Checklist of the planktonic marine dinoflagellates of New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Planktonic dinoflagellate records for New Zealand are substantial due to intense monitoring programmes that have taken place on behalf of New Zealand’s biotoxin regulators and the shellfish industry since 1993. At that time a Karenia bloom caused human illnesses and shellfish harvesting ceased until monitoring was instigated. Phytoplankton records are based on morphological identification using light microscopy but are backed up by government funded research programmes which implement techniques such as electron microscopy, DNA sequencing, molecular detection assays and high throughput sequencing of environmental DNA. This checklist will support management of aquaculture industries, recreational shellfish harvests and environmental health initiatives. Some genera are considered benthic or epiphytic, but have lengthy planktonic life stages. Forty-five genera in the class Dinophyceae Fritsch are reported: Akashiwo, Alexandrium, Amphidinium, Amylax, Azadinium, Biecheleria, Bysmatrum, Cachonina, Cochlodinium (synonym: Margalefidinium), Coolia, Dicroerisma, Dinophysis, Diploneis, Diplopsalis, Fragilidium, Glenodinium, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Gyrodinium, Heterocapsa, Karenia, Karlodinium, Lepidodinium, Lingulodinium, Margalefidinium, Ostreopsis, Oxyphysis, Pelagodinium, Pentapharsodinium, Phalacroma, Podolampas, Polarella, Polykrikos, Prorocentrum, Protodinium, Protoodinium, Protoperidinium, Pseliodinium, Scrippsiella, Takayama, Togula, Torodinium, Tripos, Vulcanodinium, Wolosynska. Other genera belonging to the Infraphylum Dinoflagellata also occur in New Zealand waters. They are not in the list but include Noctiluca, Pronoctiluca and Spatulodinium (Class: Noctilucophyceae) and Oxyrrhis (Class: Oxyrrhidophyceae).     

海洋浮游甲藻中文属名的研究

物种中文名,即物种学名的中文译名,在生物专业领域和科学普及等方面起着重要的作用。然而,长期以来对海洋浮游甲藻中文名的重视程度不够且拟定时缺乏统一的标准,导致现有海洋浮游甲藻的中文名比较混乱,甚至很多属缺少中文译名,不利于国内同行科研交流、管理部门决策处置及科普宣传等。本文以AlgaeBase藻类数据库中收录的海洋浮游甲藻的有效拉丁名为基础,系统梳理了中文浮游植物文献书籍中的海洋浮游甲藻中文属名,参照已报道的中文拟名规则,通过溯源考证、参考形态学特征等方式规范了部分浮游甲藻的中文属名。结果显示,海洋浮游甲藻共计152个属,其中有77个属有唯一的中文名报道,且被广泛应用,予以保留;有12个属有两个及以上的中文名,且使用比较混乱,结合文献及这些属的形态特征,为之拟定了比较合理的中文名;有63个属暂无中文名,依据其建立时的文献资料,详细考证其拉丁属名的来源、原始含义及其形态特征描述,为其拟定了较为合理的中文属名,以供参考。     

饵料浓度对中华哲水蚤摄食的影响

用饵料浓度差减法和排粪率法研究中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)在饵料(青岛大扁藻、新月菱形藻)浓度从1500到350000个/cm3时摄食率的变化。实验证明中华哲水蚤具有很强的摄食潜力,摄食率在实验饵料浓度范围内一直在增加,在较低的饵料浓度(如青岛大扁藻4000个/cm3)下停止摄食。     

Dynamics of heterotrophic dinoflagellates off the Pearl River Estuary,northern South China Sea

