盾构隧道结合洞桩法修建地铁车站地表沉降控制标准分析

在盾构隧道基础上结合浅埋暗挖法可以有效地解决地铁车站和盾构隧道施工之间的矛盾。北京地铁14号线试验段采用外径为10 m的土压平衡盾构修建,试验段上的车站结合PBA法（洞桩法）扩挖而成。综合运用预测地表沉降的经验公式、相关统计资料和规范,以及数值模拟方法,对大断面盾构隧道结合洞桩法修建地铁车站的施工过程进行地表沉降分析。结合北京地铁车站地表沉降控制基准值和现有地铁车站地表沉降统计数据,提出较为合理的地表沉降控制标准,并按照三级控制的管理方法,分级分步进行地表沉降控制,研究结果对指导工程施工有一定的参考价值。     

成都地铁车站深基坑周围地表沉降规律研究

采用颗粒离散元法,分析成都地铁卵石地层深基坑开挖过程中周边地面沉降的变化规律;收集了成都地区9个地铁车站深基坑周围地表沉降的监测资料,给出了地面沉降的包络线及其数学表达式;对比成都地区卵石地层深基坑与上海地区软土地层深基坑周围地表沉降包络线,总结了两者的异同。结果表明:成都地铁卵石地层深基坑周围地表沉降曲线呈凹槽型,沉降包络线可由3段直线组成,其最大沉降点位于坑壁外0.25H处,突变点位于坑壁外0.5H处;成都卵石地层深基坑的地表沉降包络线在地表范围、最大沉降点及突变点距坑壁的距离等均约为上海软土地层深基坑的1/2,两者的最大沉降值可相差1个数量级。     

临近既有地铁车站的基坑变形性状研究

通过36组二维有限元数值模拟,研究了不同参数（基坑与地铁车站距离D,基坑开挖深度 ）组合下临近既有地铁车站的基坑变形性状,并与邻近无车站时的基坑变形性状进行对比分析。研究结果表明：（1）当邻近存在地铁车站时,靠近车站一侧的地下连续墙最大侧移量减小,另一侧的地下连续墙最大侧移量增加;（2）当基坑开挖深度接近或超过地铁车站底板埋深时,车站对远离车站侧的基坑墙后地表沉降的影响显著,但不明显改变地表沉降影响范围和最大沉降值位置;（3）D较小时,随着 的增大,地铁车站的“遮拦效应”越来越显著。而当D逐渐增大时, 对地铁车站“遮拦效应”的影响逐渐减弱。（4）地铁车站的存在与否对基坑远离车站侧最大地表沉降和最大地下连续墙侧移的比值（δevm / δehm）几乎没有影响,并且,该值受D与 的影响较小。     

广西大学地铁车站深基坑变形监测数据分析

本文以南宁市地铁1号线试验车站广西大学站基坑工程为背景,通过对基坑工程施工动态监测数据进行分析,总结了广西大学站地铁车站深基坑的连续墙变形及周围地表沉降变形特征。监测数据的分析结果表明:广西大学站基坑开挖引起的地表沉降量值比较小,影响范围主要集中于0～2H(H为基坑开挖深度),产生最大沉降值的位置约为墙后0.5～0.7H,沉降变形影响最远延伸至距基坑边缘约为4H处; 并可依此变形特征规律给出圆砾层地区基坑地表沉降预估曲线与环境保护等级的划分。     

暗挖车站地下连续墙施工地表沉降分析

工程建设中地下水资源保护问题一直是社会各界关注的焦点.以国内首例城市地铁PBA暗挖车站边导洞内施工地下连续墙止水工程为依托,采用MIDAS/GTS NX软件重点模拟了导洞内地下连续墙施工前、施工中及施工后的地表沉降变化规律,并与现场监测数据进行对比分析.结果表明:1)地下连续墙施工前,地表沉降曲线以车站中线为中心,呈明...     

