一种面向LUCC的时空数据存储管理模型

为满足土地利用和地表覆盖变化(land-use and land-cover change,LUCC)动态监测中时空数据统计分析、时空过程模拟、时空演变分析预测、时空数据挖掘的应用需求,需将LUCC数据存储管理方式由单一空间数据推进至时空数据存储管理。本文提出一种基于快照和面向对象的混合时空数据模型,支持矢量和栅格时空数据存储管理、LUCC时空过程模拟、LUCC时空过程建模参数提取和成果数据管理与发布。基于该模型研发了LUCC时空信息系统原型,以LUCC时空信息统计、地表覆盖斑块时空过程模拟、地表覆盖时空转移矩阵计算为例,验证了模型的可行性。     

过程——一种地理时空动态分析的新视角

地理世界中存在一类具有产生、发展和消亡的地理现象/对象,综合对地观测技术和多源信息获取技术的发展提升了获取这种动态地理现象的能力。现行的地理时空分析方法以点、线、面、体为基本单元,以数据获取尺度为分析尺度,割裂了地理现象的时间连续性,限制了地理时空动态的分析能力。把产生、发展和消亡的动态演变抽象为地理过程,从演变过程的尺度,提出一种新的地理时空分析方法。首先,提出“地理过程—演变序列—时刻状态”的分解抽象和逐级包含的地理时空过程语义,并基于“节点—边”的图思想建立地理时空过程图表达方法和存储模型,实现地理对象（节点）和对象演变行为（边）一体化表达和存储;其次,以地理过程为基本单元,设计“地理状态对象提取—演变序列追踪—过程对象重构”的过程对象提取方法,并基于节点的出度（该节点引起其他节点变化的边的个数）和入度（其他节点引起本节点变化的边的个数）实现过程对象演变行为的识别;再次,以地理过程为分析尺度,拓展时空邻域为过程邻域、时空相似性为过程相似性,设计面向过程的地理时空挖掘方法,开展地理对象及其演变行为的时空模式挖掘;最后,以1950—2019年月尺度的太平洋海洋表面温度异常变化过程对象...     

基于随机介质理论的抽水地表变形时空耦合预测模型

抽取地下水引起的地表变形对地面建(构)筑物的正常使用和结构安全构成了严重威胁。深入研究抽水地表变形预测理论对于沉降灾害防治具有重要意义。由于土体模型选择和土工参数测定上的困难,基于比奥固结理论的数值求解方法在计算抽水地表变形上尚未取得理想效果。文章将随机介质理论与一维固结理论结合,建立了新的抽水地表变形时空预测模型。首先,利用一维固结微分方程,建立反映地面沉降时间效应的半经验计算模型;其次,在分析抽水地面沉降空间分布规律的基础上,利用随机介质理论研究抽水地面沉降空间分布特征;再次,综合考虑抽水地面沉降的时间效应和空间分布形态,建立抽水地面沉降的时空耦合预测模型及抽水地表倾斜、水平移动、水平变形、曲率的时空计算模型。利用这些模型计算地表变形共需5个计算参数,介绍了参数求解方法。最后,利用上述时空耦合计算模型预测某地单井抽水引起地表变形的时空规律。研究表明,所建立的抽水地表变形预测模型能准确地反映抽水地表变形的时空规律,能方便、快捷地预测地下水开采引起的地表变形。     

从空间到时间——时空数据模型研究

从地学中的时空观出发,论述了时空数据模型的研究现状与发展趋势,就几类有代表性的模型原理和特点进行了详细介绍。其次,重点分析了时空数据模型研究过程中急需解决的问题及其根源,认为单纯地在空间维基础上扩展时间维是不能满足时空数据表达需求的。建议从系统理论角度出发,分析、模拟地学现象的基本变化与过程,建立面向对象和过程的、基于时空语义的、符合人类逻辑思维的时空数据模型方法,从而为时态地理信息系统的研究奠定基础。     

历史时期土地利用变化研究方法综述

历史时期土地利用/覆盖变化一直是国际关注的热点问题之一。研究历史时期土地利用/覆盖变化,不但可以认识和理解陆地表层景观环境在过去的变化过程,而且对当前的土地利用方式或预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化和发展都有重要的指导意义。依据使用的主要数据源、处理方法和研究思路,从历史文档资料、古地图、考察/调查报告、模型模拟与综合多源信息和多学科知识的方法等5个方面综述国内外历史时期土地利用变化研究方法的现状。根据不同数据源的特性,探讨分析利用不同方法开展历史时期土地利用变化研究的优缺点及其不确定性:①历史文档资料种类繁多,包含的信息量巨大,但存在很多噪音和遗漏,且缺乏直观的空间信息;②古地图可以提供比较直观的空间位置信息,但是历史时期的绘图技术落后,且土地利用类别划分较粗;③过去的野外考察/调查资料记录比较规范,但时空尺度较小,难以满足较早时期的研究需要;④利用模型进行模拟研究可选择的时空尺度范围较大,但模型的选择和建立比较复杂,对驱动数据和初始值要求较高。最后,提出只有综合多源信息和多学科的知识才能比较完整地理解历史时期土地利用变化过程,融合多源信息和多学科知识的方法将是今后进行历史时期土地利用变化研究的主要思路。     

