Life history characteristics of the northern pipefish,Syngnathus fuscus, in Southern New Jersey

The northern pipefish,Syngnathus fuscus, is an abundant component of estuarine faunas along the east coast of the United States, yet little is known of its life history. Northern pipefish were collected from several areas in southern New Jersey, particularly the Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuarine system, to determine aspects of its reproduction and to estimate its age and growth. A monthly gonadosomatic index for both males and females indicated a spring through summer spawning period, with a peak in reproductive activity during June. A male brood pouch-somatic index indicated a prolonged male brooding period over spring through summer, with a peak in June. The size of males with broods ranged from 119–222 mm total length (TL), and the number of eggs within a brood varied from 45 to 1380. Individual embryos within a brood were identical in development stage, suggesting each brood resulted from a single mating. Young-of-the-year occurred in samples from May through November, with peak abundance in June. Individuals in this year class were extremely variable in size by the end of the first growing season, varying from 5 mm TL to 200 mm TL in November. At approximately 1 yr of age, individuals were 70–220 mm TL and many were of sufficient size to reproduce, indicating that the events of the first year of life for this species are of central importance to an understanding of its population dynamics.     

新疆北部古生代构造演化的几点认识

最近的地质调查和研究资料揭示,新疆北部古生代存在"三块两带"的构造格局,并经历了复杂的洋陆转换过程。地质、地球物理和碎屑锆石年龄结果显示,准噶尔盆地南部应存在一个至少发育前震旦系的古老陆块;初步认为东准噶尔北自额尔齐斯构造带东南的玛依鄂博地区至南部的卡拉麦里构造带南界,整体为一增生杂岩体,西准噶尔自额尔齐斯构造带南缘至谢米斯台南缘亦为一增生杂岩体。提出新疆北部加里东运动表现为准噶尔-吐哈陆块、中天山陆块群、伊犁地块等拼合形成哈萨克斯坦板块的一部分。从新疆北部泥盆系建造组合和沉积环境演变视角,探讨了早古生代形成的哈萨克板块北部洋盆从早泥盆世开始,至晚泥盆世拼合,洋盆经历了逐渐变浅直至消亡的演化过程。结合区域地质调查资料,提出南天山为一巨大的增生杂岩体,代表了哈萨克斯坦板块与塔里木板块最后增生拼合的位置,亦是古亚洲洋在中国境内最后闭合的位置,闭合的时限为早石炭末期。在以上认识的基础上,提出新疆北部晚古生代构造演化的"三块两带"基本框架:即在统一哈萨克斯坦板块形成后,自北而南依次存在西伯利亚板块、哈萨克斯坦板块、塔里木板块及其间的准噶尔洋盆和南天山洋盆。晚泥盆世哈萨克斯坦板块与西伯利亚板块完成增生拼贴;早石炭世末,塔里木板块与西伯利亚-哈萨克斯坦联合板块完成增生拼贴,古亚洲洋结束洋陆转换;晚石炭世至早二叠世,新疆北部进入后碰撞伸展至大陆裂谷演化阶段。     

基岩山区找水电测深曲线解释初探

本文以灰岩山区为例,探讨了基岩山区寻找地下水时,物探电测深曲线分析、解释中的一些认识。总结出：电测深曲线异常与非异常的区分;曲线的三种突变对含水层的辨认;含水层埋藏深度判定的经验公式以及根据曲线形态判定地下水的富集程度。     

Method for groundwater research in bedrock of mountainous area of Hebei

In recent years, the mountain springs in the bedrock mountainous area of Hebei are decreasing in terms of both quantity and flow rate, which have affected the domestic water and production water supply for people in this area, due to which driven wells have been built with the expectation to relieve the problem. However, this work doesn’t achieve much success due to the complex geological conditions in the bedrock mountainous area and tends to cause huge economic losses. In order to improve the success rate of this work, the authors of this paper made a summary about the type of reservoir structure, water storage conditions and characteristics, by drawing experience from the former practices of digging wells in the mountainous area of Hebei to search for water to relieve drought in 2011, referring to the research results about bedrock summarized by former researchers, employing the reservoir structure theory and by considering the stratum condition of the bedrock mountain area of Hebei. Based on the summary, the authors figure out the major reservoir structure and water research methods for mountainous regions where have metamorphic rocks, carbonate rocks and volcanic rocks distributed, which may offer some valuable guidance to future water researches in the bedrock mountainous area of Hebei     

