应重视和加强我国沙漠绿洲的研究

把散布在我国干旱荒漠地带内的沙漠绿洲，统一组合成一种独特而完整的生成地域单元开展研究，应予重视和加强。沙漠绿洲是干旱荒漠地带内精华地域，也是今后该地带开发建设和经济发展基地，还是改造利用沙漠的潜力与希望所在。随着我国经济发展战略重点向西北转移，开发建设和整治利用沙漠绿洲，有着特别的重要性和紧迫性。     

Patterns of population change in Ghana (1984–2000): urbanization and frontier development

The study addresses population dynamics in Ghana on the urban and regional levels between 1984 and 2000. At the urban level, the development trends are analyzed for urban localities (population above 5,000) on the basis of geo-coded census data. Potential driving forces for rapid population growth related to size, location, accessibility and facility counts are examined using bivariate and multivariate analysis. An index of weighted accessibility relative to other urban localities provides significant explanation at the national level, as does initial locality size. At the regional level, population development is analyzed to provide insight into the rural–urban relations. The level of urbanization is steadily increasing but varies considerably between regions. Areas of high population growth are found in some rural areas that have a remote location relative to the large urban centers. This seems to indicate the existence of ‘frontier’ regions, i.e. areas that experience a high degree of in-migration by people aiming to undertake specific farming activities. A high proportion of the population growth in these areas appears to take place in relatively small towns. The paper concludes with a more in-depth discussion of the development characteristics of Ghana’s Western Region. This region has experienced one of the highest regional population growth rates, mainly due to its status as a ‘frontier’ for cocoa production.

Regional theory and regionalism: Towards rethinking the regional question

This article presents an historical review of the evolution of regional planning ideas under the growth pole paradigm, from its beginnings in the early 1950s to the current deluge of criticism. Then the outlines of an alternative approach are suggested, emphasizing what is called territorial development, a concept which focuses on meeting the cultural, political and economic needs of regional population groups — as opposed to urging their functional integration into the broader national and world economy. It is argued that territorial development can only be achieved by arousing the regional communities themselves into seeking selective regional closure and strategic regional advantage through willful community action.     

Regional and urban population size weights in Saudi Arabia, 1962–1974

The aim of this paper 3s to study the development of population weights for regions and urban centres in Saudi Arabia through the period 1962–1974. In order to achieve this aim some non-parametric statistical rules have been used such as rank-size rule and the four-city index. The results show non-balanced distribution of population on both regional and urban scales. The concentration of people in urban centres is more pronounced than the concentration in regions. This is due to internal and external movement of population towards largesized urban centres. The paper recommends that the official authorities should give more consideration to economic and service development in rural and urban areas that are retreating in ranking and decreasing in population.     

Synergetic conception of regional population and social-democratic processes taking place in the Czech Republic

The complex character of population development often rises scepticism above the possibility of its purposeful affection. Unsatisfying outputs of regional sciences which understand the integrity of regions with difficulties force us not only to think about the effectiveness of applied analytical tools, but also the necessity to overstep the boundaries of the present paradigm of regional geography. Synergetics opens new possibilities in the study of complex regional processes. Newly originating integrity is not only the tendency to the innovations, but also the return to historical roots of existence, to traditions and realization of continuity. From this viewpoint, a forming population and social-economic process in the Czech Republic is evaluated and its specific features are underlined.     

广汉市区域可持续发展决策支持系统研究初探

四川是个人口、土地、经济大省,如何以有限和不断减少的土地资源来承载日益增长的人口是社会可持续发展问题的焦点之一。本文以四川省广汉市的人口、土地资源和经济发展三要素作为研究切入点,以地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）为支撑环境,开展了广汉市区域可持续发展决策支持系统的研究     

The distribution and growth of urban settlements in Saudi Arabia

This paper examines the distribution characteristics of urban settlements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through major dimensions such as settlement regularly, degree of primacy and polarisation at the national and geographic regional levels. The paper points out that the settlement pattern at the national level has transformed from a primate distribution during the pre-plan period (< 1970) to an intermediary distribution during the period of development planning (1970 >). At the geographical regional level the settlement distribution, however, has shown diverse pattern. While the regional settlement distribution of Western and Eastern Region have shown trends of increasing polarisation, settlements in the Northern and Southern Regions are more log-normal in character. This is explained by the increasing growth of small and intermediary towns in the Northern and Southern Regions. The paper concludes that the national trend of decreasing urban primacy, induced by the decentralised national development strategies, is less pronounced due to the absence of a balanced regional investment policy. Since the government expenditure and settlement population growth rates are not related, slow growing primate cities continue to receive a larger share of public expenditure, enabling them to retain their primacy. This calls for a balanced regional investment policy to fully realise the national strategy of regional balance and multi-polar settlement pattern.     

