Reproductive Biology of Liocarcinus puber and L holsatus (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) from the Gower Peninsula, South Wales

Abstract. Routine monthly samples of the commercially important portunid crab Liocarcimtx puber and the sympatric but ecologically separated L. holsatus were collected from the waters and shores around the Gowcr Peninsula, South Wales, between November 1983 and September 1985.
The pubertal moult in L. puber occurred at 38 mm CW (carapace width) (females) and 42 mm CW (males). In L. holsatus this occurred at 17 mm (females) and 18.5 mm CW (males). The median size of ovigcrous females was 49.2 ± 6.7 mm CW in L. puber and 26.5 ± 2.0 mm CW in L. holsatus.
Moulting and copulation occurred between spring and autumn, the moulting period of males being earlier than that of the females. Ovigcrous L. holsatus were recorded throughout the year, with highest proportions between February and April. L. puber were ovigcrous mainly between January and March; none was recorded between September and November. The number of eggs of the wild brood (range: 39,000–280,000 for L. holsatus and 40.000–262.000 for L. puber ) was related to female body size as y = 3.099.51 c^0.1126x, r = 0.90, n = 21 and y = 6,335.98 c^0.051x, r = 0.88, n = 23, respectively, where y = number of eggs and x = carapace width (mm).
Following successful copulation, females of both species were able to spawn more than once during an intcrmoult period.     

封闭循环养殖系统中驼背鲈和斜带石斑鱼生长的研究

研究闭合循环水养殖条件下驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis)和斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的生长特性。经343d养殖，驼背鲈幼鱼平均体质量由24．16g增加到124．4g，平均日生长率为1．2％．体质量与养殖时间的关系式为M=32．674e^0.0048t，体质量与体长的关系式为M=0．0042L^3.6184；斜带石斑鱼幼鱼体质量由20．10g增加到490g，平均日生长率为6．8％，体质量与养殖时间的关系式为M=34．319e^0.0984t，体质量与体长的关系式为M=0．0656L^2.7102。     

Fenton 试剂降解壳聚糖废液的初步研究

通过单因素分析实验 ,研究了 Fenton试剂降解壳聚糖制备废液过程中各影响因子的作用机制 ,初步得出了其最佳作用范围。通过正交匹配实验 ,确定了最佳操作条件为 :初始 p H=2 .5,终了p H=1 0 ,1 0 g Fe/ L的 Fe2 溶液 1 5m L,30 % H2 O2 2 m L,t(搅拌 ) =80 min,t(静置 ) =8h,T=348K,经验证 COD去除率达到 58.91 %。在常温下 ,利用紫外扫描法简单分析了 Fenton试剂对醋酸钠难降解有机物的降解效率 ,达到了 1 6.39%。     

Level and fate of heavy metals in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent waters

Dissolved concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd were measured in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent waters. The results indicate that the ranges of dissolved heavy metals in the studied waters are as follows: Cu = 1.0−6.9 μg/L, Pb = 0.10−0.39 μg/L, Zn = 3.2−9.1 μg/L, and Cd = 0.011−0.049 μg/L. The behavior of the dissolved Cu was essentially conservative, but a high scatter was observed for the high salinity samples, and it is the same with Zn and Pb. The overall concentrations of dissolved Cd increase with the salinity. There were no differences between the surface, middle, and bottom layer for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd. Seasonal changes of their averages were not obvious on the whole. River discharges, sedimentary dynamics, and biological processes might determine the profiles of heavy metals. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Effects of long-term cyclic horizontal loading on bucket foundations in saturated loose sand

A 1-g model experimental study was conducted to investigate the accumulated rotations and unloading stiffness of bucket foundations in saturated loose sand. One-way horizontal cyclic loading was applied to model bucket foundations with embedment ratios 0.5 and 1.0. Up to 10⁴ cycles of loading were applied at a frequency of 0.2 Hz varying load amplitudes. The accumulated rotation of the bucket foundations increased with the number of cycles and the load amplitudes. Empirical equations were proposed to describe the accumulated rotation of the foundations. The unloading stiffness of foundations increased with the number of cycles but decreased with an increase in load amplitude. The initial unloading stiffness of L/D = 1.0 (L is skirt length; D is foundation diameter) was approximately twice that of L/D = 0.5. Excess pore water pressure difference of 50% was observed between L/D = 0.5 and 1.0. The suction and static capacity of the bucket increased with increase of bucket embedment ratio with a difference of 69.5% and 73.6% respectively between L/D = 0.5 and 1.0.     

