2D有限差分偏移技术在探地雷达信号成像中的应用

由于绕射波的存在,很难准确估计探地雷达剖面中目标的尺寸,因此,对目标进行成像研究具有重要意义和应用价值。采用2D有限差分偏移技术对典型的合成记录及实测探地雷达剖面进行了成像处理,结果表明,偏移可以大大提高探地雷达资料的横向分辨率。在实际资料处理中,通过对点目标绕射波的准确归位,可以简单估计地下介质的电磁波速度。讨论了工程处理中速度模型的建立,实际数据的非零偏等偏移处理中的核心问题。     

紫金山金-铜矿露天采矿场地下不明空区的地质雷达探测

采用先进的地球物理技术探明露天采矿场地下不明空区的分布情况,准确确定其平面分布范围、顶面埋深及空间高度,对保障露天采矿作业的安全进行、预防突发性事故的发生具有十分重要的意义。运用地质雷达对福建紫金山金铜矿露天采矿场地下不明空区进行探测,在两个不同探测区块共完成18条探测剖面,剖面线总长近4km;经处理后的实测地质雷达剖面具有高清晰度、高分辨率,能准确反映地下各种不同规模的不明采空区的属性、平面位置、顶板埋藏深度、空区大致高度;地质雷达探测共查明较大空区异常55个。采用50MHz天线的地质雷达系统在该露采场的有效探测深度可以达40m以上。在露天采矿场,地质雷达探测受矿区地形条件及环境影响很小,可直接在岩（矿）石表面进行,不受第四系覆盖层对雷达波衰减吸收的影响。因此,地质雷达非常适应露天采矿场地下采空区的探测及定位。     

Ground penetrating radar for groundwater exploration in granitic terrains: A case study from Hyderabad

The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a newly developing geophysical tool for imaging the sub-surface and is potentially useful in groundwater exploration. We test its usefulness in characterizing a groundwater rich lineament near Gajularamaram in the Hyderabad granite terrain, where groundwater is limited to soil, weathering zone and lineaments. The lineament is 2 km long and 50–100 m wide, and oriented in WNW-ESE direction. It is characterized by many closely spaced sub-vertical fractures and faults, majority of which are parallel to the lineament. On either sides of the lineament, sub-horizontal sheet joints are abundant. The lineament is saturated with groundwater that discharge as springs at some places. About 450 m long, 400–100 MHz GPR data (～5–30 m depth) were acquired along five profiles across the lineament. In the lineament, soil thickness varies from ～0.5 m to 5 m, and is underlain by weathered granite. In the WNW part, a thick weathering zone (～15 m) is present and a 10 m wide vertical anomaly zone (lineament) is also present. The presence of shallow reflectors at 1 m depth in the lineament is attributed to the groundwater surface. The GPR images reveal many sub horizontal to gently dipping reflectors, which are interpreted to be the sheet joints. The GPR data clearly reveal the saturated lineament, from which groundwater may migrate laterally to long distance through the sheet joints. We demonstrate the GPR as a rapid geophysical tool that can be used successfully to explore the nearsurface groundwater.     

Ground penetrating radar application in a shallow marine Oxfordian limestone sequence located on the eastern flank of the Paris Basin, NE France

A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey has been carried out in Upper Jurassic limestones located on the eastern flank of the Paris Basin (NE France). The potential of the investigation method is assessed for delineating geologically meaningful stratifications in the shallow subsurface. The fundamentals of the GPR technique are described. Penetration depth and vertical resolution depends on the soil conditions, the characteristics of input signal and the configuration of the transmitter–receiver assembly. In the studied carbonates the penetration level is rather good and the electromagnetic signal reaches up to 1000 nanoseconds maximum (i.e. approximately 55 m). Several depositional units are outlined on the GPR profiles. Six different lithological units are recognised with distinct GPR reflection characteristics. The profiles illustrate the internal 3D organisation of the carbonate platform and its geometry. They provide detailed insight into the nature of an Oxfordian reefal build-up. The high-resolution subsurface model is directly calibrated with geological field observations and it results in a predictive 3D depositional working model. The GPR method is a non-destructive remote sensing technique that is cost effective. The method is considered complementary to other conventional high-resolution reservoir characterisation studies. It represents a powerful investigation tool in earth science studies concerning the imaging of the structure of the shallow subsurface.     