扩挖盾构隧道建成两连拱地铁车站模型试验

采用模型试验进行了扩挖盾构隧道建成两连拱隧道地铁车站的施工方案研究,重点研究扩挖施工的可行性和地层位移规律。同时,采用有限差分法进行了扩挖施工全过程二维数值模拟对比分析。结果表明,采用中导洞法扩挖建成两连拱隧道地铁车站的施工方案是可行的,但需进行拱脚和拱顶加固。施工完成后地层竖向位移场呈U型分布,随着加固地层力学参数的提高,地层位移减小,拱脚加固能够有效地减小地层位移。地表沉降曲线为近似正态分布,其宽度为3倍的车站结构总宽度。     

盾构施工引起的地表沉降分析

通过对由盾构施工引起的地表沉降进行了深入研究,对某地铁隧道盾构施工过程的数值模拟和经验公式计算,分析了盾构推进过程中地表处土体的位移和变形以及沉降分布规律,得出数值模拟的地铁隧道横向地面沉降分布曲线与实际沉降非常接近。     

位移正反分析在地铁施工变位分配控制中的应用

采用浅埋暗挖法施工的城市地铁车站,开挖将不可避免地扰动土层引起地表沉降,从而对周围建构筑物的安全造成危害。由于地铁车站洞室的断面较大,大多采用分步开挖的方式施工,采用变位分配的方法通过预测每一步施工造成的地表沉降将最终的地表沉降分解到各个施工步序中,从而建立起各个阶段的地表沉降控制标准。这样,就可以通过加强对各个阶段的地表沉降的控制来实现对地表沉降进行整体控制的目的。而通过地质勘测所得的参数往往不能满足变位分配所依赖的数值模拟的要求,因此,反分析作为一种有效地补充手段来获得适合岩土工程数值模拟的力学参数。详细介绍了位移正反分析的特点、模型的建立条件和分析步骤,并通过工程实例验证了位移正反分析在预测地表沉降,从而提出变位分配控制标准的可行性。     

崇文门站施工允许地表沉降及三维有限元模拟分析

建设中的北京地铁五号线崇文门站下穿既有地铁一号线区间隧道,为保证既有地下铁道正常运营和地下结构的安全,需严格控制新建车站施工引起的地层位移。结合新建车站暗挖施工及既有线地铁的实际情况,分析和计算穿越既有隧道施工地表允许沉降值。为了控制地表沉降,确保施工安全,拟采用小刚度管棚或大刚度顶管作超前预支护,用3D-S igm a三维有限元软件进行施工效应的计算模拟,掌握大管棚和顶管预支护洞室的力学效应,预测车站施工引起既有隧道的沉降量。最后分析比较两种预支护的支护效果,为选择合理的预支护方案提供参考。     

复合地层高承压水洞桩法暗挖车站施工可行性研究

在复合地层、高承压地层中采用洞桩法成功案例较少。本文针对某城市中心主干道下方修建地铁车站的方案,对采用洞桩法暗挖车站的可行性进行分析。结合工程水文地质条件,站位避开张夏组灰岩段,上部导洞置于(5)3-4硬塑状黏土层,通过先施工上导洞内承压水井降水和边桩增加注浆加固帷幕的措施,可满足暗挖施工的无水环境;该方案的三维数值模拟结果表明:地表最大沉降19.6mm,车站上方既有结构最大差异沉降7.5mm,周边环境变形满足规范要求,实践证明在该复合地层中采用洞桩法施工切实可行。     

Finite-element modeling of a complex deep excavation in Shanghai

The excavation of the north square underground shopping center of Shanghai South Railway Station is a complex deep excavation using the top-down construction method. The excavation has a considerable size and is close to the operating Metro Lines. In order to predict the performance of the excavation more accurately, 3D finite-element analyses are conducted to simulate the construction of this complex excavation. The effects of the anisotropic soil stiffness, the adjacent excavation, and zone excavation on the wall deformation are investigated. It is shown that the numerical simulation with anisotropic soil stiffness yields a more reasonable prediction of the wall deflection than the case with isotropic soil stiffness. The deformation of the shared diaphragm wall between two excavations is influenced by the construction sequence of the two excavations. The zoned excavation can greatly reduce the diaphragm wall deformation. However, only the zoned excavation at the first excavation stage affects the deformation of the walls significantly. When the depth of the excavation increases, the zoned excavation has minor effect on the deformation of diaphragm walls.     

