克里雅河沿线沙丘沉积物石英砂表面特征分析

对沙漠内部典型河流沿线沙丘石英颗粒表面微形态特征的系统研究尚少。沿塔里木盆地南缘克里雅河下游丹丹乌里克、喀拉墩、圆沙古城、北方墓地及其北部塔里木河一带的沙丘顶部采到5件表沙样品。扫描电镜观察172颗经能谱挑选的石英颗粒表面微形态,筛析法测定5件样品的粒度。结果表明:1）丹丹乌里克样品以极细沙为主,其余均以细沙为主,各样品几乎不含黏土;2）样品磨圆度特征以次棱和次圆状为主,圆状很少,未见棱状特征,次棱状与次圆状特征之间消长关系显著,沙漠南北边缘样品的次棱状特征出现频率较腹地高;3）颗粒中V形坑频率呈现出沙漠边缘较高腹地低的特征,而沙漠边缘的化学作用结构特征低于腹地。石英砂表面特征结构以机械作用为主,同时伴生化学环境作用特征,可认为克里雅河下游沙物质包括了河流、冰川与戈壁成因及风输送而来的颗粒;颗粒表面特征总体新鲜,沙丘应较年轻。纵穿塔克拉玛干沙漠沉积物样品的表面微形态观察与粒度测定,为该地区沉积环境分析与沙丘砂溯源研究增添了新数据。     

远红外作用下不同含水率煤体吸附/解吸能量变化规律

煤体对气体进行吸附/解吸过程的本质是气体分子和煤基质表面分子或原子相互作用的过程，而发生相互作用的本质是能量变化，为了深入研究远红外作用下煤层气吸附/解吸过程及能量变化规律，利用自主研制装置进行远红外作用下不同含水率煤样对CO₂的吸附/解吸实验，然后利用远红外热辐射原理所得的吸附/解吸能量公式对实验结果进行计算，得到不同含水率煤体吸附/解吸过程能量变化规律。结果表明:在远红外作用下，解吸率虽然随含水率增大呈下降趋势，但是下降幅度明显减小，远红外作用可以降低水分对煤层气吸附/解吸能力的影响；远红外作用下不同含水率煤体对气体吸附/解吸过程是一个物理变化，从能量角度可以解释该过程，其变化规律与等温吸附/解吸过程相吻合。研究结果丰富了煤层气增产技术理论。      

Mathematical prediction of lead removal from carbonate-rich illite

The interaction between heavy metal contaminants and surface forces associated with the reactive surfaces of soil particles was studied with the aim of developing an analytical tool that would permit the prediction of heavy metal and soil sorption–desorption phenomena. The predictive model developed in this study considers the energy of the interaction developed between a lead contaminant and illitic soil. Since these energy calculations include both inner and outer sphere complexes, energy balance requirements can be realistically evaluated with respect to environmental mobility. For a comparison between the calculated values obtained from the predictive model and experimentally obtained measurements, laboratory batch equilibrium tests and electro–kinetic tests were used. These were concerned with the sorption–desorption determination of illitic soil samples with the lead contaminant in the form of a lead nitrate solution. The force balance of lead ions indicates that lead ions in the so-called Stern layer, i.e. the first two layers of a water molecule, are non-removable. Good correlations between calculated and measured values were obtained.     

石英E'心的热力学特征及其指示意义

石英EPR是一种利用矿物吸收的累积辐射能进行测年的技术方法,尽管多用于第四纪,但石英E'心在热活化后极大增强的EPR信号为拓展EPR的测年范围提供了契机.然而石英E'心的热活化条件及形成转化机理存在诸多争议.通过对花岗岩和断层带样品施加人工γ辐照,并通过步进式的阶梯退火实验,运用电子顺磁共振技术测定了不同辐射条件及温度条件下的石英E'心信号强度,探讨了石英E'心的增长和成因机理.结果表明,石英E'心可在常温常规γ辐照和高温加热2种条件下增长,并分别探讨了常温和高温E'心的测年方法及其地质意义.常温E'心的信号强度在150℃以下相对稳定,可用常规附加剂量法标定EPR信号强度以求取累积辐射能,常用于测定第四纪范围内断层的形成年龄;石英E'心在热活化后信号得到极大增强,可测定第四纪前的地质年龄,但需采用已知年龄的石英E'心热力学峰值强度作标杆或通过高剂量的γ辐照或中子辐照使氧空位再生,建立石英氧空位的剂量响应曲线以标定高温E'心代表的累积辐射能.E'心的热力学峰值通过步进式的阶梯退火实验确定,其在高温和常温时的信号强度比(I₂/I₁)具有记录辐射能和地质计时的意义.      