探地雷达小波的构造及在提高雷达信号分辨率中的应用

从理论上详细分析了探地雷达子波的形成机理,提出了一种构造探地雷达小波函数的方法。与Cauchy小波及Morlet小波相比,以这种小波作为基本小波,应用于探地雷达实际资料处理中,在提高探地雷达剖面分辨率的同时,还能保持较高的信噪比     

南盘江盆地赖子山穹隆构造样式及沙箱模拟研究

贵州南盘江盆地发育一系列不同样式的穹隆状构造,其控制着低温矿床的分布,位于黔西南控制烂泥沟超大型金矿床的赖子山穹隆是其典型代表。在统计赖子山穹隆地层产状的基础上,通过π圆图解确定出轴迹分别为NW和NE向的稳定变形亚区,并依据亚区构造横剖面和几何投影解析得到亚区褶皱位态类型均为直立水平背斜。通过统计分析区内劈理并依据劈理与亚区褶皱轴面的平行关系筛选出轴面劈理,基于轴面劈理的切割关系、卷入变形的地层及前人获得的相关构造岩浆岩年代推断出组成赖子山穹隆亚区褶皱的发育时序,即NWSE向背斜发育于燕山早期,NNESSW向背斜发育于燕山晚期。基于地质构造分析,结合该地区地层岩石能干性强弱、地层缩短量和变形边界条件建立两个沙箱模型进行4组实验,通过改变软弱层材料、变形同时性模拟构造复合叠加和构造联合叠加的变形过程及样式,讨论影响叠加变形的因素。根据模拟结果,我们认为赖子山穹隆是NW向和NNE向纵弯直立水平褶皱经移褶性复合叠加形成的穹隆状构造,两期褶皱分别对应燕山早期雪峰山隆起对南盘江盆地的侧向挤压作用和燕山晚期黔西南由NW向SE的大型逆冲推覆作用;岩层能干性差异和构造变形的强弱是影响叠加褶皱构造样式和叠加类型的关键因素,当岩层能干性差异较大时,相对软弱的岩层起到分层变形作用,使得软弱层上下强硬层构造样式不同;后期变形较弱时,形成限制性、移褶性叠加褶皱,后期变形较强时,形成斜跨、横跨式叠加褶皱,分阶段变形形成复合叠加构造,同时变形或变形速度差较小时,形成弧形的联合叠加构造。     

Integration of sedimentology and ground‐penetrating radar for high‐resolution imaging of a carbonate platform

Ground‐penetrating radar has not been applied widely to the recognition of ancient carbonate platform geometries. This article reports the results of an integrated study performed on an Upper Jurassic outcrop from the south‐east Paris basin, where coral bioherms laterally change into prograding depositional sequences. Ground‐penetrating radar profiles illustrate the different bedding planes and major erosional unconformities visible at outcrop. A ground‐penetrating radar profile conducted at the base of the cliff displays a palaeotopographic surface on which the outcropping bioherms settled. The excellent penetration depths of the ground‐penetrating radar (20 m with a monostatic 200 MHz antenna) images the carbonate platform geometries, ranging between outcrop workscale (a few metres) and seismic scale (several hundreds of metres). This study supports recent evidence of icehouse conditions and induced sea‐level fluctuations controlling the Upper Jurassic carbonate production.     

Ground‐penetrating radar and sedimentological analysis of Holocene floodplains: Insight from the Tuross valley,New South Wales

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) has been used on an array of floodplain types on the lower Tuross River, in southeastern New South Wales, as part of an investigation into controls on channel‐floodplain relationships. Ground‐penetrating radar transects from two floodplains are presented, along with sedimentological detail from trenches dug along the profiles at key locations. Sedimentological investigations showed that 100 MHz antenna gave an approximation of overall bedding trends in the upper 3 m when automatic gain control processing was used. Spreading and exponential compensation processing provided insight into textural changes associated with increased silt content distal of the levee crest. One trench showed that thinning beds were responsible for onlapping reflectors. Signal attenuation at ～4 m depth below the raised floodplain surface resulted from a >50 cm‐thick bed of sandy clay. The close integration of GPR and sedimentological data produced an excellent dataset, that enabled form‐process associations and floodplain evolution to be established for these sandy floodplains. However, accurate subsurface assessment and interpretation must stem from carefully combined GPR and sedimentological datasets.     

