钼铜多金属矿床位于钦杭成矿带的西南端,为一大型的斑岩型矿床。本文利用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年方法对锡坪钼铜多金属矿床4件辉钼矿样品进行了成矿年代学测定,获得的模式年龄为85.15~88.34Ma,加权平均值为86.1±2.3Ma,对应的等时线年龄为89.9±3.4Ma,模式年龄和等时线年龄结果在误差范围内基本一致,指示锡坪钼铜多金属矿床的成矿时限为晚白垩世。锡坪钼铜多金属矿辉钼矿样品的Re含量较低,表明其成矿物质可能主要来自于壳源。钦杭成矿带成岩成矿作用以中生代燕山期为主,存在180~150Ma、110~80Ma两个爆发期,两期成岩成矿作用可能均与太平洋板块的俯冲有一定的关系。锡坪钼铜多金属矿床是在岩石圈伸展减薄环境下发生的大规模成矿作用的产物。     

西藏哈海岗钨钼多金属矿床地质特征及辉钼矿铼-锇同位素定年

西藏墨竹工卡县哈海岗钨钼多金属矿床是近年来新发现的以钨钼为主的多金属矿床,也是念青唐古拉成矿带发现的第一个钨钼多金属矿床。文章简要地介绍了该矿床基本地质特征,利用Re-Os同位素定年方法对采自哈海岗矽卡岩型钨钼矿体中的2件辉钼矿进行了成矿年代的测定,获得的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄分别为(140.1±2.8) Ma和(143.3±5.2) Ma,平均值为(141.7±4) Ma。测年数据表明,矿床成矿时代属于早白垩世,可能系班公湖—怒江洋向南俯冲碰撞阶段成矿作用的产物,早于其东侧亚贵拉、洞中拉石英斑岩的成岩年龄(126 Ma左右)。矿床成矿时代的厘定丰富了冈底斯—念青唐古拉成矿带矿床成矿系列,指示冈底斯成矿带存在早白垩世的成矿作用,该带至少存在四期独立的钼成矿事件;同时对于研究区域岩浆演化与成矿作用以及区域找矿预测也具有十分重要的意义。     

阳春盆地陂头面铜多金属矿床成岩成矿年代学、锆石微量元素及地质意义

广东陂头面铜多金属矿位于云开地区的阳春盆地内,是一个与中细粒花岗闪长岩有关的矽卡岩型矿床。矿体形态不规则,主要呈层状、似层状和透镜状,受NE和NNE向构造断裂控制。本文在详细了解矿床地质特征的基础上,通过LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年以及辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年技术首次对陂头面矿床进行了成岩成矿年代学研究。成矿岩体花岗闪长岩的锆石U-Pb等时线年龄为163. 5±0. 55Ma,4件辉钼矿样品的模式年龄为162. 9～163. 9Ma,加权平均值为163. 3±1. 1Ma,结果表明陂头面铜多金属矿床成岩成矿作用基本同时发生于中侏罗世晚期,这也是阳春盆地首次报道的形成于该时期的多金属矿床。该矿床辉钼矿样品的Re含量变化于30. 5×10~(-6)～41. 7×10~(-6),表明其成矿物质具有壳幔混源的特征。本文对成矿岩体开展了锆石微量元素的详细研究,结果获得锆石CeⅣ/Ⅲ比值范围为198～987,表明其具有高的氧逸度和很好的成矿潜力;锆石Ti饱和温度为597～782℃,暗示可能形成于与俯冲作用有关的构造环境。陂头面铜多金属矿床成岩成矿年龄的确定为下一步在阳春盆地及区域上开展150～170Ma左右的斑岩-矽卡岩多金属矿床找矿勘探提供了重要的线索,也为进一步深入研究钦杭成矿带成岩成矿作用动力学背景提供了新的资料。     

