中国金属矿地球物理勘查

中国金属矿地球物理勘查近年来取得了显著进展。随着主要矿种转为以铜多金属为主、内地找隐伏矿难度增大与找矿重点转移到西部中高山区,轻便电法技术、重磁立体填图技术、金属矿地震技术、瞬变电磁法与高维电法反演方法等勘查新方法、新技术得到了卓有成效的发展,研制了达到和接近国际先进水平的阵列ＭＴ仪、Ｈｃ ９５手持磁力仪、国产航空磁力仪、地井测量系统等仪器设备。同时对超导磁力仪,天然场及大功率激电、压电法等技术,以及非线性反演、联合反演和基于ＧＩＳ综合解释等新理论、新方法进行了探索并已有可喜进展。     

陕西关中盆地新生界储热层电性特征与测井资料分析--以R9热水井为例

储热层由于其具有温度高、密度小(孔隙度大)等特点,尤其是在有基底隆起、断裂发育的情况下,会引起电、磁、重力及放射性等地球物理场的异常变化.这些变化所导致的异常就成为了解地下热储、圈定地热异常区、寻找地热田位置的重要标志之一.本文着重介绍关中盆地新生界储热层的电性特征及其与测井参数之间的关系.以其提高对测井资料的研究,更加合理的解释和划分储热层.     

重力归一化总梯度法勘探浅层油气藏浅析

随着仪器采集精度的提高,分析、反演解释技术的长足进步以及油气藏重力勘探的需要,出现了重力归一化总梯度法。结合测井资料,通过重力模型正反演计算,得出高精度重力勘探浅层油气藏是可行的结论。重力归一化总梯度法自提出以来获得了不断的完善发展,并在某气田的实践中被证明是勘探浅层油气藏的有效方法。     

基于梯度提升算法的岩性识别方法

传统的岩性识别方法如岩屑录井、钻井取心及测井资料解释等技术,对录井质量的依赖程度较高,识别精度与效率低,泛化能力差。随着计算机技术的迅速发展,将测井资料与计算机技术相结合开展岩性研究已成为岩性识别的有效手段。本文提出了一种基于梯度提升算法XGBoost和LightGBM的岩性识别方法。以苏里格气田苏东41-33区块下碳酸盐岩储层为例进行测试验证,采用该方法结合测井资料中的声波时差、自然伽马、光电吸收截面指数、密度、深侧向电阻率和补偿中子等6种参数进行岩性识别,并与KNN （K近邻分类器）、朴素贝叶斯和支持向量机等传统算法进行对比,结果表明,3种传统算法的岩性识别准确率分别为78.45%、74.43%和78.72%,基于梯度提升算法XGBoost和LightGBM的识别准确率分别达到了98.90%和98.72%,远高于传统算法。     

物化探测地工作采用GPS定位时进行高程异常改正的研究探讨

本文叙述了我国现行高程系统与ＧＰＳ高程系统垢区别,介绍了ＧＰＳ求解的大地高转换为正常高的几种方法,具体提出了１：２０万区域重力调查中用ＧＰＳ定位时所求测点高程应进行高程异常改正及高程异常对区域重力调查精度的影响。对区域重力调查及其它物化探测地工作有一这的指导意义。     

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE WEST SIBERIAN LOWLAND

Thermal borehole logging of the eastern part of the West-Siberian lowlands shows a dependable correspondence between geologic features and thermal gradients. After comparing logging data from various depths up to 2,900 m the author concludes that major basement structures and all except the deepest ground water horizons will be revealed in logging data taken from relatively shallow boreholes, such as those drilled for surveying and stratigraphic purposes. This discovery prompts the author to recommend that thermal logging be conducted in such boreholes as a very cheap method of determining deep structures, especially since they lead to important oil and gas- discoveries. — A. Eustus     

On the use of airborne gravimetry in gravity field modelling: Experiences from the AGMASCO project