风尘堆积物中石英颗粒表面微结构特征及其沉积学指示

通过对黄土-沙漠交接带的定边县、黄土高原中部偏南的灵台县表土样品及甘肃灵台剖面不同层位的黄土-古土壤-红粘土样品中石英颗粒的形态特征及表面微结构的观察测试,结果表明红粘土、古土壤及灵台表土原样中石英颗粒表面具有较丰富的次生硅质沉淀和明显的溶蚀痕迹,指示了碎屑石英在沉积之后,由于适宜的温湿气候条件而经历了较强烈的风化成壤改造作用;而定边县表土样及上粉沙层(L9)土样中的石英颗粒表面干净,具有较多的撞击浅坑等风力搬运痕迹。经过双氧水和盐酸清洗过后的石英颗粒的形态特征及表面微结构非常清晰,多为次棱角至次圆状,均具有较丰富的撞击麻点和浅坑,少数样品可见裂纹分布,说明红粘土和上覆的黄土和古土壤一样,主要为风力搬运堆积;但红粘土样中石英颗粒表面所具有的丰富硅质沉淀和明显的溶蚀痕迹,似乎暗示了晚第三纪沉积气候环境显著不同于第四纪的冷干、暖湿气候组合演化格局。     

无烟煤对甲烷等温吸附解吸特性实验研究

研究空气干燥基无烟煤对甲烷(CH4)的等温吸附/解吸特性,发现其对甲烷的解吸残余率达56%。为了对其进行深入探讨,特设计了原煤样的炭化和活化实验,扩大了原料的比表面积,进而在等温条件下研究了两个改性样品对甲烷的吸附/解吸特性。对比发现,比表面积的增大能显著增加样品对甲烷的吸附总量,但对解吸残余率没有明显的影响。考虑到影响甲烷吸附/解吸的因素,又在等温条件下对主控因素——水分作了平行实验,结果显示,水分对活化样解吸残余率有明显影响。     

Dating fault activity by surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges

Surface textures of quartz grains from fault gouges are examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. It is disclosed that the surface morphology of the grains is variable, but quartz grains extracted from one fault gouge sample commonly show a type of texture different from those observed on the grains from the other samples. The surface textures observed under the microscope are tentatively classified into eight types; subconchoidal, orange peel-like, fish scale-like, moss-like, moth-eaten, stalactitic, pot-hole, and coral-like textures. These textures can be classified into four groups. Arranged in the order of their apparent features, it is interpreted that the progressive corrosion of quartz grains by ground water has taken place after faulting. The change of this surface feature can assist in estimating the time elapsed since the last fault activity.     

Examination of microstructural features of Norwegian cataclastic rocks and their use for predicting alkali-reactivity in concrete

The microstructural features of various Norwegian rock samples have been studied and quantified by different techniques. The majority of the rocks studied were different types of cataclastic rocks. Expansion results from a modified version of the NBRI Mortar-Bar Test for alkali reactivity are used for correlation with the quantitative parameters. The aim is to identify microstructural features in the various rock types which promote the alkaliaggregate reaction, and to subsequently use these findings to improve and provide guidelines for engineering practice in order to predict and make more accurate determinations of potentially reactive aggregates. The deformation processes of rocks involve the general process of straining of quartz, grain size reduction and subgrain development. This is characteristic of mylonitisation. This study demonstrates that the grain size reduction of quartz enhances reactivity by increasing the surface area of quartz grain boundaries available for reaction, and thus giving an overall increase in surface energy. Subgrain development will, besides the high surface area, contribute even more to an enhanced reactivity, due to the high dislocation density associated with the quartz subgrain boundaries. The total grain boundary area of quartz, and the mean grain size of quartz appear to be the most favourable quantitative parameters related to the expansion of different rock types. The measurement of the total grain boundary area of quartz, will enhance the value and improve the effectiveness of the petrographical examination as an engineering tool to screen potentially reactive aggregates.     