Variations in abundance, biomass, vertical profile and cell size of heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HDFs) between summer and winter and its controlling factors were studied in the northern South China Sea (SCS). It was found that HDF abundance and carbon biomass were 4–102 × 10³ cells L⁻¹ and 0.34–12.3 mg C L⁻¹ in winter (February 2004), respectively, while they were 2–142 × 10³ cells L⁻¹ and 0.22–31.4 μg C L⁻¹ in summer (July, 2004), respectively, in the northern SCS. HDF abundance and carbon biomass decreased from the estuary to inshore and then offshore. Vertical profiles of HDF abundance were heterogeneous, which accorded well with that of chlorophyll a (Chl.a). Higher abundance of HDFs was often observed at a depth of 30–70 m offshore waters, matching well with the Chl.a maximum, while it showed high abundance at the surface in some coastal and estuary stations. Small HDFs (≤20 μm) dominated the assemblage in term of abundance accounting for more than 90%. However, large HDFs (>20 μm) generally contributed equally in terms of carbon biomass, accounting for 47% on average. HDFs showed different variation patterns for the different study regions; in the estuarine and continental shelf regions, abundance and biomass values were higher in summer than those in winter, while it was the reverse pattern for the slope waters. Hydrological factors (e.g. water mass, river outflow, monsoon and eddies) associated with biological factors, especially the size-fractionated Chl.a, seemed to play an important role in regulating HDF distribution and variations in the northern South China Sea.     

Influence of food quality on egg production and viability of the marine planktonic copepod Acartia omorii

Egg production, egg viability and fecal pellet production were determined for individual Acartia omorii, which were fed diets of two species of diatoms (Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) and three species of dinoflagellates (Scrippsiella trochoidea, Heterocapsa triquetra and Cochlodinium polykrikoides). Diets were analyzed for fatty acid content as an indicator of food quality. Depending on the diet, egg production of A. omorii varied over time, diminishing with some diets (S. trochoidea, C. polykrikoides, P. tricornutum). This rate of reduction was much more rapid for a diet of C. polykrikoides, which caused egg production to decrease to ca. 2.4 eggs f⁻¹ d⁻¹ in only four days. As for all diets, egg viability was high at the beginning but with the C. polykrikoides and P. tricornutum diets, it rapidly decreased with time. Fecal pellet production also varied with time, depending on the diet. Egg production rate was closely correlated with fecal pellet production. There was no direct relationship between egg viability and egg production rate, but both egg production and viability were affected by the nutritional quality of food. Egg viability was also highly dependent on the composition of fatty acids in the eggs. Egg viability showed positive correlation with the ratio of ω3:ω6 groups among egg fatty acids, and negative correlation with the ratio of 20:5 (n−3) : 22:6 (n−3). While comparing several diets, egg production rate was higher on diets (H. triquetra and S. trochoidea) containing ample amounts of essential fatty acids such as 18:4 (n−3) and 22:6 (n−3). The results suggest that fertility of A. omorii was dependent upon the quality of the food, and dinoflagellate diets, with the exception of C. polykrikoides, were preferable to diatom diets.     

海洋微微型蓝藻与异养细菌相互作用的研究进展

菌藻相互作用是海洋生态学领域研究的重要方向之一.海洋微微型蓝藻(Marine picocyanobacteria)是遍布全球海洋的重要初级生产者,在全球碳循环和微食物网中发挥重要作用.原绿球藻属(Prochlorococcus)和聚球藻属(Synechococcus)是海洋微微型蓝藻最重要的两个类群.原位调查和培养实验...     

异养性海洋鞭毛虫摄食生态学研究进展

异养的海洋鞭毛虫由食细菌者、植食性动物、碎屑取食者、营渗透营养者[1~4]构成,个体大小一般为2~200μm,但<2μm和>200μm的也已有发现,在绝大多数海区,其密度为102~105个/mL[4,5]。异养鞭毛虫是海洋生态系统中浮游生物群落的重要成员,同时又是海洋微食物环的重要环节之一[6,7     

Bioaccumulation of 14C-PCB 101 and 14C-PBDE 99 in the marine planktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus under different food regimes

Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were determined for (14)C-PCB 101 and (14)C-PBDE 99 in the pelagic copepod Calanus finmarchicus after exposure to either contaminated water or after being fed contaminated phytoplankton (the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum or the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii). BAFs in algae range from 7.6 to 8.0 for PCB 101 and from 8.5 to 8.6 for PBDE 99. BAFs in copepods were significantly lower, 6.3-6.8 for PCB 101 and 7.6 for PBDE 99. For each compound, the BAFs in copepods were independent of what algal species they had consumed, even though the bioaccumulation of both compounds were higher in P. minimum than in T. weissflogii. The ratios between BAF and the K(ow) for PCB 101 and PBDE 99 were similar within each of the three species, but varied between species. For copepods the ratios were 2-4, for T. weissfloggii 15-22 and for P. minimum 32-40. The data strongly suggest that the two compounds bioaccumulate in a similar manner and that there is no biomagnification in the transfer between phytoplankton and herbivorous copepods.     