发头裸腹溞(Moina irrasa)体长——体重回归方程

发头裸腹溞在曲阜分布较广,能在水域中形成优势种。作者测定了发头裸腹溞的不同体长组的鲜重、干重以及经4％福尔马林溶液固定后的样本的湿重、干重,并计算出体长—体重回归方程。同时对干重和湿重的百分比进行了比较。     

In-water algorithms for ADEOS/OCTS

In-water algorithms for OCTS standard products were developed using in situ data and installed for operationally processing at NASDA/EOC. This paper describes the in-water algorithms Version 1.0 for chlorophylla concentration, pigment concentration, and attenuation coefficient at a wavelength of 490 nm. The selected OCTS standard algorithms (Ver. 1.0) are as follows:      

Genetic diversity and adaptability of two species of Mugilidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Po river delta coastal lagoons

Molecular polymorphisms (allozyme and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP)) were investigated in the mullet specie's Liza ramada and Liza saliens to determine levels of genetic variability and assess possible correlations between the population genetic structure and the specie's adaptability to shallow water environments. The thinlipped (L. ramada) and the sharpnose (L. saliens) mullets are diadromous species that enter coastal lagoons during early life stages to complete growth previous to sexual maturation. Bi-monthly samples (n = 30–50) were collected in the period 2000–2002 in different sites of the Sacca di Goro (Po river delta) and a nearby aquaculture lagoon (Valle Bertuzzi). Biochemical analyses were carried out by means of starch gel electrophoresis (SGE) on 24 genetic loci corresponding to 15 gene–enzyme systems. In addition, molecular species-specific AFLP (15 primer combinations) were obtained by means of capillary electrophoresis. The degree of allozyme variability determined at three polymorphic loci, GPI-A, GPI-B and G3PDH in L. saliens and L. ramada (polymorphic loci P = 0.08; mean heterozygosity H = 0.010–0.022) and AFLP diversity (P = 0.110–0.430), seems lower than the one reported in the literature for ecologically similar teleost species. The identification of diagnostic alleles at GPI-A, G3PDH, AK-2, CK-A, CK-B, AAT, IDH, PGM-1, PGM-2 loci in the two mullet species was used for the taxonomic classification of L. saliens and L. ramada. Molecular taxonomy (allozyme and AFLP) demonstrated that the presence of small individuals inside the lagoons previously identified according to morphological characters has often been misinterpreted. The results are discussed in relation to the adaptive role of genetic variation and the migratory characteristics of Mugilidae.     

Growth rate of speckled snapper Lutjanus rivulatus (Teleostei: Lutjanidae) based on tag-recapture data from the iSimangaliso Wetland Park,South Africa

The growth rate of speckled snapper Lutjanus rivulatus was investigated using data from a long-term tag-recapture study conducted in the St Lucia Marine Reserve within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, a World Heritage Site in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A total of 1 429 L. rivulatus were tagged and 453 (31.7%) individual fish were recaptured one or more times. Growth rates were modelled from the tag-recapture data using a maximum-likelihood approach. It is shown that L. rivulatus is a slow-growing species with L_∞ = 918?mm FL, K = 0.06 and phi-prime (Ø, the growth index) = 2.69. The effects of deep-hooking and multiple captures were tested and this revealed that there was no significant impact on the growth of L. rivulatus. The growth index was lower than that recorded in many other similar congeneric species. Slow growth, coupled with high levels of residency and site fidelity, suggest that this species is vulnerable to exploitation and that a precautionary approach towards future management is appropriate.     

沟竹蛏的繁殖季节与生长

根据性腺形态特征、组织切片观察和肥满度指数变化 ,报道沟竹蛏繁殖期为每年的6～8月份 ,分批放散精、卵 ,其两次生殖高峰分别出现于6月上、中旬和8月上、中旬。繁殖季节、肥满度指数与温度密切相关 ,其繁殖期适宜温度为25～29℃。沟竹蛏的壳长与壳高的关系呈直线正相关 ,L=4.304H -2.084 ,(r=0.9138) ;壳长与干肉重呈幂函数关系 ,W1(非繁殖季节 )=4.750×10-7×L3.53,(r=0.9196) ,W2(繁殖季节 )=3.942×10-7×L3.301,(r=0.9105)。     

Benthic fluxes of copper,complexing ligands and thiol compounds in shallow lagoon waters

Benthic fluxes of copper, copper complexing ligands and thiol compounds in the shallow waters of Venice Lagoon (Italy) were determined using benthic chambers and compared to porewater concentrations to confirm their origin. Benthic copper fluxes were small due to small concentration differences between the porewaters and the overlying water, and the equilibrium concentration was the same at both sites, suggesting that the sediments acted to buffer the copper concentration. Thiol fluxes were ～10 × greater at 50–60 pmol cm^?2 h^?1, at the two sites. Porewater measurements demonstrated that the sediments were an important source of the thiols to the overlying waters. The overlying waters were found to contain at least two ligands, a strong one, L1 (log K′_CuL1 = 14.2) and a weaker one, L2 (log K′_CuL2 = 12.5). The concentration of L1 remained relatively constant during the incubation and similar to that of copper, whereas that of L2 was in great excess of copper, its concentration balanced by porewater releases and breakdown, probably due to uptake by microorganisms, similar to that of the thiol compounds. Similarity of the thiol and L2 concentrations and similar complex stability with copper suggest that L2 was dominated by the thiols. The free copper concentration ([Cu´]) in the Lagoon waters was lowered by a factor of 10⁵ as a result of the organic complexation.     