粉尘颗粒的形成机制与影响因素

通过测定沉积物粒度来获取环境信息已经成为环境变化研究的常规手段之一,多组分分离的方法也逐渐被广泛采用,但对于粒度分布中不同组分的成因存在着不同的看法。Alfaro的碰撞理论认为当母质所遭受的碰撞能量大于母质中集合体的内聚力时,能够产生与之对应的特征组分,即特定的风速能量决定了特定组分的形成。为了对Alfaro碰撞理论进行论证检验,研究选择屏蔽了搬运分选过程、纯经机械碰撞形成的岩石碎屑和粮食表面附着物,进行粒度分析。分析发现:1)不论无机质组成的岩石还是有机质组成的粮食,其颗粒粒径主要受控于母质成分,且粒度分布均具有与种类密切相关的特征。2)虽然少部分物质的粒度分布也存在Alfaro风洞实验中出现的中值粒径较稳定的组分,但其碰撞理论很难解释大量的不相符现象和各种物质种内差异小于种间差异等现象。证明了粉尘颗粒的粒径与其物质成分特点存在密切联系,而与外界碰撞过程没有直接对应关系,能量碰撞作用并不能直接导致粉尘颗粒优势组分的形成。因此,本研究认为形成粉尘不同粒度组分的影响因素是多方面的,其中风力(能量)只是其中之一,起尘区和降尘区的大气动力条件、粉尘在搬运过程中的分选作用以及粉尘的形成母质性质和环境都是影响粉尘粒径多组分特征的重要因素。     

贵州牛蹄塘组页岩气表面自由能研究

为了研究页岩对气体的吸附机理,在50℃、60℃、80℃ 3个温度点对贵州凤参1井和天马1井的页岩样品进行等温吸附实验,并绘制出了CH₄和CO₂等温吸附曲线图,计算得到页岩表面自由能,从自由能角度分析页岩对CH₄和CO₂气体的吸附特性。研究结果表明:当温度一定时,随着压力的增加,页岩对2种气体的表面自由能变化值均呈现出不断增加的趋势,当压力一定时,随着温度的增加,表面自由能会逐渐减小,这与等温吸附曲线上气体吸附量随压力的变化是一致的;页岩对CO₂的表面自由能变化值均要大于CH₄,表明页岩对CO₂的吸附能力比CH 4 更强,可以通过向页岩层中注入CO₂来提高采收率;对于吸附能力较强的页岩气藏,可以通过注入表面活性剂的方法,增强活性剂与页岩表面的结合能力,降低CH₄占有面积及其与页岩的表面自由能,以此达到促使CH₄解吸的目的。      

天然含钒金红石加热、淬火及电子辐射改性实验研究

天然含钒金红石样品经过1273K加热、淬火和高能电子辐照处理后性质发生不同程度的变化。XRD谱峰显示处理前后样品没有发生物相变化，显微IR图谱证明原样、加热、淬火样品的表面有少量吸附水存在，而辐射样品的显微IR图谱上没有检测到吸附水的吸收峰。用XPS分析比较了处理前后样品表面主要元素Ti、O和V的价态及含量，结果表明，原样经过处理后表面钒和氧的原子百分含量增加，其中淬火样品表面吸附水和钒的含量相对于原样增加最为明显，光催化活性相应较高；加热样品表面的吸附水和钒的含量比原样稍有增加，光催化活性与原样相当；电子辐射样品表面钒的原子百分含量相对原样增加不明显，而对水的吸附能力相对原样较低，光催化效率也略低。     

Progressive grain-size sorting along an intertidal energy gradient

Along a 2 km NW-SE transect along the energy gradient of an intertidal sand body of the back-barrier tidal flats of Spiekeroog island (German Wadden Sea, southern North Sea), three sets of closely spaced surface sediment samples were taken at different times to investigate whether the effects of progressive size sorting could be identified in the textural parameters and size-frequency curves of the sediments. Grain-sizes analyses were carried out with a high-resolution settling tube having an internal resolution of 1/50-psi intervals. The settling velocity data were subsequently transformed numerically into equivalent settling diameters on the basis of a quartz sphere standard. At this high resolution, it was possible to visualize subtle changes in textural parameters which would not have been resolved by standard 0.25-phi sieve analyses. The first two sample sets of 1992 and 1994 show similar trends of progressive fining in the sediment, combined with a slight decrease in skewness and sorting in the direction of decreasing energy. Ten years later, in 2003, the sediments were slightly coarser but still reflected the hydrodynamic energy gradient by a distinct fining trend along the transect. However, in contrast to the former data sets, the skewness values now remained constant, whereas the sorting values revealed the existence of two overlapping hydrodynamic energy regimes on the tidal flat. The better sorting in the coarser size fractions and the general coarsening trend in the central part of the tidal flat are interpreted to reflect an increase in the hydrodynamic energy level since the first two sample sets were collected. This observation suggests that some of the finer particles in the grain-size spectrum on the tidal flat were winnowed out by wave action without, however, completely obliterating the former trend. This interpretation is supported by an increase in the frequency and duration of strong winds as recorded by the national weather bureau since the early 1990s. The results of the study demonstrate that the intertidal sediments of the Wadden Sea respond rapidly and sensitively to gradual changes in the hydrodynamic energy regime.     