藏北双湖地区三叠纪地层新资料

在西藏北部双湖江爱达日那地区新发现一套出露较完整的三叠纪地层体，从多重地层的角度阐述了三叠系各组级岩石地层单位的基本特征。通过剖面测制，获取了丰富的三叠系地层、沉积相和古生物化石资料，尤其是下三叠统硬水泉组生物扰动灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、豆粒灰岩和中三叠统康南组舍菊石灰岩的发现，为羌塘盆地三叠系地层、沉积相划分与对比，生物古地理研究和沉积盆地分析提供了重要的基础性资料。根据岩石类型和生物组合等特征，将上三叠统土门格拉群含煤系地层划分为3个组级岩石地层单位：红水沟组、石门关组和江爱达日那组。     

Variation in river multi-element chemistry related to bedrock buffering: an example from the Adirondack region of northern New York, USA

Water from four north-flowing rivers (Oswegatchie, Grasse, Raquette, and West Branch of the St. Regis) traversing three distinct geologic terranes (Adirondack Highlands, Adirondack Lowlands, St. Lawrence Valley), originating in the acidified northern Adirondack region, display rapid spatial changes in downriver multi-element chemistry and physical parameters. Downriver, most soluble elements increase (Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Na, Rb, S, and Sr) while statistically significant decreases in insoluble elements (Al, Ce, Dy, Er, Fe, Gd, La, Mn, Nd, Pr, and Y) also occur. Lithium, Si, and Zr did not show a consistent increasing or decreasing trend. Concentrations of most elements measured on June 5, 2008 were greater than 7?weeks later; however, greater discharge and lower pH enhanced Al concentrations occurred during the later sampling date. Elemental ratios track changes in lithology, anthropogenic influence, and pH. The Raquette River shows the least variation in elemental concentrations because of storage in numerous hydropower reservoirs and has non-detectable concentrations of some redox sensitive elements such as Co, Ni, and V. Oswegatchie tributaries display similar geochemical trends dependent upon their location and local bedrock and show geochemical trends along the trunks of major rivers that are also evident in smaller drainage basins. Comparison with analytical results from the Western Adirondack Stream Survey also indicates acidification is prevalent in the Adirondack Highlands, particularly in the Oswegatchie headwaters during periods of high flow, but acidity is rapidly buffered downriver due to interaction with marble in the Adirondack Lowlands.     

Seismotectonics of the northern Aegean area

Data concerning the focal mechanism and the spatial distribution of earthquakes have been used to investigate the active tectonics of the northern Aegean and the surrounding area.A thrust region, which includes the northernmost part of the Aegean and at least part of the Marmara Sea, has been defined. An amphitheatrical Benioff zone dipping towards the thrust region from south, east and probably from west, at a mean angle of about 30°, has been detected.The thrust region is surrounded by a region of normal faulting. An eastward progression of the seismic activity in this normal faulting region between 1954 and 1971 has been observed.A correspondence between the earthquake occurrence in the thrust and normal faulting regions has also been observed. Each large shock produced by tensional mechanism in the region of normal faulting is preceded or followed by one or more shocks of compressional mechanism in the thrust region.The focal mechanism, the distribution of the earthquake foci with intermediate focal depth, as well as some magnetic and gravimetric observations can be interpreted by assuming that dense oceanic crust sinks in the northern part of this area and that the adjacent lithosphere moves by segmentation to fill the void with the consequence of producing tensile stresses associated with normal faulting. Such a mechanism of lithospheric interaction suggests that accretion probably takes place in this area.     