海洋异养浮游细菌参数的测定和估算

海洋中的异养细菌利用溶解有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)转换为自身颗粒物(Particular Organic Matter,POM),然后被原生动物(主要是鞭毛虫和纤毛虫)捕食后再传递到后生动物构成微食物环(microbialloop)。近20多年的研究证实异养浮游细菌作为二级生产者对海洋生态系统的稳定和发展起到重要的作用。过去十几年国内研究海洋异养细菌的参数一直是细菌生物量(bacterialbiomass,Bb)、细菌生产力(bacterial production．Pb);     

微型异养鞭毛虫摄食选择性的研究进展

微型异养鞭毛虫(HNF)是海洋微微型浮游生物的重要摄食者,通过摄食作用对后者的种类(或类群)组成、粒径分布、数量结构和营养价值等属性具有重要的影响,而这与HNF的摄食选择性有直接关系。对HNF摄食选择性的研究有助于深入了解HNF在海洋微食物环乃至整个海洋生态系统中的作用。就国际上已开展的HNF摄食选择性相关研究进行了回顾,分析和总结了影响HNF选择性摄食的关键因素,如食物大小、游动性、营养价值及食物细胞表面的生化结构特征等,并重点介绍了HNF摄食选择性形成的主要机制以及HNF的选择性摄食在调节海洋微微型浮游生物群落结构中的作用。     

Effect of feeding selectivity on the transfer of methylmercury through experimental marine food chains

The present study established an experimental marine food chain of three levels (microalgae → zooplankton → fish) to investigate the effect of feeding selectivity on the transfer of methylmercury (MeHg) through the food chain. Total Hg concentrations in Chlorella sp., Nitzschia closterium and Isochrysis galbana exposed to 1 μg L⁻¹ MeHg for three days were 27.91, 32.74 and 40.03 μg g⁻¹ respectively and were significantly different (p < 0.05) between species. Moina mongolica and Artemia sp. primarily selected Chlorella sp. as the sole diet, though the Artemia sp. partly grazed on I. galbana as well. Harpacticus uniremis, however, preferred to graze N. closterium and I. galbana and avoided Chlorella sp. The varying concentration of Hg in the microalgae species as well as the selectivity of zooplankton to the algal diet resulted in varying Hg accumulation in three zooplankton species (M. mongolica < Artemia sp. < H. uniremis with total Hg concentrations of 0.14, 0.66 and 0.82 μg g⁻¹, respectively). Scophthalmus maximus and Paralichthys olivaceus mainly preyed on H. uniremis and partly on M. mongolica, while Fugu rubripes primarily preyed on M. mongolica and secondarily on Artemia sp. Thus, similar reasoning as above could explain the significant difference in Hg accumulation in the fish (S. maximus > P. olivaceus > F. rubripes with total Hg concentrations of 0.0042, 0.0031 and 0.0020 μg g⁻¹, respectively). These investigations suggested feeding selectivity plays a key role in the transfer of MeHg along marine food chains.     

Sponge waste that fuels marine oligotrophic food webs: a re‐assessment of its origin and nature