Kenya’s Secondary Cities Growth Strategy at a Crossroads: Which Way Forward?

Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities.     

Kenya’s Secondary Cities Growth Strategy at a Crossroads: Which Way Forward?

Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities.     

Ethno-ideological segregation and metropolitan development

The effect of ethnic residential segregation on metropolitan development and expansion is examined. The ethno-ideologically divided city is an extreme case of segregation and Jerusalem, an example of such a city, provides a good case study. Deviations from patterns of population change predicted by the theory of the urban population density gradient are analysed non-statistically using the available data. When the two ethnic sectors are treated as separate cities, these deviations do not seem to be very important and population change conforms to the model. This seen in the light of local patterns of segregation seems to imply that at the local ‘tactical’ level domination and exclusion of the other group seems to result, whereas on the regional strategic level power is shared more equally and economic and demographic factors play the major role in fashioning the distribution of population change.     

Population changes in a growth center region with reference to the Israeli Negev

The aim of this paper is to present a scheme of relative population changes in a geographic-termed growth center region, with reference to a real problem of development as implemented in the Israeli Negev arid zone. The growth process described in the scheme leads to dynamic steady-states which indicate stable structure and stable relationships between the components of the regional system — the growth center and its urban and rural hinterlands. It was found that the relative population growth process in the Negev during the last thirty years is similar to the process determined by the scheme. Furthermore, geo-political changes in the area due to the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel may alter this process and open a new period of regional growth. An additional thrust of this paper is methodological: to introduce and apply the hexagonal diagram to describe and classify processes of relative population growth.     

The cities of Russia: some recent trends and experience of regional and urban planning

The author examines the recent situation in the development of cities in Russia. Recent trends include a lack of growth and even a decrease in population; extensive economic restructuring; a grave ecological situation in cities; and recent peculiarities in the geopolitical situation and population migration. Due to the new economic, demographic, geopolitical and social situation in Russia it is necessary to re-evaluate the prospects for the development and growth of the big cities in this country. The system of basic documents for regional and city planning in the former USSR and in Russia includes different stages: from The General Scheme for the Settlement Systems of the Country and The Regional Territorial Complex Schemes of Environmental Protection in different regions to the detailed plans for the different parts of cities and towns. The shortcomings of this system and in the process of the realization of the schemes of regional planning and general plans for cities are documented.     

Regional planning in the U.S.S.R.: Methodological principles and practice

Regional planning in the U.S.S.R. is part of a comprehensive and hierarchical spatial and sectoral planning system. Four levels are described: (a) the national level, involving the total settlement system; (b) the major regional level, handling major development schemes; (c) the minor regional level, with plans for administrative districts; and (d) the urban level, where city master plans are produced. The amount of detail and scale of working increased downwards through the hierarchy. The most pressing problem is planning for the emergence and growth of cities of 100,000 population or more. Moscow city-region is used as an illustration.     

Division into economic districts,regional planning and urban planning,the Soviet case

Research of the interrelation between regional planning, division into economic districts and urban-planning, division into economic districts and urban planning is here emphasised. In the USSR development of a network of territorial economic complexes, economic districts including subregions of the II and III order, economic subregions and microdistricts is continuous. The outlook of regional planning is defined by the elaboration of its scientific theory including the geographical concept of regional planning. The use of geographical methods widens the scientific basis for the development of a systems approach and improves forecasting, the choice of aims and strategy of developing production, population distribution and the solution of ecological problems. The efficiency of regional planning depends not only on purely economic advantages, but on a more sensible use of nature. Regional planning is concerned with bio-economic systems, and must avoid conflict between the most important subsystems, natural and anthropogenic. Preservation of ecological balance has become the most important task of regional planning. When locating industrial enterprises in the process of regional planning, ecological factors are taken into account to an ever-increasing degree. The main tasks of regional planning concerning the distribution of agriculture stem from the aim of interrelated development of all elements of the agrarian and industrial complex. During the scientific and technical revolution the distribution of production orientates more and more and not towards individual towns but towards a system of populated areas. Systematic improvement of conurbations and their transformation into group systems of populated areas, regulated according to plan and having a broader economic and territorial base, are the most important task of regional planning and urban development.     