Scanning electron microscope evidence for offshore-onshore sand transport at Fire Island, New York, USA

Balancing the sediment budget of the Atlantic shoreline of Long Island has proved to be problematic because more sediment has been found to be moving westward in littoral drift than was estimated to be supplied by wave erosion of the Ronkonkoma terminal moraine at Montauk Point. There is a need for the existence of an additional, possibly offshore source. As part of a larger Atlantic shore study, 11 beach samples from Fire Island were compared with samples representing the known glacial source at Montauk Point, and also with four offshore samples to the south. Comparisons were based upon quartz sand grain surface texture patterns derived by scanning electron microscope checklist analysis. Initial evidence of an offshore-onshore link was provided by qualitative results examining surface texture variability between samples, illustrated by photographic evidence and written notes. This evidence was confirmed consistently during quantitative analysis. In particular, canonical variate analysis grouped two offshore samples representing deposits of buried glacial to fluvioglacial lobes with beach samples from Fire Island in adjacent onshore locations or slightly downdrift. In addition, canonical variate analysis and factor analysis using the spssx package, together with cluster analysis using the ARTHUR package, depicted the main factors and texture variables largely responsible for sample discrimination. The significance of both the offshore-onshore link and the associated factors influencing quartz grain surface texture was revealed by the fact that they are strongly related to each other and to the regional geomorphology.     

The variation range of optical constants and distribution characteristics of shock lamellae in shock-metamorphosed quartz

Two moderately shocked rock samples collected from the Ries Crater, West Germany (granite—gneiss sample RC-647-29 and biotite-granite sample RP-627-55) and two weakly shocked pegmatite samples (Lj-711-12 and Lj-711-5) taken from Lake Lappajarvi, Finland, have been optically studied to establish the variation range of optical constants and distribution characteristics of shock lamellae in shocked quartz. It has been found that sample RC-647-29 contains shocked quartz grains with the average refractive index ranging from 1.4612 to 1.5331, and sample RP-627-55 from 1.5002 to 1.4669, i.e., they cover a wide range of shock pressures. As for the larger quartz grains in samples Lj-711-12 and Lj-711-5, the variation range of the average refractive indices are smaller than those of samples from the Ries Crater. Hence the estimation of degree of shock must est with the investigation of a set of representative shocked quartz crystals from a single shocked rock sample. The optical data on shocked quartz indicate that the degree of shock is highly independent of the number of shock lamellae sets and their orientations; the most sensitive optical indicator is the index of refraction. On the basis of TEM investigations of single crystal grains of shocked quartz differing in refractive index, three mechanisms of formation of shock lamellae have been established: host quartz crystals with lamellae having closely spaced dislocations; host quartz crystals with lamellae of randomly oriented fine grains of quartz; and host quartz crystals or their residual fragments with lamellae of silica glass.     

微波处理TiO2柱撑蒙脱石的光催化性能

采用微波处理方法合成了TiO2结晶体柱撑蒙脱石光催化材料,采用XRD、BET吸附和降解甲基橙实验分析了柱撑蒙脱石的结构、锐钛矿金红石晶相比例、比表面积和光催化性能。结果证实,微波功率与辐照时间等条件将影响材料的结构与性能;与传统加热方式比较,微波处理可获得锐钛矿相含量高的混晶TiO2;该TiO2柱撑蒙脱石具备优异的光催化性能。     

Correlations between mineralogical and chemical compositions of fine stream sediments: application to geochemical exploration in tropical rain forests, Bolívar State, Venezuela

In this work we have studied stream sediments that differ in hydrodynamic energy of depositional environments and in the lithologies of source areas. The first type consists of sediment sampled in stream channels in a relatively high energy environment (samples CS); the other type is from sediments deposited laterally, along margins of channels, where stream energy decreases (samples LS). Eighteen CS samples and 36 LS samples, sieved to 230 mesh, taken from streams and rivers that drain different lithologies, were analyzed for mineralogical and chemical compositions.Samples CS and LS have different chemical compositions, although they are composed of the same minerals. CS samples have low concentrations of absorbing phases (e.g., clay and Fe-Mn oxides), low total and extractable Cu, Co, Ni and Cr, and high zircon and quartz. Conversely, LS samples have greater abundances of absorbing phases, transition elements, and lower zircon and quartz. The sample types can be discriminated by compositional differences in Zr, Si and Al.Differences in proportions of minerals of the fine sediment samples (Fe-Mn oxides, clays, quartz and zircon) result from differences in source areas and hydrodynamic characteristics of depositional sites. It is difficult, if not impossible, to collect all samples from sites with exactly the same hydrodynamic conditions or from the same source area; it is therefore necessary to classify samples according to mineralogical compositions, and to know proportions of absorber phases, clays and oxides, to the inert phase, quartz, before interpretation.     