Important areas of the earth are still not covered by accurate gravity measurements. The gravity field may be determined by using different techniques but airborne gravity surveying is becoming the most powerful tool available today.One of the main problems in airborne gravity is the separation of the vertical accelerations acting on the airborne platform from the natural gravity signal. With the advances in DGPS techniques new prospects arise for gravity field recovery which are of great importance for geodesy, geophysics oceanography and satellite navigation. Furthermore, airborne gravimetric measurements depend not only on the determination of the position but also on the attitude of the aircraft. Inertial systems can provide attitude as well as information on short-term accelerations, which are more problematic for the gravimeter. A proper integration of these systems may allow a further improvement of the whole technique where the quality of both the accelerometers and the gyros is the key sensing element. In the scope of the MAST III Project AGMASCO, an airborne geoid mapping system was successfully implemented in different aeroplanes. The characteristics of the aeroplane and the flight parameters play a major role in airborne measurements.Within AGMASCO the airborne system was applied both in a close and an open ocean (Skagerrak, Fram Strait and Azores) areas. The system proved to be a powerful tool in a variety of conditions. The results obtained showed that an accuracy better than 2mGal over 5 to 6 kilometres can be achieved.This was proven by comparison of the airborne data with ground truth and satellite data. This accuracy makes the system interesting for use in various applications including geophysical exploitation.Different hardware installations were experienced and the methods validated. Recovery of the gravity values directly from measurements with the Lacoste & Romberg air/sea gravimeter and from measurements with the inertial sensors was analysed. The potential of these sensors to recover gravity and the experience gained within this project are reported here.     

布格重力异常地形校正方法在微重力勘探中的缺点及其纠正方法

多年来,不论重力勘探程度如何,在布格重力异常计算中都必须经过地形改正和中间层改正。本文通过分析在计算布格重力异常时地改和中间层改正对测点的重力补偿,提出了取消中间层改正以适应微重力勘探精细解释需要的地形校正方法。该方法建立在对实际地形（岩性）的正演基础上,可以根据施工地区的地质条件合理选择重力基准面进行可变密度地形校正。使用该方法可以比较好地消除地形起伏和不均匀岩性对测点产生的重力影响,从而得到比较可信的重力异常数据。     

Review of Density Interface Inversion Method in Spatial Domain

Inversion of density interfaces using gravity data has traditionally been an important part of gravity research, and plays an increasingly important role in areas such as regional tectonic research and oil and gas exploration.The density interface inversion methods can be divided into the frequency domain and spatial domain methods according to different computing domains. The frequency domain inversion methods have been considered in previous literature. This paper briefly introduced the rationale and the advance of the direct iterative method, the ridge regression method and the regularization method,which are most studied and used among the spatial domain methods. The performance of the three methods showed that the inversion results of the direct iteration method and the ridge regression method are both the smooth shape density interfaces, while the regularization method can estimate the density interfaces of non-smooth morphology, and is convenient to add prior constraint information. The inversion results of density interface are greatly determined by the precision of potential field separation. The prior information should be used as constraints for gravity field separation as far as possible or the layer-by-layer separation technique could be adopted. The density contrast of the density interface also has noticeable impact on the inversion result. It is necessary to make full use of the rock density data to build a three-dimensional density contrast variation model that conforms to the tectonic features to improve the inversion accuracy.In terms of the theory of inversion method, it is also necessary to combine prior constraint information (which can be obtained through drilling and seismic data, etc.) to improve the accuracy of inversion.More importantly, it is necessary to define the corresponding relationship between the inverted density interface and the geological structure interface in order to evaluate the inversion results correctly.Finally, this paper discussed the developing trend and study emphasis for density interface inversion.The inversion methods that are suitable for large regional or global scale need to be studied with the rapid development of gravity observation technology and the diversification of research objectives. With the increasing difficulty of geological target exploration, it is also urgent to study the optimal single-density interface inversion method conforming to the tectonic features and develop the multi-layer density interface inversion method.     

