北极航线战略对中国海洋强国建设的催化作用研究

文章以北极航线战略作为中国海洋强国建设的切入点,在分析主要海权国家海运航线战略以及北极航线战略在政治、经济、军事、文化对海洋强国建设的影响的基础上,着重从5个方面探讨了北极航线战略对我国海洋强国建设的催化作用实质:一是中国对北极地区的科学考察,有助于深入海洋认知和强化海洋生态保护;二是中国商船在北极航线的安全通行,有助于提高海洋利用水平;三是中国对外贸易潜力的增长,有助于推动海洋经济发展;四是中国对外关系的发展,有助于进一步营造和谐海洋局面;五是中国对北极航线战略通道的利用,有助于加快建设海洋强国的步伐。     

简析北极航线战略作用范围下的中国海洋强国建设

近些年来,北冰洋加速融化,北极航线利益凸显,北极航线战略变得越来越重要,特别是在党的十八大提出海洋强国战略并着力建设海洋强国的今天,显得尤为关键,作为海运大国的中国,不能错过北极航线战略与中国海洋强国建设研究的最佳时机,北极航线战略对中国海洋强国建设作用范围的明确,是进行二者互动关系研究的必要前提,也是北极航线战略助力海洋强国建设目标实现的重要基础。从北极航线战略与中国海洋强国建设的制定原则、实施进程及影响层面入手,阐述二者的关联性,从国家层面考虑,将中国海洋强国建设系统地概括为政治、经济、军事、文化4部分,再分别从内部作用和外部条件入手,详细探讨了北极航线战略对中国海洋强国建设的作用,继而针对以上分析提出了在北极航线战略影响下的中国海洋强国建设的对策及建议,以期为北极航线战略的制定实施以及中国海洋强国的建设提供理论参考。     

第六届海洋强国战略论坛聚焦环渤海

11月22日,由中国海洋学会、中国太平洋学会和河北省海洋局共同主办的第六届海洋强国战略论坛在石家庄市隆重召开。本届论坛以"保护渤海环境,推动海洋生态@明建设"为主题,提出举科学之力、聚专家之智,共同探讨海洋强国的战略内涵,探索决策海洋强国的理论,寻求建设海洋强     

关于我国实施海洋强国战略的思考

现代世界强国都从战略全局上高度重视海洋,海洋在政治、经济、军事和全球环境方面都具有重要的战略意义.文章从近代中国几代领导人对海洋的基本认识入手,针对性地提出制定海洋战略,建设海洋强国的若干对策及措施,阐述了我国实施海洋强国战略的意义.     

关于举办第七届海洋强国战略论坛的(征文)通知

<正>"第七届海洋强国战略论坛"定于2014年10月31日在江苏省南京市召开。本次论坛旨在紧紧围绕党的十八大作出的建设海洋强国的重大部署和习总书记关于建设海洋强国的指示精神,以"依海富国、以海强国、人海和谐"为主题,充分交流近一时期为落实海洋强国战略,推动经济社会发展,我国科学家在海洋自然科学及社会人文科学领域所取得的新观点、新成果、新     

《海上行政案件查处》书评

生命起源于海洋。随着"海洋强国"战略的提出,我国海洋经济不断发展,与其他沿海国家之间的联系也不断加强。与此同时,各沿海国家都在不断完善海洋法律体系,调整海洋发展战略,强化海洋综合管理,维护本国海洋利益,提升对海洋问题的关注度。可见,"以海强国"是必然的战略选择。近年来我国海上行政案件频发。与海上治安案件相比,海上行政案件具有"点多、面广、线长"的特点。     

《中国参与全球海洋治理的理念与实践》一书由海洋出版社正式出版发行

海洋是人类社会赖以生存和可持续发展的共同空间和宝贵财富,保护海洋生态环境、实现蓝色经济高质量发展、推动海洋可持续发展、稳定海洋安全关系等,是全人类共同的职责和使命。在构建海洋命运共同体的进程中,随着"21世纪海上丝绸之路"倡议和海洋强国建设的稳步推进,中国在深度参与全球海洋治理方面已形成一定的知识积累,并开展了多方面的实践。     

实施海洋强国战略的若干问题

中国是一个海陆兼备的大国，也是一个古航海国家，中华民族曾在海洋上创造过举世无双的辉煌。“兴海军，振中华”，“富国强兵，中华腾飞”，是几代中国人梦寐以求的夙愿。但历史上相当长一个时期海洋没有成为中国振兴之路，却给中国人民带来了深重灾难。迈入新世纪，中国在海洋上再次面临历史的抉择，江泽民主席适时地提出：“建设海洋强国是新时期的一项重要历史任务”。我们必须真正从国家战略高度来审视海洋，以落实建设海洋强国的光荣历史使命。一、建设海洋强国应在国家战略上切实体现１９９８年，国务院发布了中国海洋史上第一个海洋…     

海上丝绸之路、海洋文化与海洋战略之纵横研究

"丝绸之路"的内涵在全球竞争新格局下已然发生变化,竞相成为主要大国博弈的战略高地。中国倡导构建21世纪海上丝绸之路,面临着海上霸权、地缘政治、战略平衡和利益创造等方面的挑战,需要以海洋强国战略为统领,有所为有所不为,从海洋文化建设、法规体系、深海科技和强大海军等方面人手,寻求海上丝绸之路经略之道。     

在实施海洋强国战略中维护我国国防安全

实施海洋强国战略是党中央着眼国家安全与发展战略全局作出的重大决策,对维护国防安全和发展利益提供了难得的机遇,也提出了严峻的挑战,必须统筹国内国际两个大局,在实施海洋强国战略中坚决维护我国海洋权益。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.