内蒙古沙子沟钨钼多金属矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年及其地质意义

内蒙古沙子沟钨钼多金属矿床位于华北克拉通北缘西拉沐沦钼多金属成矿带的西南部。矿床内辉钼矿体呈脉状产于围岩裂隙中,为石英-辉钼矿-黄铁矿组合。为了查明该矿床的形成年代,本文采集了5件辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素测试,获得模式年龄为(241.2±3.4)~(245.2±4.3)Ma,加权平均值为(243.8±1.6)Ma,表明沙子沟钨钼多金属矿床形成于早三叠纪。辉钼矿的铼含量介于1.231~1.704μg/g,表明钼主要来源于上地壳。结合区域研究成果,认为沙子沟钨钼多金属矿床形成于古亚洲洋关闭后华北板块与西伯利亚板块的挤压、碰撞背景下。沙子沟钨钼多金属矿床成矿地质事件的厘定,为华北克拉通北缘印支期早三叠纪构造-岩浆-成矿作用提供了新的证据,有助于扩大区域找矿范围。     

安徽青阳高家塝钨钼矿床成岩成矿时代及其地质意义

高家塝钨钼矿床赋存于皖南青阳-九华山复式岩体北东缘接触带附近,是安徽省目前探明的规模最大的层控矽卡岩型白钨矿矿床。本文采用LA-ICP-MS方法对高家塝矿区花岗闪长岩和细粒花岗闪长斑岩的锆石进行U-Pb同位素定年,得到年龄分别为144.9±1.2Ma和145±2.0Ma。通过辉钼矿Re-Os等时线定年方法,得到高家塝矿床成矿时代为146.1±4.8Ma。皖南地区燕山期发育两期钨钼成矿作用,分别为146~136Ma和134~128Ma,类似于长江中下游成矿带,分别形成于挤压向拉张转换区和岩石圈快速拆沉减薄的两种构造背景。通过与钦杭成矿带典型钨钼矿床的对比发现,皖南地区钨钼成矿事件集中于燕山期,而钦杭成矿带钨锡成矿事件具有多阶段性。皖南地区同样发育大量与钦杭成矿带相似的花岗岩类岩浆岩,然而到目前为止皖南地区发现的钨锡矿床主要与中酸性花岗闪长岩类密切相关,仅少数矿床与钦杭成矿带成矿岩浆岩(均为高分异的花岗岩类)相似,同时皖南地区锡矿床找矿的突破,表明了皖南地区具有寻找与花岗岩类相关的钨钼矿床和锡矿床的潜力。     

西藏努日矽卡岩型铜钨钼矿辉钼矿 Re-Os定年及其地质意义

西藏努日层状矽卡岩型铜钨钼矿床是冈底斯东段南缘斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属成矿带上规模最大的矿床。笔者对采自该矿床的9件不同产状、不同形态含钼矿石中的辉钼矿进行了Re-Os同位素组成分析,获得其模式年龄为23.46~24.77 Ma,等时线年龄为(23.36±0.49) Ma(MSWD=0.60),模式年龄与等时线年龄结果基本一致。由于辉钼矿与黄铜矿、白钨矿呈共生关系,并考虑到该矿区内黄铜矿的年龄〔(23.75±0.18) Ma〕(作者未发表数据),表明努日矽卡岩型铜钨钼矿床的成矿时代为23~24 Ma。结合前人研究资料可见,冈底斯南缘克鲁-冲木达斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属成矿带从32 Ma至23 Ma发生了强烈的成矿作用。该成矿带的成矿时代明显有别于后碰撞期地壳伸展环境下形成的冈底斯斑岩铜矿带,显示出其为一套独立的成矿事件。该成矿事件可能主要受冈底斯南缘的晚碰撞走滑环境的控制。努日矿床成矿时代的确定及晚碰撞成矿事件的厘定,为今后研究和勘查该成矿带内同类型矿床提供了重要依据。     