五圆柱体结构群绕流特性及互扰效应研究

基于Fluent流体计算平台,运用大涡模拟方法对亚临界雷诺数Re=3900下“X”形排列五圆柱体结构群三维绕流特性进行研究,主要分析来流攻角α与间距比L/D两个关键参数对五圆柱体结构群的尾流区三维涡结构演化与流体力系数的影响,并揭示其内在流动互扰机理。研究表明:来流攻角和间距比的变化对五圆柱体结构群流动控制及互扰效应的影响显著。在小间距比工况下,观察到柱体群间隙区域内流体高速流动的现象,导致五圆柱体之间的互扰作用十分强烈。间隙流对中间圆柱体和下游圆柱体有较强的冲击作用,对其表面的流体力分布特性有显著的影响。另外,大间距比工况下,当α=0°与L/D≥5.0工况时,柱体群尾流效应强于其间隙流效应。当α=22.5°与L/D=7.0时,位于下游与中间处的圆柱体流体绕流特性存在较大差异。而当α=45°与L/D≥6.0时,位于上游与中间处的圆柱体尾流区均会产生正负交替的漩涡结构。     

恩诺沙星在菲律宾蛤仔体内的消除规律研究

以5mg/L恩诺沙星浸浴菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)24h,取血液、鳃、内脏团、足、闭壳肌5种组织,反相高效液相色谱法测定其中的药物浓度。结果表明,恩诺沙星按一级动力学过程从体内消除,在5种组织中消除速率快慢不一,其在菲律宾蛤仔血液、鳃、内脏团、足、闭壳肌中的消除曲线方程分别为c=6.995e-0.0853t,c=2.7957e-0.1177t,c=1.539e-0.1013t,c=1.7015e-0.1535t,c=2.010e-0.1414t,消除半衰期T1/2分别为6.284,5.889,6.483,4.516,3.679h。恩诺沙星在水产品中的最大残留限量为50μg/kg,在本实验条件下,建议临床休药期不小于2d。     

川纹笛鲷染色体核型、银染和C-带

实验采用植物血凝素、秋水仙碱腹腔注射,肾细胞直接制片法分析了川纹笛鲷Lutjanus sebae染色体核型、Ag-NORs和C-带.结果表明:1)川纹笛鲷二倍体染色体数2n=48,核型公式为:2n=48t,NF=48;在第1对染色体靠近着丝粒部位有明显的次缢痕.2)染色体经快速银染后,Ag-NORs的数目在不同细胞中表现出多态性,数目1-4个,2个Ag-NORs的频率最高(占79%).在分裂相中,第1对t染色体近着丝粒的次缢痕区均出现2个银染位点(Ag-NORs阳性),且未见Ag-NORs的联合现象.3)大多数染色体的着丝粒区显示出1个深浅不同的C-带,在第1对染色体的随体区域分布有大量的结构异染色质,表现C-带强阳性.讨论了鱼类核型演化规律和Ag-NORs,C-带的发生机制,以及川纹笛鲷的进化地位.     

海带中昆布素的荧光定量检测及提取工艺优化

针对昆布素检测技术的难点,利用昆布素与苯胺蓝能特异性结合的特点,采用荧光分光光度计建立了昆布素含量的荧光快速检测方法。实验结果表明:NaOH浓度对昆布素立体结构影响较大,在昆布素解旋过程中加入70μL 3 mol/L的NaOH能使昆布素-苯胺蓝荧光复合物具有最大的荧光信号;通过三维荧光扫描,确定昆布素-苯胺蓝荧光复合物的最佳激发和发射波长分别为398 nm和502 nm,在此条件下昆布素-苯胺蓝荧光复合物浓度与其荧光值正相关(R2=0.999 4);方法学分析表明:该测定方法具有较高的精密度(RSD为2.52%)和稳定性(RSD为2.09%),检测范围为20~80 mg/L。基于所建立的昆布素含量快速检测方法,本文设计了有关提取温度、提取时间、pH以及乙醇浓度四个因素三个水平的正交试验对海带中昆布素的提取条件作了初步优化,结果表明:海带中昆布素的最佳提取条件是:置于稀盐酸(pH为1)溶液中于25℃下提取4 h,90%乙醇沉淀。     