高精度连续测斜仪探管的原理及应用

北京中地英捷物探仪器研究所新研制的PSX-2高精度连续孔斜检测探管,采用三轴正交磁性传感器和两个正交加速度计传感器测量,其中加速度计传感器测量顶角,磁性传感器测量方位角,实时测量的信息及解算则依靠内部集成的24位模数转换单片机来完成。实地测井证明,PSX-2型孔斜检测探管可以在顶角较小时稳定的测量方位角,符合煤田测井行业对钻孔测斜仪提出的高精度、小体积、低成本的要求。     

测井曲线分形校正

用测井曲线更准确地测量薄层、薄互层的实际地球物理属性, 对油层识别、解释, 尤其是对陆相油层地球物理测井处理解释一直有重要意义.给出了测井曲线测度的一种定义, 根据分形理论, 测度与度量尺度存在一种指数关系, 利用这种测度与尺度的指数关系求出(重建)了测井曲线.这种方法能反映测井曲线的局部变化结构, 一定程度上补偿了测井仪对地层滑动平均等测量误差造成的结果.利用大样钻探(ODP) Leg 12 7, 797C井的中、深感应电导率测井曲线(IDPH, IMPH)进行了试算.比较了原始测井曲线和校正后的测井曲线以及它们的功率谱曲线, 校正后的测井曲线比原始测井曲线更能部分消除邻层的影响, 并且其频谱成分更为丰富.所以, 分形校正方法提高了测井曲线分辨薄层的能力.      

计算机技术(CGIS)在地质报告中的应用

CGIS数字地质报告编制软件最大、最重要的功能就是根据原始数据(如钻探资料、测量、测井和观测点数据)自动或者人机交互生成相关地质图形的功能,以及对图形的动态修改功能。自动成图功能大大缩短了地质图件的成图周期。     

A Logging Identification Method for Fractured Vuggy Carbonate Reservoirs Based on Curve Reconstruction: A Case Study from the Pz Formation in Karabulak Oil Field in the South Turgai Basin*

The basement carbonate reservoirs in the Karabulak oil field of the South Turgai Basin have the characteristics of complex structure, variety of pore type and strong heterogeneity. The identification of such reservoirs by single conventional logging method is always a difficult point in logging interpretation. In this paper, the response characteristics of conventional logging curves such as deep lateral resistivity, acoustic time difference, density and compensated neutron were used for reconstruction. Combined with the improved method of curve change rate, the response laws of fractured carbonate reservoirs, pore-cave reservoirs and fractured vuggy reservoirs on conventional logging curves were summed up, respectively. And a new logging evaluation method for carbonate fractured vuggy reservoirs in the Karabulak oil field of South Turgai Basin was proposed. This method was used to identify reservoirs in X1, X2 and X3 wells of this oilfield. The results show that the carbonate reservoirs in this area are mainly fractured-vuggy type. Compared with the oil test conclusion and imaging logging, the method proposed in this paper accurately divided the reservoir type. And the efficiency and accuracy of the reservoir division have been greatly improved.     

中国大地测量科学发展的若干问题

概述了大地测量学作为测绘基准、提供地理信息系统的基础框架作用。回顾了我国大地测量在建立国家平面基准、国家高程基准、国家重力基准等方面的情况。论述介绍了大地测量学当前发展的国际背景，提出了对我国大地测量学今后发展，如建立现代大地坐标框架和现代重力基准的目标和任务，以及改善国家高程基准等方面的考虑。     

复杂条件二维重力场及重力张量场空间波数域正演方法

随着传感器技术的发展,重力场与重力张量场测量技术发展迅速,为实现地下密度分布精细反演提供了数据保障。正演是反演的基础,解决任意密度分布复杂地质体重力场与重力张量正演高效、高精度计算问题,是实现重力高效、精细反演、人机交互反演解释的关键。针对起伏地形和任意密度分布这种复杂条件下二维重力场及重力张量场高效高精度正演问题,这里提出了一种空间波数混合域正演算法,其关键环节包括:①结合新的矩形二度体组合模型波数域表达式和一维Gauss-FFT算法,提出了一种任意密度分布和起伏地形下重力场及重力张量高效、高精度正演算法;②采用新的二维正演算法,计算观测最高点和最低点之间多个不同高度水平网格重力场及重力张量,结合三次样条插值方法,实现了起伏地形上重力场及重力张量场高效、高精度正演。模型算例结果表明,新方法具有高效、高精度的显著特点。     