It has recently been realized that sponges take up much of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) available in the water of reefs. The energy derived from this DOM is suggested to be invested in renewing the sponge filter cells (choanocytes) every few hours, generating an outflow of detrital particulate organic matter (POM) that is rapidly ingested by other invertebrates. By this DOM‐to‐POM recycling, sponges are proposed to fuel the food web of oligotrophic marine communities, including reefs, caves and deep‐sea environments. In four species studied herein by electron microscopy, the POM found in the outgoing aquiferous canals had a complex composition, with large between‐species differences. It may include choanocytes (0–52%), and also mesohyl cells, such as archeocytes (9–20%) and spherulous, and granular cells with inclusions (27–90%). Exocytosed vesicles also occurred. Surprisingly, to end up into the outgoing canals, the internal mesohyl cells squeezed between the epithelial cells (endopinacocytes) of the canal wall. Mesohyl cells were also able to transfer their inclusions to the endopinacocytes, which in turn extruded their acquired vesicle loads into the canal lumen. The unanticipated abundant participation of mesohyl cells and endopinacocytes in the production of POM appears to be an ordinary process that occurs continuously in the sponges, mostly related to elimination of digestion leftovers and excretion by‐products. Therefore, POM is generated by sponges irrespective of whether the primary food source is particulate (evidence from this study) or DOM (previous literature). Altogether, these results indicate that the cellular mechanisms behind the relevant organic‐matter recycling carried out by sponges are more diverse than initially anticipated. The varying ratios of choanocytes/mesohyl cells in the POM across species suggest that different sponge species may impact differently the energetics of food webs of the respective oligotrophic habitats where they dominate.     

海水甲壳类寄生性甲藻Hematodinium spp.研究进展

寄生性甲藻Hematodinium是一类危害海水甲壳类的致病性寄生性甲藻,在世界范围内严重威胁了多种重要经济甲壳类的渔业生产。近年来,Hematodinium先后在我国浙江、广东沿海的锯缘青蟹、三疣梭子蟹、脊尾白对虾等重要养殖甲壳类中报道发现, 并已确定该寄生甲藻是近年来引起当地养殖青蟹“黄水病”、三疣梭子蟹“牛奶病”和脊尾白对虾大规模死亡的主要病原之一。本文结合作者近年来Hematodinium的研究成果,系统综述了国内外该寄生性甲藻的研究进展,包括其系统分类、生活史、传播途径、发生机制等;并针对目前该寄生性甲藻研究中存在的关键问题,结合我国相关研究的现状做出了分析和展望,以期为我国海水甲壳类寄生性甲藻发生的预防与控制提供理论依据和技术支持。     

微塑料在海洋中的分布、生态效应及载体作用

微塑料通常被定义为最大尺寸小于5 mm的塑料碎片.受人类活动的影响,微塑料在海洋环境中广泛存在,引起了人们对其潜在影响的关注.由于粒径较小,微塑料可以通过多种途径进入水生生物体内,沿着食物链迁移、传递,影响海洋生态系统的健康与稳定.在海洋中长期停留的微塑料会吸附环境中的重金属、有机污染物和微生物等,加剧微塑料对海洋生物...     

基于能值的山东省海洋生态足迹研究

能值-生态足迹模型是基于能值理论基础,结合生态足迹模型,运用区域能值密度将各项消费项目转换为可以直接相加的生物生产性面积,并以此来反映区域发展对区域环境资源的利用程度,衡量和评价区域海洋经济的可持续发展状况。将能值-生态足迹模型应用到区域海洋生态系统中,对海洋能值-生态足迹概念进行了界定,构建了海洋能值-生态足迹模型,并以山东省海洋生态系统为例进行了实证研究。结果表明,2010年山东省海洋生态系统总能值-生态足迹为1.74×106hm2,海洋生态系统总能值-生态承载力为1.60×107hm2,处于生态盈余状态,反映出山东海洋经济具有较强的可持续性。     

海洋浮游生态系统模型的稳态非线性动力学研究

以Logistic模型为基础,考虑捕捞行为及其所造成的污染对浮游生物的削弱作用,并考虑浮游生态系统具有一定的自净能力,建立了一个新的海洋浮游生态系统非线性动力学模型。分析了模型的非线性动力学特性,并得出了模型的稳定性条件和发生Hopf分岔条件,在此基础上,深入分析了捕捞强度参数的变化对系统稳态的影响,并且用数值模拟验证了理论分析结果的正确性。     

海洋微塑料来源、分布及生态效应研究进展

微塑料广泛分布于世界范围内的大洋和近海海域。作为新兴的污染物,微塑料对海洋生态环境威胁巨大。微塑料可以直接或间接被海洋动物摄入,导致其生长减缓或停滞、繁殖被抑制、寿命减短、进食量降低、耗氧量以及酶活性改变。微塑料与海洋浮游植物相互作用会对其生长、光合作用、氧化应激能力等产生影响。然而,微塑料对海洋浮游植物的致毒机理尚未完全明朗,还需更多的相关研究以探明其毒性效应机制。为保护海洋环境安全,更好的治理微塑料污染问题,有必要加强微塑料的相关研究,同时采取一系列有力的政策法规来监管塑料及微塑料的使用。     