逐层开挖工程整体三维影像模型构建方法

对于高边坡、大型地下洞室、深基坑等逐层开挖工程,开挖形象具有动态变化的特点,工程形象变化大、开挖持续时间长、开挖面位置不断变化,开挖面地质信息必须及时采集,而传统的静态三维影像建模方法难以满足要求。本文以典型的逐层开挖工程——乌东德水电站大坝建基面边坡为研究对象,探索出一套三维影像建模方法,通过无人机倾斜摄影结合像控点测量、数据处理、模型构建,获取建基面整体三维影像。影像成果质量优良,位移偏差一般为5.1~7.9 cm,精度满足一般工程需要。此三维影像建模方法为工程信息存储、分析、展示和后期应用奠定了基础,取得了良好效果。     

考虑基坑开挖影响的群桩基础竖向承载性状数值分析

对土体采用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性本构模型,用接触面单元模拟桩-土相互作用,利用ABAQUS建立桩筏基础--地基--基坑开挖三维有限元分析模型。对基坑开挖影响下的群桩基础竖向承载性状进行了分析,讨论了桩顶反力分布、桩身轴力、桩侧摩阻力以及开挖引起的桩身水平位移及其弯矩的变化规律,并进行了考虑基坑开挖与不考虑基坑开挖的群桩基础竖向承载性状的对比分析。通过研究,取得了基坑开挖对高层建筑桩筏基础影响的基本认识,这些认识对于改进桩筏基础设计理论有一定的参考意义。     

A simple estimation model for 3D braced excavation wall deflection

A series of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses using the Hardening Soil (HS) model were carried out to investigate the influences of soil properties, wall stiffness, excavation length, excavation depth, clay thickness at the base of the excavation and wall embedment depth, on the maximum wall deflection induced by braced-excavation. The results show that the 3D maximum wall deflections are generally much smaller than those for 2D. Comparisons were also made with other commonly used semi-empirical charts. Based on the finite element results in this study, a simple wall deflection equation was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection that takes the 3D effects into consideration through different ratios of excavation length over excavation width.     

内出进洞方式对浅埋偏压隧道洞口段围岩稳定性影响研究

厦蓉线水都高速平寨隧道左洞洞口受施工条件、浅埋和偏压等因素的影响,采取了中横洞内出的进洞方法。现场监测成果表明施工取得了良好的效果。为研究该进洞方式对洞口浅埋偏压段围岩稳定性的影响,利用FLAC3D程序对平寨隧道施工过程进行三维仿真分析,比较中横洞内出和正面开挖两种进洞方式下左洞洞口围岩变形和应力变化情况,结果表明中横洞内出方案对近洞口约24m范围内围岩影响较小,为较优方案。     

Three-Dimensional Back-Analysis of an Instrumented Shallow Tunnel Excavated by a Conventional Method

The excavation of a shallow tunnel induces deformations of the soil volume in the vicinity and above the tunnel and consequently on the nearby buildings. The range of these deformations depends among other on the geological conditions, the geometry of the tunnel, and the excavation method. In this context, this research focuses on the 3D numerical modeling of a shallow tunnel instrumented during its construction, located on the Toulouse (France) subway line B for which the excavation has been carried out in a conventional manner in an over consolidated molassic geological context. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the tunnel behavior in terms of vertical and horizontal movements of the surrounding soil and the deformations of the existing buildings. The explicit finite differences numerical code FLAC^3D is used to model the various implementation phases of the work where the fluid–soil interaction is taken into account through an undrained coupled analysis. The results of this 3D model are compared to those of the in situ measurements in order to validate the geotechnical characteristics of the molasses. The latter are a useful basis for the back-analysis of the different monitoring sections implemented in areas where the tunnel excavation is made by TBM with pressurized front.     