嫩江流域径流时空演化规律分析

以流域时空分布理论框架为基础,分析嫩江流域径流时空演化规律,并着重从地形地貌影响因素方面进行归因分析。采用1955-2003年49 a的降水资料和1955-1973年19 a的径流资料,通过对代表性水文站自上游至下游（空间上）径流、地表径流和地下径流的年内与年际（时间上）演变规律进行分析。结果表明：1）嫩江流域降水年内变化及年际变化过程基本一致,可以忽略降水时空分布对径流时空演化规律的影响。2）从径流年内演化规律上可以判定上下游水源组合的差异性：上游以地表径流为主,在春季来源于融雪,汛期来源于大气降水,枯水季节来源于地下水补给;下游全年以地下径流为主。3）由于坡度和水文地质条件作用,上游更容易产流,下游受下垫面调蓄作用更强,不易产流;因此,从径流年际演化规律上可以判定径流产量自上游至下游逐渐减小。     

基坑开挖地表沉降模型适用性研究

基坑开挖引起的地表沉降对周边建筑物的安全造成了一定的威胁,在已有大量实测数据分析的基础上,提出了一种新的数学函数模型,并结合模型函数性质提出了基于最大沉降量Smax和沉降范围r的沉降模型表达式,结合相关工程实例中的数据分析,证明该模型对基坑开挖引起的地表沉降规律有着较好的适用性,将该模型与其他类似的模型进行了对比.研究成果可为相关基坑工程开挖引起的地表沉降的预测和控制提供参考.     

基于TGIS的地质灾害时空数据库研究

传统地质灾害数据库通常为静态数据库,不能记录灾害连续动态变化的信息,而时态GIS是解决该问题的方法。提出了基于事件的动态多级基态修正模型(DMBSAE),并基于DMBSAE模型和地质灾害时空过程概念模型,设计和构建了地质灾害时空数据库,并讨论了四库结构、时空数据组织的基本思路、数据库均衡化、时空数据在对象关系型数据库中的存储机制、历史状态再现、灾害体历史变化沿革回溯等关键问题。开发了地质灾害时态GIS系统(GH-TGIS),在地质灾害概率预测、地质灾害动态管理以及地质灾害演化对比分析等方面进行了应用。实践表明,DMBSAE模型能有效和便捷地存储、组织和管理海量地质灾害时空数据,具有较好的实际应用价值。     

新疆积雪覆盖时空变异分析

利用2000-2010年MODIS积雪覆盖产品数据MOD10A2,提取了新疆近10年来积雪覆盖变化信息,并结合地面站点数据,对遥感积雪覆盖估算的精度进行了验证;分析了新疆积雪覆盖的年际、年内变化及南北疆积雪覆盖变化的差异;结合数字高程模型,分析不同高程带下积雪覆盖的时空变化规律,揭示高程因素对新疆积雪时空变化的影响。结果表明:MOD10A2提取的积雪信息能够反映新疆的积雪变化情况,总体精度达92.3%;近10年来,全疆年积雪覆盖率最大值范围为34.0%~51.7%,最小值范围为1.7%~2.6%;积雪覆盖比率的变化在南北疆差异明显,南疆区域积雪覆盖整体不高,年内积雪覆盖比率变化幅度低于50%;而北疆区域由于受复杂地形和气候带的影响,积雪覆盖比率大,年内的变化幅度强,除2008年均达到80%以上;在季节变化上,春季和秋季的积雪覆盖均值波动较为明显,夏季和冬季的积雪覆盖均值则波动较小,这一规律在北疆地区表现更为显著;积雪覆盖的时空分布与变化受高程的影响,在海拔4 000 m以下区域,夏季积雪覆盖比率低,冬季积雪覆盖比率高,而6 000 m以上海拔区域则表现出完全相反的特点,即夏季积雪覆盖比率高,冬季积雪覆盖比率低。     