地质雷达应用于探测拱桥，空洞的效果验证

运用地质雷达探测了一个拱桥和一个空洞,通过探测结果和被探体的实际揭露情况比较得出,雷达剖面图像的解释结果与被探体的实际剖面形态类似,水平误差取决于探测物理点点间距,深度误差仅±0.05m.     

地质雷达探测技术在岩溶地形勘察中的应用

岩溶地形的有效勘察是保证岩溶地区工程施工安全与质量的重要因素.从应用条件来看,地质雷达方法较其它地球物理方法更适应浅层复杂岩溶地形的勘察.这里介绍了地质雷达在岩溶地形勘察中的工作原理和方法,分析了在岩溶地区雷达波的传播特点与曲线特征,结合工程实例,探讨了地质雷达在岩溶地形勘察中的应用.经分析认为,该技术能够有效地完成岩溶地区的工程地质勘察工作,有较好的发展前景和应用价值.     

探地雷达在铁路隧道检测中的应用

基于铁路隧道衬砌质量检测项目,结合探地雷达检测过程中发现的一些问题,列举了不同地质情况下,隧道衬砌检测、衬砌背后回填密实程度检测、钢筋检测、钢架检测的典型雷达图像特征.     

微波雷达在嫦娥探月工程中的应用

微波穿透雷达对月球的观测方式可以分为地基、星载环绕、星地联合以及就位探测等。对比其他探测手段,微波雷达在探测范围和空间分辨率上有很明显的优势,因此在月球和其他行星探测中起着重要的作用。国内外越来越多的深空探测任务已经或准备携带微波雷达,用于探索地外天体的浅表层地质结构,以了解行星地质过程和演化历史。本文综述了我国嫦娥三号和四号月球车玉兔号和玉兔2号在就位微波雷达(测月雷达)探测月球浅表层地质结构方面所取得的新进展,重点阐述了测月雷达在揭示月壤内部的精细结构、表层与次表层地质结构探测等方面的应用。最后,展望了我国月球微波雷达的发展趋势。     

Ground penetrating radar and 2D electric resistivity studies for tracing hydrocarbon leakage site,close to Abha City: a case study

This work presents the application of the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method and electric resistivity tomography (ERT) technique in outlining a zone of contamination due to the light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) plume underground in the area of an impacted fuel station, close to Abha City. The GPR has been performed using SIR3000 unit with the 100 and 400 MHz antennas. The main objective of the GPR survey was to evaluate the lateral extension of contamination. The complex GPR signature of the plume was well characterized. Low reflectivity zone corresponds to hydrocarbon vapor phase in the vadose zone. Enhanced reflections are associated with free and residual products in the fractured saturated zone directly above the water table. An electric resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was performed on four profiles within the site to investigate the vertical and horizontal extent of the contamination plume and to define the bottom of the landfill. The 2D electric profiles show the presence of low-resistivity (4O to 37 Ω m) anomalies that refers to the presence of accumulated hydrocarbons. From the interpretation of the GPR and ERT profile, it was possible to locate the top and bottom of the contamination plume of the waste disposal site. The radar signal penetrated deep enough and enabled the identification of a second reflector at approximately 10-m deep, interpreted as the hard basement surface which causes the strong amplitude reflection in the GPR profile. The results of GPR and ERT showed good agreement.     

Application of ground penetrating radar in mapping and monitoring landfill sites

The internal structure and the integrity of the containment walls are aspects of landfill site management that need to be continuously monitored. Monitoring currently involves construction of boreholes and chemical analyses of surface samples which are time-consuming and expensive. The applicability of ground penetrating radar (GPR) as an aid to monitoring these processes has been investigated. GPR surveys have successfully resolved the shallow depth soil and geological structure, identified the structure and history of the waste input, defined the water table in three dimensions and identified leachout breakout points in the impermeable lining of the landfill edges. Integration of the results of GPR surveys with data from surface surveys and boreholes could provide landfill operators, environmental agencies and commercial companies with a cost-effective monitoring methodology and a mechanism for enhancing contaminant migration modelling.     

