高应变率下饱水花岗岩动力学特性的低温效应

通过分裂霍普金森压杆(SHPB)动态冲击试验,研究了低温梯度(25℃~-40℃)对饱水花岗岩动态力学性能及破坏形态的影响,分析了常温到负温动力学参数的变化规律。试验结果表明,高应变率下饱水花岗岩峰值应力随温度的降低变化趋势形似"乁"字形;峰值应变先减小再增大,其拐点温度为-10℃;试件的破坏形态受温度影响效果显著,用能量耗散值表征的损伤变量能够较准确地反映不同低温条件下饱水花岗岩在高应变率冲击作用下的宏观破坏特征;峰值应变和损伤变量随温度的变化关系说明饱水花岗岩冻结后的强度不只受冰的劣化作用,低温反而会使其强度有所增加。研究成果对高寒地区类似岩体工程爆破开挖的规划、设计、施工具有重要的参考价值。     

考虑应变率效应的广义Hoek-Brown动态强度准则

岩石强度特性具有明显的围压效应和应变率效应,研究复杂应力状态下动态强度准则对于岩石动力学分析至关重要。利用10~(-5)~10~(2.32) s~(-1)应变率范围内砂岩静动态间接拉伸和单、三轴压缩强度试验数据,进行了广义Hoek-Brown强度准则预测砂岩动态强度的适用性研究,分析了材料参数的应变率效应。结果表明,广义Hoek-Brown强度准则能够较好地描述同一应变率下较低拉应力区到较高压应力区砂岩强度规律,低应变率区单轴抗压强度c_s和参数a变化不大,高应变率区随应变率的增加非线性增大,而参数m几乎不受应变率影响。基于分析建立了单轴抗压强度c_s和参数a的应变率效应函数关系,提出了由低应变率到高应变率下的广义Hoek-Brown动态强度准则统一表达式,进一步探讨了岩石强度依赖应变率效应和围压效应的物理机制。     

花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的SHPB试验研究

为研究花岗岩残积土的动态冲击性能,开展了高速冲击下的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验,与常规应变率下的试验结果比较,分析了高应变率对花岗岩残积土的应力—应变特性和强度的影响。结果表明：低、高应变率下的花岗岩残积土的σ-ε_(a)曲线均呈现出软化型。随着应变率■增加,σ-ε_(a)曲线向ε_(a)增大的方向移动,破坏应变ε_(af)增加。但高应变率下的ε_(af)增加的程度更加明显。花岗岩残积土的峰值强度普遍具有应变率依赖性,二者可用直线关系拟合,但低、高应变率下的拟合关系并不一致。提出了率敏性因子m定量评价依赖性强弱。研究发现,随着应变率的提高,强度的应变率依赖性减弱,低应变率下的m为26.694,而高应变率下仅为0.013。根据试验结果指出,高速冲击荷载对土体总体有害。工程中应该采取合理措施控制冲击荷载的危害。研究有助于深化花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的理解,为我国相关工程的施工与设计提供技术参考。     

砂浆-花岗岩界面动态轴向拉伸力学性能试验研究

骨料-砂浆界面过渡区的力学性能对混凝土宏观受力特性有很重要的影响。在MTS试验机上对40个砂浆-花岗岩交界面试件进行了动态轴向拉伸力学性能试验研究,分析不同应变率（10-6～10-2 s-1）、不同程度预静载（30%、50%、70%静载强度）以及往复荷载（1、5 Hz）对交界面动态轴向拉伸力学性能的影响,并对其动态破坏机制进行了初探。研究结果表明：①交界面动抗拉强度随应变率增加有明显增加趋势;②较小预静载（不超过50%）不仅没有使动抗拉强度降低,反而有可能提高动抗拉强度,较大的预静载对损伤弱化效应起主导作用,从而使动抗拉强度降低;③往复荷载作用下会出现明显的低周疲劳损伤,而且残余变形随往复荷载的频率增加而减小;④不同应变率下的交界面应力-应变曲线上升段类似,约50%强度后呈现非线性变化,但非线性程度随应变率增加趋向不明显。另外,尝试性地进行了交界面试件轴向拉伸应力-应变全曲线的试验,得到了稳定断裂的全过程曲线。     

花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的SHPB试验研究

为研究花岗岩残积土的动态冲击性能,开展了高速冲击下的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验,与常规应变率下的试验结果比较,分析了高应变率对花岗岩残积土的应力—应变特性和强度的影响。结果表明：低、高应变率下的花岗岩残积土的σ-ε_(a)曲线均呈现出软化型。随着应变率■增加,σ-ε_(a)曲线向ε_(a)增大的方向移动,破坏应变ε_(af)增加。但高应变率下的ε_(af)增加的程度更加明显。花岗岩残积土的峰值强度普遍具有应变率依赖性,二者可用直线关系拟合,但低、高应变率下的拟合关系并不一致。提出了率敏性因子m定量评价依赖性强弱。研究发现,随着应变率的提高,强度的应变率依赖性减弱,低应变率下的m为26.694,而高应变率下仅为0.013。根据试验结果指出,高速冲击荷载对土体总体有害。工程中应该采取合理措施控制冲击荷载的危害。研究有助于深化花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的理解,为我国相关工程的施工与设计提供技术参考。     