A Quartz Syenite Intrusion in the New Jersey Highlands

A Sheel of clinopyroxene quartz syenite, in the PrecambrianHighlands of New Jersey near Berkshire Valley, transects structuraltrends in surrounding gneisses that have been metamorphosedto the hornblende granulite subfacies. The quartz syenite lacksfoliation, lineation, and visible layering. The rock has hypautomorphic-granular texture and is composedchiefly of mesoperthite, quartz, and ferrohedenbergite. Locallyfayalite or hornblende are common. Accessory minerals includeplagioclase and potassium feldspar, zircon, apatite, magnetite,ilmenite, covellite, and pyrite. Contour maps based on modesof thirty-six specimens of quartz syenite indicate progressiveincrease in quartz content and corresponding decrease in maficmineral content from east to west. These modal variations suggestsome degree of gravitational settling of crystals. Althoughthe rock is chemically similar to many Precambrian syenitesin eastern North America, it is distinguished from them by anextremely high Fe/Mg ratio. It is believed that the quartz syenite was intruded as a magmaduring the late stages of folding of the host gneisses. Themagma was highly undersaturated with respect to H₂O during mostof the course of crystallization. Initial H₂O content was probablyfar less than 0.5 weight per cent. Crystallization of most ofthe mass occurred at temperatures well in excess of 800°Cand at load pressures well in excess of 2.5 kilobars. The magmawas probably derived by deep-seated anatexis of Fe-rich, Mg-poorsyenitic gnessies that are now widely exposed in the New JerseyHighlands.     

Transatlantic latest Cretaceous mosasaurs (Reptilia,Lacertilia) from the Maastrichtian type area and New Jersey

Cranial and postcranial elements of the mosasaurid reptiles Mosasaurus hoffmanni Mantell 1829 and Plioplatecarpus marshi Dollo 1882 from the Maastrichtian type area, and of Mosasaurus maximus Cope 1869 and Plioplatecarpus depressus (Cope 1869) from New Jersey are compared. Views held by previous authors are discussed. It is concluded that these European and North American taxa are conspecific.     

Polygonal patterned ground in central New Jersey

Polygonal patterned ground and associated sediment-filled wedges occur in thin-bedded shale in central New Jersey. During a dry growing season, numerous areas of polygonal ground were visible owing to differential growth of vegetation over the sediment-filled fractures. Construction sites where material was removed from the surface prior to excavation also revealed areas of polygonal ground. Measurements of the patterns show networks of polygons with diameters ranging from about 3 m to over 30 m, with an average of approximately 20 m. The wedges examined in vertical exposures range in depth from 25 to 260 cm (average, 125 cm) and in width from 10 to 240 cm (average, 50 cm). The infilling material of the wedges is mostly a sandy loam, although this material is not homogeneous throughout the wedges. The presence of ventifacts and frosted sand grains within the wedges indicates eolian activity during the formation of these features. The polygonal ground and wedge structures exhibit several characteristics similar to those of ice-wedge casts, and available evidence suggests they may have originated as ice-wedge polygons during the last glacial maximum.     

The distribution of local bedrock material in some moraine forms form the inner part of northern Sweden

An inventory of bedrock material has been made from different levels in some moraine types situated in the areas around Storvindeln and Storavan. The results show that moraine forms which have a curved morphology transverse to the direction of ice flow, always have a high content of local bedrock material independent of till thickness. In many cases the local bedrock material is represented more in the upper levels of the moraine. Large transverse ridges with less curvature have a highly variable bedrock content. Drumlins may lack local bedrock material over a distance of many kilometres. The variable distribution of local bedrock material in different moraine types has been interpreted as a function of ice pressure, temperature, and movement during deglaciation.     