测井解释最优化方法中的误差和约束条件

最优化技术是目前国内外进行岩生分析和煤层分析中技术较先进，应用效果较发了的一种方法，,煤田测井的CASSAY程序所采用了最优化方法，其目标函数中引入了误差和约束项，但由于煤田测井方法的特点以及其数字，物理和地质意义不明确，给实际应用该程度带来许多困难，当解释模型确定后，测量误差，响应方程误差和约束误差的取值是最优化结果的关键。本文将就煤田测井解释的最优化方法中有关的误差，误差取值，约束条件和约束误差进行讨论，并给出适合于煤田测井的民化解释流程。     

基于深度置信网络的煤层含气量测井解释研究

为了解决煤层含气量定量解释问题,将煤层测井数据与煤心解吸数据作为输入和输出参数,构建深度置信网络(DBN),进而预测煤层含气量。研究以甘肃合水地区测井数据为例,筛选出该地区120组煤层样品作为DBN样本分析数据。选择短源距自然伽马、自然伽马、密度、长源距自然伽马和浅侧向5条测井曲线,作为DBN的输入参数,煤层气含量作为DBN的输出参数,研究RBM数量和隐藏神经元数量对计算结果的影响。并通过概率统计法、BPNN、DBN和SVM计算了30组煤层的煤层气含量,比较不同方法的预测效果。结果表明:①受限玻尔兹曼机(RBM)对DBN计算结果的精度有一定的影响,RBM数量达到7层时,预测结果准确性更高;②选择合适的隐藏层神经元数量,可以保证计算结果的精度和稳定性,神经元数量为20时,预测结果精度更高,稳定性更好;③RBM使得DBN的准确性高于BPNN,此外,DBN的计算准确性和稳定性高于概率统计法和SVM。     

鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区长6油层组湖底扇内深水重力流沉积特征

以岩心的详细观察与测井录井资料综合分析为基础,通过岩石学特征和原生沉积构造等沉积相标志分析,确定鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区长6油层组厚层块状砂体属于半深湖内的深水重力流沉积体系。划分出内扇、中扇和外扇3个亚相,该区主要以中扇亚相最为发育;在深水重力流中识别出液化沉积物流、砂质碎屑流、近源浊流和远源浊流等沉积类型,建立了湖盆深水重力流沉积模式。砂质碎屑流沉积最为广泛,砂体厚度大,连片发育,具有最好的储集层物性,含油性好,是华池地区长6油层组最有利的储集层。     

珠穆朗玛峰高程测量

综合利用GPS定位、水准测量、三角测量、电磁波测距、重力测量、雷达测地及大地水准面精化等技术,精确确定了珠峰顶的高程和平面位置,实现了迄今为止对珠峰高程最为精确的测量。介绍了珠峰高程控制网和GPS控制网的测量概况,阐述了利用常规大地测量和GPS技术确定珠峰高程的数据处理方法以及局部重力场精化等技术,为进一步研究珠峰地区板块运动提供了良好基础。     

Two-dimensional interpretation of gravity anomalies over sedimentary basins with an exponential decrease of density contrast with depth

The decrease of density contrast with depth in sedimentary basins is approximated by an exponential function. The anomaly equation, in frequency domain, of a prismatic model with an exponential density function is derived. The method has been extended to derive the Fourier transforms of the gravity anomalies of the sedimentary basin, wherein the basin is viewed as vertical prisms placed in juxtaposition. The gravity anomalies of the sedimentary basin are obtained by taking the inverse Fourier transforms. Filon’s method has been extended for calculating accurate inverse Fourier transforms. The accuracy of the method has been tested using a synthetic example. A combination of space and frequency domain methods have been developed for inversion of gravity anomalies over the sedimentary basin. The method has been applied to interpret one synthetic profile and one field profile over the Godavari basin. The method developed in this paper to calculate the inverse Fourier transforms yields continuous spectrum with accurate values. The maximum depth deduced from the gravity anomalies is of the same order as the depth encountered to the basement at the Aswaraopeta borewell.