安达曼海浮游有孔虫群落对全新世海洋环境变化的响应

通过对安达曼海重力柱ADM-C1的浮游有孔虫群落分析, 探讨了该区全新世以来的海洋环境演化。研究发现, 该区浮游有孔虫群落总体以热带暖水种Globigerinoides ruber、Globigerinoides sacculifer、Neogloboquadrina dutertrei和Pulleniatina obliquiloculata等为主。其中G. ruber的相对丰度从早全新世至今呈逐渐降低的趋势, G. sacculifer则呈大致相反的变化趋势。N. dutertrei的相对丰度从11—7.9ka BP较高, 到7.9—3.8ka BP偏低, 3.8ka BP以来又逐渐升高。而P. obliquiloculata的变化趋势则与N. dutertrei大致相反。研究认为, 安达曼海不存在与冲绳海槽类似的晚全新世普林虫低值事件。浮游有孔虫群落Q型因子显示全新世海洋环境呈现三个明显的阶段变化: 早全新世 11—7.9ka BP期间, 浮游有孔虫群落以G. ruber、N. dutertrei与G. bulloides为主, 反映了该阶段较强的夏季风降水会导致表层水体盐度较低, 同时冬季风的影响相对较强; 7.9—3.8ka BP期间, 以G. ruber、P. obliquiloculata和Globigerinella aequilateralis为主, 指示水体盐度仍然较低, 同时次表层属种显著增多, 对应了该阶段强盛的印度夏季风, 上层海水混合强烈; 3.8—0ka BP期间, 以G. sacculifer、N. dutertrei和P. obliquiloculata为主要特征属种, 而G. ruber相对丰度明显下降, 表明该时期表层海水的盐度有显著上升, 对应了印度夏季风降水的明显减弱。安达曼海浮游有孔虫群落所呈现的全新世海洋环境阶段性变化和陆地夏季风记录有很好的一致性, 也与该孔敏感粒级组分所反映的印度季风的强度变化一致, 表明热带边缘海区的有孔虫群落组合可以很好地响应区域海洋环境变化。     

Comparative biomass structure and estimated carbon flow in food webs in the deep Gulf of Mexico

A budget of the standing stocks and cycling of organic carbon associated with the sea floor has been generated for seven sites across a 3-km depth gradient in the NE Gulf of Mexico, based on a series of reports by co-authors on specific biotic groups or processes. The standing stocks measured at each site were bacteria, Foraminifera, metazoan meiofauna, macrofauna, invertebrate megafauna, and demersal fishes. Sediment community oxygen consumption (SCOC) by the sediment-dwelling organisms was measured at each site using a remotely deployed benthic lander, profiles of oxygen concentration in the sediment pore water of recovered cores and ship-board core incubations. The long-term incorporation and burial of organic carbon into the sediments has been estimated using profiles of a combination of stable and radiocarbon isotopes. The total stock estimates, carbon burial, and the SCOC allowed estimates of living and detrital carbon residence time within the sediments, illustrating that the total biota turns over on time scales of months on the upper continental slope but this is extended to years on the abyssal plain at 3.6 km depth. The detrital carbon turnover is many times longer, however, over the same depths. A composite carbon budget illustrates that total carbon biomass and associated fluxes declined precipitously with increasing depth. Imbalances in the carbon budgets suggest that organic detritus is exported from the upper continental slope to greater depths offshore.The respiration of each individual “size” or functional group within the community has been estimated from allometric models, supplemented by direct measurements in the laboratory. The respiration and standing stocks were incorporated into budgets of carbon flow through and between the different size groups in hypothetical food webs. The decline in stocks and respiration with depth were more abrupt in the larger forms (fishes and megafauna), resulting in an increase in the relative predominance of smaller sizes (bacteria and meiofauna) at depth. Rates and stocks in the deep northern GoM appeared to be comparable to other continental margins where similar comparisons have been made.