橄榄石集合体扭转大变形实验研究

对(Mg0.5,Fe0.5)2SiO4和(Mg0.7、Fe0.3)2SiO4橄榄石集合体进行了高温高压扭转大变形实验研究.试验在高精度和高分辨率Paterson气体介质变形试验机上进行,试验温度为1473K,围压为300MPa,应变率为10-4～10-5S-1,剪切应力为82～124MPa,剪切应变为～400%,将变形后试件沿轴向切开进行了显微结构分析,确定了不同纵截面上橄榄石的颗粒尺寸.由蠕变数据拟合出的流动律中,应力指数为与三轴压缩实验给出的应力指数吻合.利用EBSD方法分别对变形前后试件中橄榄石的晶格最优取向(LPO)进行了测定.在富铁橄榄石样品中观测到的最优晶格取向表明滑动属于(okl)[100]滑动系统.这个结果与Bystficky等人在Fo90种观测到的最优晶格取向特征是一致的.     

混凝土在动态双向压力作用下的强度和变形特性

在大型液压伺服混凝土静动三轴试验系统上对立方体试件进行不同应变速率下的压缩试验,系统研究了混凝土在双向压应力状态下的动态强度和变形性能,两轴向加载的比例为1 : 0,1: 0.25,1: 0.5,1: 0.75,1 : 1五个级别,加载速率分别为10-5,10-4,10-3,10-2/s四个量级。试验表明：随着应变速率提高,任一应力比例下混凝土的极限强度均有提高,应变速率每增加一个量级,混凝土剪切破坏面相对低应变速率下的破坏面提高2 %～10 %;弹性模量随着应变速率的增加也有增加的趋势;应力-应变曲线的线性段随着应变速率的增加明显扩展,非线性段的弯曲程度减弱;应变速率对双向应力状态下的双向破坏模式影响不大。     

动态冲击下锦屏大理岩力学响应与能量特性

为了分析锦屏水电站大理岩的动力学响应和能量特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆对岩样开展了动态压缩试验,并引入分形维数定量表征试样的破碎形态、能耗特性及其与应变率的内在关系。结果表明：动态载荷下大理岩应力-应变曲线初始压密段不明显,当应变率较低时,应力-应变曲线呈现出回弹现象;试样峰值应力随应变率的增大而增加,且动态抗压强度与...     

花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的SHPB试验研究

为研究花岗岩残积土的动态冲击性能,开展了高速冲击下的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）试验,与常规应变率下的试验结果比较,分析了高应变率对花岗岩残积土的应力?应变特性和强度的影响。结果表明：低、高应变率下的花岗岩残积土的?-?a（轴向应力?轴向应变）曲线均呈现出软化型。随着应变率 增加,?-?a曲线向?a增大的方向移动,破坏应变?af增加。但高应变率下?af增加的程度更加明显。花岗岩残积土的峰值强度普遍具有应变率依赖性,二者可用直线关系拟合,但低、高应变率下的拟合关系并不一致。提出了率敏性因子m定量评价依赖性强弱。研究发现,随着应变率的提高,强度的应变率依赖性减弱,低应变率下的m为26.694,而高应变率下仅为0.013。相关试验结果指出,高速冲击荷载对土体总体有害。工程中应该采取合理措施控制冲击荷载的危害。该研究有助于深化花岗岩残积土动态冲击性能的理解,为相关工程的施工与设计提供技术参考。     

华山花岗岩动力学行为与破坏准则研究

对华山花岗岩进行了应变率范围10-4~100/s、围压范围20~100MPa的动三轴试验测试,结果表明在不同围压下,随着应变率增加,花岗岩的抗压强度增长幅度呈减小趋势,弹性模量和泊松比与应变率没有明确关系;随着围压的增加,弹性模量和泊松比与围压间也没有明确关系。接着,作者分别判别了动态的莫尔-库伦强度准则、动态的霍克-布朗强度准则的适用性,并对试验数据进行分析。研究结果表明,在中等应变率下,动态莫尔-库伦强度准则和动态霍克-布朗强度准则均适用,当采用动态莫尔-库伦强度准则时,花岗岩的内摩擦角随应变率增加变化幅度很小,其抗压强度主要取决于花岗岩的粘聚力;当采用动态霍克-布朗强度准则时,参数m对应变率变化不敏感。     