探地雷达在公路隧道衬砌检测中的应用

分析总结了隧道衬砌存在的常见问题及缺陷在雷达图像中的显现特征,并将探测结果与实际地质概况进行对比分析。结果表明,探地雷达能够对隧道衬砌实施连续扫描,获得形象直观的探测图像,利用探地雷达检测公路隧道衬砌,具有无损、快速、广泛、精确等优点。     

利用探地雷达探测地下空洞

简要介绍了探地雷达工作原理及其探测地下空洞的方法技术，以广州某地基勘察中地下空洞的检测为例，分析了地下空洞的雷达波组特征，总结了探地雷达时深剖面图的异常特征。指出该方法具有速度快、探测精度高、可获得连续结果等特点。经开挖验证，探地雷达异常特征与地下空洞实际位置相吻合。     

随机介质中的探地雷达叠前逆时偏移成像

为了更好地分析探地雷达(GPR)叠前逆时偏移算法对实际地下随机分布介质的成像效果,采用随机过程的谱分解和混合型自相关函数理论构建了不同自相关长度的GPR随机介质模型。基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)构建了GPR叠前逆时偏移成像算法,其中FDTD用于计算正传和反传电磁波场,归一化互相关成像条件用于获取逆时偏移成像剖面。在此基础上,利用该算法对两个随机介质模型的多偏移距正演数据进行计算,并与相应背景介质为均匀介质的逆时偏移结果进行对比。结果表明:电磁波在随机介质中散射强烈,反射波扭曲变形、不连续,形成了明显的随机扰动,致使逆时偏移成像剖面的空间分辨率更低,低频噪声更强;自相关长度是影响随机介质中异常体成像效果的主要因素,自相关长度越小,异常体的成像越清晰,自相关长度越大,异常体的成像效果越差,且不易被识别。     

Ozonation of diesel fuel in unsaturated porous media

The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of ozonation in unsaturated porous media, and consequently to observe its features and to identify possible limiting factors. Diesel fuel was chosen to represent a complex organic contaminant that is widespread in the environment. In this experiment, the effects of several ozonation features were investigated. Sand was spiked with commercially available diesel fuel (17.024 g diesel/kg dry sand), and packed into a column. Ozone was supplied into the column in a downward direction. When the sand was treated for 7 h at 20 mg ozone/l of air, 40% of the diesel was removed. As the ozone concentration increased from 5 to 20 mg ozone/l, the removal efficiency increased. The removal rate varied significantly depending on the ozone concentration and the treatment duration. At higher ozone concentration, significant quantities of ozone were consumed by the intermediates produced by the ozonation process, and therefore, the removal efficiency and the apparent removal rate of diesel became lowered. The low removal efficiency of diesel results from the high concentrations of normal alkanes. Total hydrocarbon concentration (THC) in the effluent gas was measured using a total hydrocarbon analyzer. The THC decreased with the period of exposure and increasing ozone concentration. Ozonation decreased the gas-extractable fraction and accordingly, the THC decreased. Water-extractable fractions formed by the action of ozone were further oxidized by ozone. Due to the reduction of WEOC (water-extractable organic C) caused by ozone treatment, the potential spread of contamination can be reduced.     

Identifying causes of ground-penetrating radar reflections using time-domain reflectometry and sedimentological analyses

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique widely used to study the shallow subsurface and identify various sediment features that reflect electromagnetic waves. However, little is known about the exact cause of GPR reflections because few studies have coupled wave theory to petrophysical data. In this study, a 100- and 200-MHz GPR survey was conducted on aeolian deposits in a quarry. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to obtain detailed information on the product of relative permittivity (ɛ_r) and relative magnetic permeability (μ_r), which mainly controls the GPR contrast parameter in the subsurface. Combining TDR data and lacquer peels from the quarry wall allowed the identification of various relationships between sediment characteristics and ɛ_rμ_r. Synthetic radar traces, constructed using the TDR logs and sedimentological data from the lacquer peels, were compared with the actual GPR sections. Numerous peaks in ɛ_rμ_r, which are superimposed on a baseline value of 4 for dry sand, are caused by potential GPR reflectors. These increases in ɛ_rμ_r coincide with the presence of either organic material, having a higher water content and relative permittivity than the surrounding sediment, or iron oxide bands, enhancing relative magnetic permeability and causing water to stagnate on top of them. Sedimentary structures, as reflected in textural change, only result in possible GPR reflections when the volumetric water content exceeds 0·055. The synthetic radar traces provide an improved insight into the behaviour of radar waves and show that GPR results may be ambiguous because of multiples and interference.