Nocturnal behavior of gulls in coastal New Jersey

We studied the behavior of gulls at night with an image intensifier telescope to determine whether they were active at night, and the extent of their foraging in coastal habitats of New Jersey in the summer, fall, and winter of 1989–1990. Regression models and Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that date, time of day, tide, cloud cover, moon phase, and study location all influenced variations in the presence and nocturnal activities of gulls. For each site and species, an, average of 48–88% of the nocturnal surveys recorded gulls foraging or flying about. More laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) foraged at night at Brigantine Beach compared to ring-billed gulls (L. delawarensis) at the northern New Jersey sites. However, more gulls were flying about at the Raritan River site compared to the other places. We suggest that more laughing gulls fed at night compared to ring-billed gulls because the former were breeding. Breeding gulls spend half their time incubating or caring for chicks, and thus might have time constraints on foraging during the day. Laughing gulls foraged at all times of the night on some surveys, but were more frequent around midnight, and the number of flying laughing gulls decreased after 0200 hours. Ring-billed gulls, however, seemed to be equally active all night. Our data indicate that gulls can be active all night, and in all habitats.     

Basal till genesis in relation to bedrock morphology in the Berghem area, southwestern Sweden

Investigations of Late Weichselian deposits on the plateau north of Berghem, southwestern Sweden, constitute the basis for a detailed interpretation of basal tills above the marine limit. Deposition in relation to bedrock ridges perpendicular to ice flow occurred mainly on the stoss side. The content of locally derived bedrock increases with depth and the intensity of deformation within the ridge increases whengoing from the ice-proximal to the distal position. Drumlinoid features around a rock hillock suggest that the depositional behaviour on the stoss side was slightly different in the central part compared with the flanks. In the ice-proximal position the earliest deposition occurred in the centre of the drumlinoid, where the frequency of locally derived components is highest. The deformation in the central part was more intense than on the flank. The details of the till stratigraphy and structures cannot be attributed to one single process. Rather, an interaction of processes is proposed to account for this deposition. The processes involved are lodgement, basal melt-out, deformation and subglacial meltwater sedimentation.     

川南—黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组沉积相展布及演化

川南-黔北地区下志留统龙马溪组发育了一套富含有机质的页岩,属于浅海陆棚沉积环境,基于野外实测剖面和岩心观察,结合有机碳含量（TOC）以及测井资料等,对龙马溪组进行了详细的沉积相研究。根据岩性标志,沉积构造特征,古生物特征,地球化学特征,识别出龙马溪组浅海陆棚相,包括浅水陆棚亚相和深水陆棚亚相。并进一步划分出风暴层,砂泥质浅水陆棚,泥质浅水陆棚,灰泥质浅水陆棚,灰质浅水陆棚,浊积砂,砂泥质深水陆棚,泥质深水陆棚,灰泥质深水陆棚等微相。龙马溪组自下而上划分出SSQ1和SSQ2两个沉积旋回,整体显示出水体变浅的趋势,并控制富有机质黑色页岩储层的分布。SSQ1的TST中泥质深水陆棚微相是最有利页岩储层发育的有利相带。     

Differentiation and Compaction in the Palisades Sill, New Jersey

The Palisades Sill was studied chemically and petrographicallyin order to elucidate its differentiation mechanism. Neutronactivation analysis was performed on 53 whole rock samples froma 342-m thick section located near the George Washington bridge.Data for 31 elements in these samples are presented here. Thestudy revealed that at least three and probably four pulsesof magma were intruded into the sill. Following the final pulsethe remaining two-thirds of the thickness of the sill differentiatedprimarily through inefficient fractional crystallization inwhich cumulate material contained 40–50 per cent interstitialmagma. In addition to differentiation by fractional crystallization,postcumulus transport of interstitial magma in the Palisadescumulates played a significant role. Crystallization of thelast of the main body of magma produced a peak in incompatibleclement concentrations at a sandwich horizon located at the300 m level, where the floor and roof of the sill converged.At the time this enriched zone crystallized, the underlying150 m of cumulus material still contained interstitial meltSubsequent buoyancy driven upward transport of interstitialmelt in this zone concentrated incompatible elements 45 m belowthe main peak. A numerical model of the sill was constructed which includesa treatment of compaction, thermal and compositional processes,and crystallization. The model is successful in simulating thedifferentiation of the sill and in particular the postcumulustransport mechanism, although the magnitude of the effect issomewhat less than in the natural system. The reason for thegreater effect in the natural system is probably due to theeffects of water which work to facilitate postcumulus flow.     