福州城市地表温度时空变化与贡献度研究

随着全球变暖和城市化进程的加快,城市区域的热环境问题日益凸显。以福州为例,基于遥感、地理信息系统和地统计学等方法,通过多尺度空间模式,定量分析以地表温度贡献度为表征的城市热环境时空变化及其特征。结果表明:①1993—2016年,研究区的土地利用/覆盖类型发生了显著变化,建设用地净增长1 231.04 km2,变化率高达295.33%;耕地被建设用地占用。②地表温度空间格局变化明显,中高温区以闽江水域为轴向周边区域逐渐蔓延,低温区和次低温区面积显著减少。③1993—2016年,福州所辖各县市区地表温度贡献时空分布不均。其中,中心城区(鼓楼区、台江区、仓山区、晋安区和马尾区)对地表温度上升表现为正贡献,闽清县和永泰县表现为负贡献。从不同土地利用/覆盖类型来看,林/草地、耕地、水体对地表温度升高有负贡献,建设用地表现为正贡献。④多距离空间聚类分析(Ripley's K函数)显示,地表温度集聚与分散存在尺度效应;1993—2016年,研究区的地表温度集聚范围逐步扩大、集聚程度增强。     

Geospatial modeling to identify the effects of anthropogenic processes on landscape pattern change and biodiversity

This research used geospatial data to quantify biodiversity changes and landscape pattern change to track anthropogenic impacts of such changes at the Mouteh Wildlife Refuge (MWR), Isfahan, Iran. Satellite image duration of four decades, LandSat_1-5, and IRS-P6 data were used to develop land cover classification maps for 1971, 1987, 1998, and 2011. The number and size of land cover patches, the degree of naturalness, and the diversity indices were calculated and compared for a 40-year period. The results showed an increasing concern with regard to unplanned human activities. Some improvements of the natural landscape also occurred in the core protected zone of the study area. The number and size of land cover patches, the degree of naturalness, and the diversity indices were calculated. Overall changes in natural land use between 1971 and 1998 at MWR showed that the number of patches for natural land use has increased, but it also showed a decrease in 2011. Similar changes were observed for seminatural land use. Within the artificial classes, the number and area of patches were higher and the largest patch occurred in 2011. The maximum variation of diversity is related to the year 2011. The results showed an increasing concern with regard to unplanned human activities. Some improvements of the natural landscape also occurred in the core protected zone of the study area. Remote sensing and geographic information system offers an important means of detecting and analyzing temporal changes occurring in our landscape.     

Dynamics of land use/cover changes and the analysis of landscape fragmentation in Dhaka Metropolitan, Bangladesh

Rapid urban expansion due to large scale land use/cover change, particularly in developing countries becomes a matter of concern since urbanization drives environmental change at multiple scales. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has been experienced break-neck urban growth in the last few decades that resulted many adverse impacts on the environment. This paper was an attempt to document spatio-temporal pattern of land use/cover changes, and to quantify the landscape structures in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh. Using multi-temporal remotely sensed data with GIS, dynamics of land use/cover changes was evaluated and a transition matrix was computed to understand the rate and pattern of land use/cover change. Derived land use statistics subsequently integrated with landscape metrics to determine the impact of land use change on landscape fragmentation. Significant changes in land use/cover were noticed in Dhaka over the study period, 1975–2005. Rapid urbanization was manifested by a large reduction of agricultural land since urban built-up area increased from 5,500?ha in 1975 to 20,549?ha in 2005. At the same time, cultivated land decreased from 12,040 to 6,236?ha in the same period. Likewise, wetland and vegetation cover reduced to about 6,027 and 2,812?ha, respectively. Consequently, sharp changes in landscape pattern and composition were observed. The landscape became highly fragmented as a result of rapid increase in the built-up areas. The analysis revealed that mean patch size decreased while the number of patches increased. Landscape diversity declined, urban dominance amplified, and the overall landscape mosaics became more continuous, homogenous and clumped. In order to devise sustainable land use planning and to determine future landscape changes for sound resource management strategies, the present study is expected to have significant implications in rapidly urbanizing cities of the world in delivering baseline information about long term land use change and its impact on landscape structure.     

青藏高原木里矿区及其周边土地覆被变化及景观格局脆弱性响应

矿区开发会导致周边土地覆被及景观格局发生剧烈变化, 但目前对青藏高原典型矿区及其周边土地覆被长时间序列变化缺乏动态监测, 尤其缺乏对景观格局脆弱性响应特征的深入认识, 因此无法针对矿区合理开发和生态修复等提出有效的科学指导。通过遥感技术和土地变化科学研究手段, 以及景观格局脆弱性概念, 对青藏高原北部木里矿区及周边1975 - 2016年土地覆被时空变化和景观格局脆弱性进行分析和评估。结果表明： 木里矿区在2000年后剧烈扩张, 导致周边土地覆被面积缩减, 其中高寒草甸湿地面积损失最大, 其次为其他和高寒草甸。矿区开发对周边生态系统的间接影响效应在逐渐增大, 表现为水域面积减少, 高寒草甸湿地出现退化以及矿区发生少量逆转。受矿区扩张影响, 区域景观格局脆弱性不断增强, 可能对周边生态系统服务功能产生负面影响。因此, 未来矿区的生态修复和规划过程中, 应当优化景观格局, 降低景观格局脆弱性。研究成果可为青藏高原及其他生态脆弱地区的矿区合理开发规划及生态修复等工程提供一定参考。     