Three‐dimensional inverse analyses of a deep excavation in Chicago clays

Numerical models are commonly used to estimate excavation‐induced ground movements. Two‐dimensional (2D) plain strain assumption is typically used for the simulation of deep excavations which might not be suitable for excavations where three‐dimensional (3D) effects dominate the ground response. This paper adapts an inverse analysis algorithm to learn soil behavior from field measurements using a 3D model representation of an excavation. The paper describes numerical issues related to this development including the generation of the 3D model mesh from laser scan images of the excavation. The inverse analysis to extract the soil behavior in 3D is presented. The model captures the measured wall deflections. Although settlements were not sufficiently measured, the predicted settlements around the excavation site reflected strong 3D effects and were consistent with empirical correlations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

糯扎渡水电站1#导流隧洞三维非线性有限元开挖模拟分析

糯扎渡水电站1#导流隧洞开挖经过F3断层,开挖过程中,F3断层影响带附近的岩体力学参数直接控制着围岩的变形和应力分布。为了评判后续Ⅱ,Ⅲ层开挖围岩的稳定性,首先利用隧洞第Ⅰ层开挖的位移监测数据反演出F3断层附近围岩的岩体力学参数和初始地应力场;然后,利用反演得到的初始地应力场和岩体力学参数进行Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ层开挖模拟分析,得到了F3断层附近围岩的应力变形情况。计算结果表明：随着开挖的不断进行,隧洞F3断层周围岩体的约束逐渐解除,围岩的应力逐渐增大,隧洞周边的位移也不断增大,并且隧洞周围应力变形在F3断层中心区域有明显的错动现象,说明F3断层对隧洞的开挖影响比较大,有必要对此区域后期变形加强观测和分析。     

彭水地下电站围岩稳定性分析

在分析彭水地下厂房地质条件的基础上,采用3DEC程序建立了3#机组部位三维离散元数值计算模型,对地下厂房开挖支护全过程进行了计算,详细分析了围岩变形情况、应力状态、塑性区分布及稳定性影响因素。计算结果反映：按基本计算条件,地下厂房开挖支护后,围岩整体稳定性良好。受开挖及结构面空间组合作用,上、下游边墙部位变形量在15? 35 mm左右;边墙变形主要发生在从其开挖往下的2?3级开挖步之内,从整个厂房开挖来分析,223.0?201.0 m高程开挖阶段对围岩稳定影响最重要;围岩稳定主要受层面、软弱夹层及贯通节理特性及其切割块体在开挖临空面的位置控制,局部分布的页岩本身变形及地应力因素对围岩稳定性影响相对较小。     

Measurement and Analysis of Vertical Displacements of Loess Test Section in Jundu Shan Tunnel

The Vertical displacements on the crown during excavation is monitored with WRM-3 type extensometer. Successful prediction of extensive coupes in a shallow buried loess tunnel with a large span is made. The emphasis of this paper is put on the interpretation of the whole measuring process at borehole 2. The relations between displacement and excavation of the tunnel, relative displacements in the ground and the surface subsidence are discussed tentatively. The results indicate that monitoring vertical displacements under this engineering condition is very important to ensure the stability and safe excavation of the tunnel. Finally, some conclusions are drawn that the largest vertical displacement during the excavation of top part (about 1/3 height ) of the tunnel occurred when the working surface was in the distance of 1.2 tunnel diameters from the measuring hole and that the change of vertical displacements was small during the excavation of the low part, which was equal to 30—40% of the largest one.