近岸表层海水中溶解态铅的研究

采用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)对1999年10月采自浙江省三门湾健跳港表层海水中溶解态铅的形态进行了分析,结果表明:海水中游离态铅的浓度为2.2 nmol/dm3,有机配位态则可分为两类,即PbL1和PbL2;两类有机配位体条件稳定常数的对数(logKpcobnLd1,pb2 和logKpcobnLd2,pb2 )分别为8.4和9.1;两类有机配位体浓度(L1和L2)分别为37.4 nmol/dm3和52.7 nmol/dm3,将上述结果与以往三门湾海区研究中海洋生物急性毒性试验结果和不同介质中铅含量进行对比可知,浙江三门湾健跳港海区表层海水中溶解态铅浓度对海洋生物是安全的,但个别底栖生物物种中较高的铅含量已影响到人类的食用安全。     

硒对华贵栉孔扇贝碱性磷酸酶的酶动力学及理化性质研究

探讨了微量硒(Se~(4+))对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis(Reeve))碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的作用。以催化动力学原理研究了不同缓冲系统中微量硒时AKP的影响。结果表明,Se~(4+)对谈酶的作用与酶所处的环境有关。在0.05 mol/L Na_2CO_3-NaHCO_3(pH 9.0)缓冲溶液中Se~(4+)浓度小于12.5 mmol/L时呈现出激活作用;Se~(4+)浓度大于12.5 mmol/L时呈现出非竞争性的抑制作用,其抑制常数为6.81×10~(-2)mol/L。在0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲系统(pH 9.0)中,微量Se~(4+)对AKP具有强烈竞争性抑制作用,其抑制常数为3.79×10~(-1)mol/L。经紫外吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱和圆二色谱的实验表明,微量Se~(4+)与AKP作用后,该酶的构象已发生了变化。研究发现海水环境中若含有微量Se~(4+)(SeO_3~(2-)),可以促进扇贝AKP的水解。利于贝类的生长发育和外壳的形成,并有益于贝类的繁殖。     

The effect of artificial feed on blood biochemistry profile and liver histology of wild saddled bream, Oblada melanura (Sparidae)

Floating fish farms attract a great number of wild fish species, changing their behaviour and physiology. The saddled bream, Oblada melanura, sampled from populations aggregated around the Adriatic fish farm and from natural/control populations, were analysed for differences in eleven blood biochemistry parameters and liver histomorphology. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and urea (URE) in cage-associated saddled bream (428.00±SD 321.56 U/L, 86.13±SD 39.87 U/L and 0.05±SD 0.16 mmol/L, respectively) were significantly lower than those observed in the control specimens (1047.06±SD 505.56 U/L, 125.75±SD 34.70 U/L and 1.99±SD 0.73 mmol/L, respectively). In contrast to that, concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in cage-associated fish (87.63±SD 132.34 U/L) were higher than values noted for the control population (6.55±SD 5.90 U/L). URE and AST presented the main variables contributing to the discrimination between two analysed populations. One-way ANOSIM based on the blood parameters showed significant difference between saddled bream that fed around cages and those from the remote waters (R=0.697; P < 0.01). Hepatocytes of cage-associated fish contained large cytoplasmatic clear spaces indicating excessive accumulation of fat in the hepatocyte cytoplasm. All observed differences can be attributed to contrasting feeding behaviour of sampled populations but basic nutritional differences between them should be quantified in the future. Moreover, further research is necessary to detect their impact on the health status of the fish.     

Cd2+与Zn2+的联合效应对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)受精率的影响

采用中心组合设计和响应曲面法在实验室条件下研究了Cd2+与Zn2+对马氏珠母贝受精率的影响。Cd2+、Zn2+的浓度范围分别为0.030—20mg/L、0.100—20mg/L。结果表明:Cd2+与Zn2+两因子对马氏珠母贝受精率的一次效应极显著(P<0.01);Cd2+与Zn2+两因子一次互作效应极显著(P<0.01)。经响应曲面法分析,随着Cd2+与Zn2+浓度的增加受精率呈下降趋势,当Zn2+浓度在最低浓度(0.100mg/L)时,受精率随着Cd2+浓度的上升而下降;当Cd2+浓度在最低浓度(0.030mg/L)时,受精率随Zn2+浓度的上升而先下降后升高。本实验建立了马氏珠母贝受精率与Cd2+、Zn2+间关系的模型方程(R2=0.996,Adj.R2=0.987,Pred.R2=0.887,P<0.01)并可用于预测Cd2+、Zn2+对马氏珠母贝受精率的影响。