A Survey of the Spatio-Temporal Data Model

Traditional GIS(Geographic Information System)mostly can only describe the transient state data and does not have the ability to deal with the temporal dynamic data. When the data changes, new data will take the place of the old data, namely the transient state change into another, and the old data will disappear. Therefore, it is unable to make an analysis of the updating changes of the data and predict the development trend of the future. In this case, TGIS (Temporal Geographic Information System) emerges and expands the time dimension on the basis of traditional GIS. Spatio-temporal data model is the key to TGIS. Spatio-temporal data modeling is not only related to dynamic expression of spatio-temporal objects, but also gives an important support for spatio-temporal analysis and reasoning. This paper summarized the theories and applications status at home and abroad of spatio-temporal data model in detail, illustrated family tree of spatio-temporal data model for the nearly fifty years, discussed improvement and application status of Base State with Amendments Model, Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model, Object-oriented Data Model and other spatio-temporal data models, and raised the existing problems of spatio-temporal data model. The current existing problems mainly includes: ①There are a lot of spatio-temporal data models put forward, but some of them only focus on semantic design and neglect the verified; ②Most of existing spatio-temporal data model are for vector data, only the Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model is raster data structure; ③At present, the expression the time-space information of geographic entity is relative separated with spatio-temporal data model; ④Spatio-temporal data model is mainly used in cadastral management, land use and forestry data updating, less application in other fields. In the end, the future development direction was put forward of spatio-temporal data model. In the time of big data and “Internet plus”, it is necessary to explore the big data spatio-temporal data model that supports multiple data formats.     

A monitoring framework for land use around kaolin mining areas through Landsat TM images

Sustainable management of land requires regular acquisition of qualitative information regarding the status of its use. It is especially important to track the changes relating to the land’s competitive development needs such as mining. The field-based monitoring of a mine with a wide footprint is expensive and time-consuming. Remote sensing techniques have been developed and demonstrated as cost-effective alternatives for the conventional methods of land use/land cover (LULC) monitoring. In this study, the land cover changes that occurred between the year of 2000 and 2009 in a kaolin mining and processing area in the Kutch region of India are mapped using two Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images. For this purpose, the spectral signature of the land covers including vegetation cover and kaolin were determined and matched filtering (MF) method was applied to classify the images. The overall accuracy of the classified 2009 image was estimated for the kaolin and the vegetation cover to 89.5 and 86.0 % respectively. The change in the land use which occurred from 2000 to 2009 were quantified and analysed for both classes. This study provided a practical framework for rapid mapping of the land cover changes around open-cut kaolin mining area using freely available Landsat data.     

论冰缘寒区景观生态与景观演变过程的基本特征

冰缘区复杂多样的地域环境和分异显著的生物带谱特征,形成了高寒环境条件下特有的景观生态格局和结构。景观异质镶嵌具有三向性带谱规律,并表现出不同方向上景观过渡的渐变和突变差异,在空间上形成４种基本景观结构类型。景观嵌块以环境和干扰类型为主,景观结构简单、粗粒化。景观格局变化速度快、范围大,气候条件变化、各类冰缘作用尤其是冻土冻融条件的改变。是景观生态过程的驱动力,形成特有的冻融生态过程。     

应用集成的遥感识别技术进行土地利用变化分析

以厦门市为研究区域,以1988-1998年为时间跨度,利用Landsat5TM遥感数据开展土地覆盖变化识别中多种遥感数据处理方法的集成应用研究。以后分类比较法的结果为基础,运用改进的差值法定义的"变化"目标进行修正,将两种方法有机集成综合地确定土地覆盖变化。根据变化前与变化后覆盖不同但土地利用方式相同或类似的原则进行合并处理,最后得到厦门市10年间土地利用结构变化各种成因类型及其数量。结果表明,10年间厦门市因城市化引起的土地覆盖变化为590．83km²,变化强度为31.14％,引起厦门市土地利用结构发生变化主要有 8种成因机制类型,面积达351.99km²,变化强度为18.55％。     

Study on Water Internal Recycle Process and Mechanism in Typical Mountain Areas of Inland Basins,Northwest China: Progress and Challenge

The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed.