水质浮标在赤潮快速监测预警中的应用研究

水质浮标监测作为一种在线监测技术,在海洋环境监测中具有重要作用。文章研究和探讨了浮标在线监测系统的组成和建设,介绍了水质浮标在＂863＂项目＂赤潮重点监控区监控预警系统＂和青岛奥帆赛场的实际应用情况,水质浮标在赤潮快速监测预警方面发挥了较好的作用,可进一步推广应用。     

陆地水质监测的发展轨迹对我国海岸带水质监测的启示

文章回顾陆地水质监测的发展背景,梳理了其监测的技术发展进程,浅析了监测系统功能发挥的成功与失败,介绍了美国海湾生态监测的经验教训。结合如何高效强化我国水域生态监测的方式方法问题的梳理,提出高效率、低成本监测海岸带水质状况的理念与方案。     

海洋水质在线评估可行性分析

立足我国当前海洋生态在线监测的发展情况,文中主要论述了开展海洋水质在线评估的可行性。理论上分析了在线评估的技术基础和评估对象,认为稳定可靠的综合在线监测系统是实现海洋生态在线评估的技术基础,而在线监测获取的监测数据是在线评估的主要对象。还对在线估软件的基本设计思路进行了初步探讨。在线评估软件可实现海水水质等级实时分析、参数测量结果的实时展示和水体富营养化等指标的实时计算。在线评估充分体现了实时、在线的特点,可满足用户对海洋水质状况实时获取的需求。通过分析,认为目前我国开展海洋水质在线评估工作面临的主要工作有两个:一是有限的在线监测要素制约了在线评估数据产品的丰富和多样性,二是在线监测和在线评估工作与现行海水水质测量和评估标准之间的关系有待进一步规范。     

近海污染/生态环境自动监测装置--水质监测浮标

本文介绍了863－818支持研究的最新成果“近海污染／生态环境自动监测技术（水质监测浮标）”的功能，特点及关键技术，它利用海水营养盐现场自动分析仪和水传感器，pH，溶解氧，温度，盐度）集成自动水质监浮标，主要应用于河口地带，排污口附近海域经洋增养殖区，自动完成数据采集，处理，存储及储输，实时，连续地为水质污染监测，海洋水产养殖提供服务，同时为海综合管理和海洋科学研究提供基础数据，该成果对于我国海洋环境立体监测网的建设具有重要的意义。     

博斯腾湖小湖区出水水质矿化度模型与预测

根据１９９０－１９９４年博斯腾湖小湖区出入湖水质矿化度监测和开都河西支入湖水量和出湖水量观测资料，采用水量平衡和盐量平衡关系推导出博斯腾湖小湖区出湖水质矿化度模型。     

海珍品养殖水质微机自动监测系统

化学传感器用于海洋增养殖业水质环境监测领域，它与传统的物理传感器相比具有许多不便之处，如易漂移、难校准、受环境影响大等问题。因此在现场测量和实现长期连续监测方面受到了限制。文中主要介绍了海珍品养殖水质自动监测系统利用先进的电化学传感器技术（863－818－01－01课题研究成果）与计算机技术相结合，实现了海珍品养殖中必须监测的常规化学要素的现场定点长期连续监测，为水产养殖业提供实时的数据服务。     

多参数水质测试仪在海洋环境污染应急监测中的应用

文章以2012年新加坡籍"BARELI"轮触礁事故后的海洋环境污染应急监测为例,对多参数水质测试仪的基本情况、操作步骤、监测结果和质量保证等进行简述。多参数水质测试仪具有便携性、易于操作性、测试快捷性和数据准确性等优势,应用效果良好,适用于海洋环境监测尤其是应急监测,应促进其标准化、规范化和业务化推广使用。     

水质参数在线监测及远程传输系统的研制

本文讨论了 1种具有远程数据传输功能的水质在线监测系统的研制与实现。它以 AT89C51单片机为核心器件 ,构成监测 5项水质常规参数的在线监测仪器 ,并通过公共电话网 ,将这些水质参数传送到远端的监控中心 ,提高了水环境监测的自动化水平 ,降低了水质在线监测设备的成本 ,在基层水环境监测部门及水处理厂具有推广价值。     

水质监测浮标及其传感器的防污染措施

近岸、河口和海湾水质浮标监测越来越受到关注, 但目前有关水质监测传感器的防污染技术的报道还很少。文章介绍了在珠江口水质监测浮标中使用的几种防污染方法。对于有光学窗口的监测仪器, 采用自动防污染装置可以清除窗口表面的污染物。对于不便于采用自动防污染刷的传感器, 根据情况分别采用防污染材料包络, 或者海水注入管路的防污染过滤头等方式, 也可以达到一定的防污染效果。对于长期水下观测仪器, 每隔一段时间还应进行舱体污染物的人工清洗, 以保证设备的正常使用。     

近岸水质遥感评价参数的选择及评价模型的研究

利用遥感技术的水质评价是海洋环境监测的必然趋势,但目前可通过遥感技术反演的水质参数种类远少于《海水水质标准》中的35项,因此遥感监测时必须反演的水质参数有哪些?利用有限的参数该建立怎样的水质评价模型?成为我们关心的问题。本文以雷州半岛海域为研究对象,通过对实测数据的分析得出13种水质参数中的主导参数为总氮(N)、总磷(P)、化学需氧量(COD)、酸度(pH)、溶解氧(DO)这5种;再通过数理统计理论得出这5种参数对水质分类判别能力的大小关系为:COD> DO> P> N> pH,分别建立对应的五参数、四参数、三参数水质评价模型,并确定最优评价模型。即,雷州半岛海域水质遥感评价时必须反演的参数为COD、DO、P和N,水质综合评价模型为四参数模型,为后续其他海域水质的遥感监测提供可借鉴的方法。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.