浙江省桐村钼矿床Re-Os同位素年龄及地质意义

浙江桐村斑岩型钼矿床位于钦杭成矿带东段,紧邻赣东北成矿带,矿床的形成与燕山早期侵入的同熔型花岗岩有关,含矿岩体的成岩年龄165 ～168Ma.辉钼矿矿石呈浸染状产于岩体内部或岩体与围岩的接触带.本文首次对矿床中3件辉钼矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素年代学研究,测得辉钼矿的等时线年龄为162.2Ma±1.3 (MSWD =0.006),代表了成矿年龄.成矿成岩年龄具有一致性,矿床成因类型为斑岩-矽卡岩型钼(铜)矿床.     

江西省村前铜多金属矿床斜长花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

村前铜多金属矿床是产于钦杭成矿带东段的重要的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床,含矿岩体为黑云母斜长花岗斑岩和斜长花岗斑岩,具有多次侵入特点及钙碱性岩石的地球化学特征.本研究采用了LA-ICP-MS技术,首次对含矿的斜长花岗斑岩岩体中的锆石进行了U-Th-Pb同位素分析,获得其成岩年龄为(169.3±1.1 )Ma.这一年龄与钦杭成矿带中德兴花岗闪长斑岩、银山石英斑岩、冷水坑花岗斑岩、桐村花岗斑岩等岩体的年龄十分接近,揭示在钦杭成矿带175～156Ma经历了一次大规模的岩浆侵位与成矿事件,形成了众多与埃达克质或钙碱质花岗岩有关的斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床,进一步说明钦杭成矿带在此时期在同一岩浆-动力背景下形成了斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿成矿系列.     

青海赛什塘铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及硫同位素地球化学研究

赛什塘铜矿位于东昆仑多金属成矿带最东端的鄂拉山地区,是青海省重要的矽卡岩型铜矿床之一。本文首次对矽卡岩中的辉钼矿进行了Re-Os定年研究,结合最新获得的不同类型矿石中硫化物硫同位素数据,讨论了成矿时代、矿床成因及成矿动力学背景。结果表明,5件辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为224.5±1.8Ma(MSWD=0.15),加权平均年龄为223.4±1.5Ma(MSWD=0.65),指示成矿作用发生于晚三叠世;14件硫化物硫同位素δ34SV-CDT值介于-4.6‰~1‰,平均-1.73‰,显示硫主要来源于深源岩浆。赛什塘铜矿床的成矿作用与晚三叠世岩浆活动密切相关,结合矿床地质特征认为其属于典型的矽卡岩型矿床。综合东昆仑带内铜多金属矿床已有年代学资料及区域构造的演化特征,认为鄂拉山地区与东昆仑西段祁漫塔格地区的铜多金属矿床形成于相似的地球动力学背景下,赛什塘铜矿床的形成与古特提斯构造的演化过程中兴海小洋盆闭合后产生的后碰撞背景有关。     

云南个旧卡房矽卡岩型铜(锡)矿Re-Os年龄及其地质意义

云南个旧超大型锡多金属矿田是一个驰名中外的超大型锡多金属矿田,卡房是该矿田的一个重要的铜(锡)矿床.本文利用Re-Os同住素定年方法对卡房矽卡岩型矿体中5件辉钼矿样品进行了成矿时代测定,获得辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄为82.95±1.16Ma～83.54±1.31Ma,等时线年龄为83.4±2.1 Ma.该年龄和老卡岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄85±0.85Ma相吻合,表明成岩和成矿关系密切.辉钼矿Re含量显示成矿过程有地壳和地幔的共同参与.该Re-Os定年结果显示个旧卡房矽卡岩型铜(锡)矿床与云南都龙锡锌矿床、云南白牛厂银多金属矿床、广西大厂锡多金属矿床以及广西王社铜钨矿床的成矿年龄接近,表明这些矿床的形成受控于相同的地球动力学背景,同为华南中生代晚期大规模成矿作用的产物.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.