Steeply-dipping extension fractures in the Newark basin, New Jersey

Late Triassic and Early Jurassic bedrock in the Newark basin is pervasively fractured as a result of Mesozoic rifting of the east–central North American continental margin. Tectonic rifting imparted systematic sets of steeply-dipping, en échelon, Mode I, extension fractures in basin strata including ordinary joints and veins. These fractures are arranged in transitional-tensional arrays resembling normal dip-slip shear zones. They contributed to crustal stretching, sagging, and eventual faulting of basin rift deposits. Extension fractures display progressive linkage and spatial clustering that probably controlled incipient fault growth. They cluster into three prominent strike groups correlated to early, intermediate, and late-stage tectonic events reflecting about 50– 60° of counterclockwise rotation of incremental stretching directions. Finite strain analyses show that extension fractures allowed the stretching of basin strata by a few percent, and these fractures impart stratigraphic dips up to a few degrees in directions opposing fracture dips. Fracture groups display three-dimensional spatial variability but consistent geometric relations. Younger fractures locally cut across and terminate against older fractures having more complex vein-cement morphologies and bed-normal folds from stratigraphic compaction. A fourth, youngest group of extension fractures occur sporadically and strike about E–W in obliquely inverted crustal blocks. A geometric analysis of overlapping fracture sets shows how fracture groups result from incremental rotation of an extending tectonic plate, and that old fractures can reactivate with oblique slip components in the contemporary, compressive stress regime.     

The bedrock topography of the botany basin,New South Wales

The bedrock topography of the Botany Basin has been determined from seismic‐sparker records made in Botany Bay and Bate Bay, and from seismic‐refraction and gravity measurements on the Kurnell Peninsula. Supplementary information has been obtained from boreholes both on land and in the sea.

The Cooks and Georges Rivers formerly constituted the main drainage of the Basin and flowed generally southeastwards (beneath the present Kurnell Peninsula) and joined the Port Hacking River east of Cronulla. The depth of the bedrock channel of the former Georges River is 75–80 m b.s.l. at Taren Point, 90–95 m beneath the Kurnell Peninsula and 110–115 m at its junction with the Port Hacking River channel. The bedrock channel of the former Cooks River is about 30 m b.s.l. at Kyeemagh, its present entrance to Botany Bay, and it joined the Georges River at a location now 90 m b.s.l. beneath the Kurnell Peninsula.

A second drainage system existed in the north and east of Botany Bay and generated the present mouth beneath which the bedrock is now 110 m b.s.l. This channel followed a southeasterly course parallel to the present northern shore of Botany Bay and was separated from that of the ‘Cooks and Georges Rivers’ by a bedrock ridge which extended from beneath Sydney Airport to the northern extremity of the Kurnell Peninsula. Over much of its length this divide had a depth of about 30 m b.s.l.

The formation of the Kurnell Peninsula tombolo led to the diversion of the ‘Cooks/Georges River’ through the mouth of Botany Bay and subsequently led to the development of the bay. This change in the drainage system occurred when the sea was less than 30 m below the present sea level.     

柴达木盆地东坪地区侏罗系分布及基岩岩性预测

柴达木盆地东坪地区东坪1井天然气的发现揭开了柴达木盆地基岩天然气藏勘探的序幕。勘探和研究认为,东坪地区基岩气藏以侏罗系烃源岩为气源,纵向上通过断裂、裂缝系统迁移,横向上通过不整合面、优质砂体运移,在花岗岩和片麻岩基岩中聚集成藏。因此,侏罗系分布和基底岩性预测是该区基岩气藏勘探的关键问题。通过CEMP勘探结合重磁资料研究,明确了侏罗系的分布,预测了东坪—冷湖地区基岩分布及特征,与钻井吻合良好,对东坪—冷湖地区的基岩气藏勘探具有指导意义。