西宁黄土石英颗粒表面结构与黄土物质来源探讨

利用电子扫描电镜分析了西宁黄土地层中的石英颗粒表面形态和机械结构特征,发现近1.2Ma以来西宁黄土石英颗粒形态以尖棱角-棱角为主,颗粒表面具有典型的剪切断口或大贝壳状断口或平行擦痕,且比例较高;有些颗粒表面还具有V形坑、水下磨光面,这类颗粒以次圆状为主,这些信息指示出,西宁黄土物质不是主要来源于沙漠环境,而是来源于青藏高原第四纪冰川和冰缘作用区.     

Thermodynamic and magnetic properties of surface Fe<Superscript>3+</Superscript> species on quartz: effects of gamma-ray irradiation and implications for aerosol–radiation interactions

Samples of a natural amethyst, pulverized in air, and irradiated for gamma-ray doses from 0.14 to 70 kGy, have been investigated by powder electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy from 90 to 294 K. The powder EPR spectra show that the surface Fe³⁺ species on the gamma-ray-irradiated quartz differ from its counterpart without irradiation in both the effective g value and the observed line shape, suggesting marked radiation effects. This suggestion is supported by quantitatively determined thermodynamic properties, magnetic susceptibility, relaxation times, and geometrical radius. In particular, the surface Fe³⁺ species on gamma-ray-irradiated quartz has larger Gibbs and activation energies than its non-irradiated counterpart, suggesting radiation-induced chemical reactions. The shorter phase-memory time (T _m) but longer spin–lattice relaxation time (T ₁) of the surface Fe³⁺ species on the gamma-ray-irradiated quartz than that without irradiation indicate stronger dipolar interactions in the former. Moreover, the calculated geometrical radius of the surface Fe³⁺ species on the gamma-ray-irradiated quartz is three orders of magnitude larger than that of its counterpart on the as-is sample. These results provide new insights into radiation-induced aerosol nucleation, with relevance to atmospheric cloud formation and global climate changes.     

基于扫描电镜分析的猪野泽全新世砂层成因探讨

猪野泽全新世沉积物剖面中存在砂层和灰绿色湖相沉积层相间分布的现象。本研究对猪野泽QTH01、QTH02剖面砂层的石英砂样品进行扫描电镜分析,且与古湖泊岸堤和现代沙丘砂样做了对比,探讨了猪野泽全新世剖面中部和底部砂层的成因。研究发现,猪野泽QTH01、QTH02剖面样品中大部分石英砂兼具风成结构和水成结构,且水成特征大都覆盖于风成特征之上,V型坑分布频率相对较小,磨圆度特征与现代沙丘样品较为相似,与岸堤石英砂具有相似的结构特征,但剖面砂层不具岸堤典型的斜纹层理。结果说明,猪野泽砂层先经历了风成环境,后期转向湖相沉积,也有少部分砂是通过河流沉积于剖面位置;剖面砂层与岸堤砂层的成因相似,但剖面所在位置并非湖泊岸堤;剖面砂层形成时期风沙活动强烈,湖泊水动力条件稳定,河流对湖泊影响较小。     

高煤阶煤储层解吸曲线定量表征及解吸参数研究

为了定量研究煤层气井解吸特征,文章通过煤样解吸实验获取解吸曲线并进行拟合回归得到了煤样解吸曲线定量表征公式。结果表明：煤样解吸曲线可以用来定量表征;解吸体积常数可表征煤样的最大解吸量,解吸时间常数表征解吸气体体积达到最大解吸气体积一半时所用的解吸时间;煤样初始解吸速率等于解吸体积常数与解吸时间常数之比,煤样解吸速率随着解吸体积常数增加而增加,随着解吸时间常数增加而降低。解吸时间常数与吸附时间成线性正相关关系,解吸时间常数越大,煤样解吸速率越小;在工程上可以用解吸体积常数代替解吸气量和残余气量之和;解吸时间常数随气体压力和裂缝指数增加而降低,随镜质组、惰质组含量增加而先增加后降低,与粘土矿物含量关系不明显;解吸体积常数随气体压力、惰质组含量增加而增加,与粘土矿物含量关系不明显,随着镜质组含量增加而降低,随裂缝指数先降低后增加。