Numerical Investigation of the Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of Rock Materials at High Strain Rate

The dynamic compressive strength of rock materials increases with the strain rate. They are usually obtained by conducting laboratory tests such as split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test or drop-weight test. It is commonly agreed now that the dynamic increase factor (DIF) obtained from impact test is affected by lateral inertia confinement, friction confinement between the specimen and impact materials and the specimen sizes and geometries. Therefore, those derived directly from testing data do not necessarily reflect the true dynamic material properties. The influences of these parameters, however, are not straightforward to be quantified in laboratory tests. Therefore, the empirical DIF relations of rock materials obtained directly from impact tests consist of contributions from lateral inertia and end friction confinements, which need be eliminated to reflect the true dynamic material properties. Moreover, different rocks, such as granite, limestone and tuff have different material parameters, e.g., equation of state (EOS) and strength, which may also affect the DIF of materials but are not explicitly studied in the open literature. In the present study, numerical models of granite, limestone and tuff materials with different EOS and strength under impact loads are developed to simulate SHPB tests and to study the influences of EOS and strength, lateral inertia confinement and end friction confinement effects on their respective DIFs in the strain rate range between 1 and 1,000 s^?1. The commercial software AUTODYN with user-provided subroutines is used to perform the numerical simulations of SHPB tests. Numerical simulation results indicate that the lateral inertia confinement, friction confinement and specimen aspect (L/D) ratio significantly influence DIF obtained from impact tests and the inertia confinement effect is different for different rocks. Based on the numerical results, quantifications on the relative contributions from the lateral inertia confinement and the material strain rate effect on DIF of granite, limestone and tuff material compressive strength are made. The effects of friction coefficient, L/D ratio and rock type on DIF are discussed. Empirical relations of DIF with strain rate for the three rock materials representing the true material strain rate effect are also proposed.     

Some Fundamental Issues in Dynamic Compression and Tension Tests of Rocks Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

Accurate characterizations of rock strengths under higher loading rates are crucial in many rock engineering applications. The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system has been used to quantify the dynamic compressive strength of rocks using the short cylindrical specimen and the dynamic tensile strength of rocks using the Brazilian disc (BD) specimen. However, SHPB is a standard tool that is suitable for metal testing; there are some fundamental issues that need to be carefully visited in applying SHPB to rock dynamic tests. This paper addresses several such critical issues, including the choice of slenderness ratio of the compressive specimen, the effect of friction between the sample and bars on the measured results of compressive strength, the necessity of dynamic force balance on the dynamic BD test, and the validity of using the standard BD equation in the data reduction. We show that with proper experimental designs that address these issues, the dynamic compressive strength and dynamic tensile strength of rocks measured using SHPB are valid and reliable.     

高温后大理岩动态劈裂拉伸试验研究

为了研究高温处理后的岩石材料在冲击加载速率作用下的动态劈裂拉伸性能,利用大直径分离式霍普金森压杆试验设备对经历不同高温作用冷却后的“大理岩”平台巴西圆盘试样进行不同加载速率作用下的径向冲击试验。研究了高温后大理岩的动态劈裂拉伸强度及动态劈裂破坏形式随温度和冲击加载速率的变化规律。试验结果表明,与静态劈裂拉伸强度相比,经历不同高温作用冷却后,大理岩的动态劈裂拉伸强度有明显的提高,表现出显著的冲击加载速率强化效应,同一冲击加载速率作用下,随着温度的升高,动态劈裂拉伸强度表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;高温后大理岩的动态劈裂破坏形式受到冲击加载速率和温度的共同影响。     

Dynamic Characteristics of Granite Subjected to Intermediate Loading Rate

Summary A large diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has been developed. This equipment is briefly described, together with a shaped striker that initiates a half-sine incident waveform to obtain the complete stress-strain relationship of the Bukit Timah granite at medium strain rate. Good constant strain rate was derived, and the dynamic complete stress-strain curves and energy absorption of the granite were measured at a strain rate between 20 and 60 per second. Repeated impact between 60–90% of the static strength of the granite was also conducted. Results from the tests show that the cumulative damage of the granite depends on the peak stress of the dynamic loads with a fixed duration. The dynamic fracture strength of the granite loaded at medium strain rate is directly proportional to the cube root of the strain rate. For the granite loaded at this strain rate, Youngs modulus is unchanged. Energy absorption of the samples loading to fragmentation determined its fragmented size distribution. At high strain rate, the rock possesses large energy absorption and the particle size of the fragments is much smaller.     