济南市人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展研究

人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展是推进新型城镇化的重点所在。通过构建指标评价体系和评价模型,从“人口-土地”协调的视角分析演算1995-2013年济南市的城镇化水平与协调发展状态。研究结果表明,济南市城镇化整体协调发展度从1995年的严重失调衰退阶段发展到2013年的优质协调发展阶段,但是从2008开始,人口城镇化滞后于土地城镇化发展,表现出一定的失调现象。研究结果可以为制定地区城镇化发展策略提供科学依据。     

Provincial disparities in levels of living: The case of Spain, 1970–1981

Regional inequalities in economic development in Spain are widely recognised, but similar patterns of levels of living have been less studied. Some of the general factors which might contribute to regional inequalities are discussed. Although it is difficult to identify their precise role, it is argued that the pattern of economic growth, the character of regional economic structures, population distribution and urbanisation, return migration, and the nature of Spanish regional and local government all contribute in varying ways to inequalities in levels of living in different regions. Furthermore, they suggest that such inequalities have persisted throughout the 1970's. The regional patterns are then described and trends of change between 1970 and 1981 examined. The evidence suggests that the decade saw a widening dichotomy in levels of living in Spain with the south and west showing deterioration and the N and E showing relative improvement.     

中国水系沉积物39种元素系列背景值

中国以水系沉积物测量为主的区域地球化学调查自1978年开始以来,已覆盖陆地面积约690×104 km2,积累了海量的高质量基础地球化学数据.在这些数据的开发利用中不同地区、不同范围间的数据对比是研究元素分散富集、成矿趋势、异常评价的一项重要内容.以全国1:20万水系沉积物测量数据为依据,采用全部原始数据,以X±3S为临界值一次性剔除异点后的数据集的中位数作为背景值的估计值,使用统一方法计算出了全国范围、9个大地构造单元、12个地球化学景观区、19个成矿带的39种元素水系沉积物背景值,探讨了全国范围、不同构造单元、不同景观区、不同成矿带各元素背景值的区域分布规律和特征.研究表明不同的景观区、不同的成矿带、不同的大地构造单元,由于地质背景和景观条件不同,元素的地球化学分布特征也不同,表现出不同的区域分布特点和分布模式.这些背景值为进一步深入开发利用区域化探数据和资料提供了可供对比的基础数据.      

The areal conditions,bases and differences of the rural urbanization in China's Coastal Development Region

This paper analyzes the regional base for urbanization in rural areas of the Coastal Development Region: the natural conditions; the historical changes, and present-day levels and characteristics of the development of the economy, population, cities and towns.The internal differentiations of the Coastal Development Region are characterised as the general differences between the North and the South of China; The three gradations of the economic development level between the coastal provinces are similar to the differences between the provinces and autonomous regions of the whole country; open areas have been introduced, into this region.     

The structure and development of greater Lagos

In the period between 1965 and 1976, when German geographers carried out their fieldwork for the Afrika-Kartenwerk under the sponsorship of the German Research Society, remarkable progress in urban development especially in Lagos could be observed. The cooperation with the Federal Survey Department of Nigeria gave the opportunity for collecting several series of aerial photographs which bring into focus some stages of the overwhelming urban expansion.The materials presented here have been selected to demonstrate some regional structures of the Nigerian capital. — In the geography of today the scientific evaluation of aerial photographs together with findings from local observation and historical as well as statistical data is still undervalued. Through this technique, the more classical and conservative method of geographical analysis, relying on subjective judgement, may regain some of its importance, which it once had in the age of exploration of new territories.Where data is scarce and written records of urban expansion are not available or difficult to extract, aerial photographs can give an impression of certain stages of urban growth. A functional analysis under geographical aspects has to be regarded by changes within spatial units in order to the factors of influence. Those factors are numerous, their influence will cause changes in a series of pushes arising from economic developments of the vast hinterland as well as from social conditions of certain groups of the population. In a metropolitan center, as Lagos, the highest ranking central place of Africa's most populous nation, heterogenous events and a confusing number of planning decisions must be taken into consideration. One consequence of nationwide regional interactions with the metropolis is migratory population dynamics. In pursuing lines of interaction, which originate from economic power, population density, and natural resources, one can hardly isolate a single element of influence because all factors are closely interrelated. For Lagos, there is only limited data available on the social and economic standard of the population, valid basic demographic figures of some value are not available.One still has to accept very rough estimates on population figures, number of industrial workers, the standards of housing and the social and economic hierarchy of the population. The present retrospective analysis of aerial photographs gives an interpretation of the regional structure of the town and indicate possible future development.