冲击损伤砂岩动静组合加载力学特性研究

利用霍布金森压杆试验装置对灰砂岩试样进行预加静载的循环冲击,使试样产生初始损伤,并分析此过程中试样的损伤演化规律。使用能够施加轴压的霍布金森压杆进行预损伤试样动静组合加载试验,获得试样破坏模式、动态应力-应变关系等指标。基于应变等价原理分析预损伤试样动静组合加载条件下的总损伤变量,建立相应的损伤演化方程及损伤本构关系,并与完整试样进行对比。研究结果表明：循环冲击过程中试样损伤变量分为快速上升、低速发展、高速发展3个阶段,预加轴压越大低速发展阶段损伤变量平均值越小;相同动静组合加载条件下预损伤试样动态强度较小,完整试样应变率增强效应更加显著;循环冲击预损伤变量 、预加静载损伤变量 对于应力-应变关系的影响是较为复杂的, 、 值之和可能为负值;建立的本构关系与试验曲线具有较好的一致性,得到的总损伤变量曲线不仅能够解释试样宏观破坏与细观损伤过程的一致性,并且能够反映循环冲击和预加静载两种因素对岩石总损伤发展的非线性影响。     

Numerical Simulation of the Rock SHPB Test with a Special Shape Striker Based on the Discrete Element Method

A split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system with a special shape striker has been suggested as the test method by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) to determine the dynamic characteristics of rock materials. In order to further verify this testing technique and microscopically reveal the dynamic responses of specimens in SHPB tests, a numerical SHPB test system was established based on particle flow code (PFC). Numerical dynamic tests under different impact velocities were conducted. Investigation of the stresses at the ends of a specimen showed that the specimen could reach stress equilibrium after several wave reverberations, and this balance could be maintained well for a certain time period after the peak stress. In addition, analyses of the reflected waves showed that there was a clear relationship between the variation of the reflected wave and the stress equilibrium state in the specimen, and the turning point of the reflected wave corresponded well with the peak stress in the specimen. Furthermore, the reflected waves can be classified into three types according to their patterns. Under certain impact velocities, the specimen deforms at a constant strain rate during the whole loading process. Finally, the influence of the micro-strength ratio ( \({{\tau_{\text{c}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\tau_{\text{c}} } {\sigma_{\text{c}} }}} \right. \kern-0pt} {\sigma_{\text{c}} }}\) ) and distribution pattern on the dynamic increase factor (DIF) of the strength DIF were studied, and the lateral inertia confinement and heterogeneity were found to be two important factors causing the strain rate effect for rock materials.     

动载作用下岩石类材料破坏模式及能量特性

对岩石类材料的破坏模式和能量特性进行分析研究,利用ANSYS/LS_DYNA数值模拟软件模拟SHPB冲击的整个过程。通过对试验和数值模拟所得测试曲线进行对比确定模型的有效性,进而分析试件中有效应力的传播过程,提出试件张应变破坏、轴向劈裂拉伸破坏、压碎破坏的3种破坏模式;通过对数值模拟所得试件的内能-时间历程分析表明,试件的内能具有显著的应变率效应,在应变率较低时,可以划分为2个阶段,而在应变率较高时,可以划分为4个阶段。     

低温含水砂岩动态压缩力学性能试验研究

为研究砂岩动态压缩力学性能,采用SHPB装置对低温含水砂岩试样进行6种不同加载速率的冲击压缩试验。结果表明：-10℃时砂岩动态抗压强度和弹性模量明显大于-15℃时,动态抗压强度与应变率均呈乘幂关系增长;动态弹性模量与应变率呈正相关性,-10℃和-15℃时均呈多项式关系;动态应力-应变曲线分为4个阶段,应变软化阶段的应变范围随应变率的增加而增大;砂岩试样破坏模式随着应变率的增加,由块状劈裂结构、片状层裂结构的拉伸破坏,转变为锥形体结构的剪切破坏,最终呈现颗粒状粉碎破坏。     

基于大直径霍普金森压杆数值试验的非均匀介质动态破坏过程分析

基于细观损伤力学基础而开发的动态岩石破裂过程分析系统RFPA2D代替大直径SHPB试验技术对非均匀介质的动态破坏过程和动态性能进行数值模拟,分析了加载波形和介质的非均匀性对数值试样的动态性能,如应力-时间曲线、应变-时间曲线、应力-应变曲线和应变率-时间曲线的影响。分析表明,大直径SHPB弥散效应对试验结果的影响较大,选择合适的加载波形可以减小SHPB装置中应力波的弥散效应,得到较准确的试验结果,其中三角形波加载可以有效降低大直径SHPB动态测试中的应力波弥散,是岩石等非均匀材料SHPB动态测试的较理想加载波形;在相同加载条件下,岩石的非均匀性对波的弥散效应影响不大,但非均匀岩石的试验曲线比均匀岩石的曲线在波峰后都出现较大的振荡,这主要是由于不同均质度的岩石其单元具有不同的破坏分布造成的,不是波形弥散造成的。