塔里木盆地深层碳酸盐岩中不同赋存形式芳烃化合物组成

通过对塔参1井深层（＞5 700 m）碳酸盐岩游离有机质（氯仿沥青“A”）和包裹有机质（氯仿沥青“C”）中芳烃化合物组成和成熟度参数对比研究发现,芳烃化合物组成中菲和二苯并噻吩系列化合物较为丰富,菲和〖JX-*9〗〖XCQQ.TIF;%80%80〗〖JX*9〗等系列化合物丰度随埋深增加而增大,而二苯并噻吩、苯并萘并噻吩和芴等系列化合物丰度表现出相反的规律,这反映出不同芳烃系列化合物在高过成熟阶段热稳定性的差异。同一样品两种赋存形式芳烃化合物组成和成熟度参数明显不同,芳烃化合物成熟度参数和烷基化程度都反映出包裹有机质成熟度低于游离有机质,说明包裹有机质的热演化作用受到了抑制。在高过成熟阶段仍有部分芳烃参数仍可以用来表征深层有机质热演化程度,这些参数包括:菲系列烷基化指标（C1 P /C4 P、C1 P /C3 P、 C2 P /C4 P 、C2 P /C3 P）、以及二苯并噻吩系列化合物中MDR、C1/C3 DBT、2,4/1,4 DMDBT和4,6/1,4 DMDBT参数;虽然DBT/P比值被认为指示沉积环境的有效参数,但塔参1井深层样品研究表明,该参数与热演化程度关系密切,为高过成熟度阶段较好的成熟度参数。      

Remediation of floating,open water oil spills: Comparative efficacy of commercially available polypropylene sorbent booms

Several complex methods of remediation are applied to open water oil spills. Sorbing the liquid hydrocarbons with polypropylene booms is an effective and less complex means of treating such events. There are, however, a variety of commercially available booms which display different performances in sorbing different viscosity hydrocarbons. There is no acceptable A.S.T.M. protocol to evaluate these booms for performance efficiency in various weather and hydrocarbon viscosity scenarios. The current paper proposes such a protocol and evaluates the most commonly used sorbent products with the new test procedures. Nine specific performance criteria, based on actual field applications, are demonstrated.     

藏北羌塘盆地羌资1井中侏罗统沥青脉生物标志化合物分布特征及其意义

藏北羌塘盆地羌资1井中侏罗统沥青脉生物标志化合物含有丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物。正烷烃图谱形态以单峰形态占优势,主碳峰以nC₁₆、nC₁₇、为主,次为nC₁₈、nC₂₀、nC₁₅,轻烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值介于0.69-1.22之间,平均值为0.96,偶碳数优势不明显;Pr/Ph值介于0.35~0.78之间,平均值为0.59,具有明显的植烷优势。萜烷相对丰度表现为五环三萜烷 > 三环萜烷 > 四环萜烷,γ-蜡烷普遍存在,但相对含量较低;甾烷主要为规则甾烷,少量孕甾烷,规则甾烷Σ(C₂₇+C₂₈) > ΣC₂₉,ΣC₂₇/ΣC₂₉介于0.61~2.18之间,平均值为1.06,显示弱的C₂₇甾烷优势或弱的C₂₉甾烷优势。有机质母质构成中,除有丰富的藻类等低等水生生物外,可能还有陆生高等植物输入混合。成熟度参数和镜质体反射率均显示沥青脉中的有机质处于成熟-过成熟阶段。沥青脉形成环境为还原环境。另外,除饱和烃和芳烃含量上有明显差别外,中侏罗统夏里组砂泥岩中的沥青脉与布曲组碳酸盐岩中的沥青脉的生物标志化合物无明显区别。     

An isotopic study of hydrocarbon generation processes

The sources of reservoired liquid hydrocarbons in Australia differ substantially from their Northern Hemisphere counterparts. Not only are Australian source rocks largely of terrigenous origin but the concepts accepted as defining the hydrocarbon potential of source rocks have recently been challenged. Although isotopic measurements on Australian source rocks and liquid hydrocarbon products closely parallel those published from elsewhere, new interpretations of these data have been made, particularly with regard to D/H ratios in coals. As interesting as such results may be, the most important findings relate to the origins and histories of methane, the higher gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, and the interpretation of these data in terms of hydrocarbon genesis. Simple Northern Hemisphere concepts which characterize gases as being biogenic, oil-associated, etc., on the bases of their isotopic and chemical compositions are clearly not applicable to the Australian scene. Indeed justification of such precise classifications in the Northern Hemisphere on the available evidence is also questioned.Isotopic and compositional data from gases from the Cooper, Bowen, Sydney and Gippsland Basins and from the North West Shelf (Australia) are reviewed, and assessed in terms of generation pathways.     

西南天山乌拉根铅锌矿床有机地球化学特征及其地质意义

乌拉根铅锌矿床位于塔里木盆地西北缘的喀什凹陷中,含矿岩石为一套中-新生代砂砾岩,矿区伴随铅锌矿化普遍产出大量油气残留物、干沥青等有机质。文章通过有机碳、硫、氯仿沥青"A"及其族组成和饱和烃气相色谱分析等有机地球化学方法,对乌拉根铅锌矿的有机质进行测试分析,进而探讨了有机质在铅锌矿床形成过程中的作用。测试结果显示,乌拉根矿区铅锌的有机碳、硫含量均较高,表明其铅锌的成矿作用与油气的还原作用关系密切,铅锌等成矿元素是在还原状态下沉淀富集的。矿区有机质的氯仿沥青"A"变化不大(0·004%～0·025%)。A的族组分中,总烃平均为46·22%,"非烃+沥青质"平均为53·77%,饱和烃/芳香烃平均为9·59,具I型有机母质特征。饱和烃气相色谱参数特征分析显示,有机质以海相为主,母质来源以藻类为主。矿区样品中,Pr/Ph为0·41～1·84,平均为1·04,说明有机质是处在还原环境中的;OEP为0·75～1·07,平均为0·92,显示了有机质高成熟的特征;CPI为1·03～1·30,平均为1·16,指示热演化程度较高。综合野外证据和测试结果,表明油气活动参与了乌拉根铅锌矿床的成矿作用,油气还原是成矿金属元素富集沉淀成矿的重要因素。     

对流层大气氧化性研究进展

对流层大气氧化性是对流层大气自我清洁能力的一个重要指标,对流层中大多数痕量气体都是通过氧化过程清除的.回顾近半个世纪以来对流层大气氧化性的研究历史,对流层大气氧化性的研究无论是从测量技术还是模式研究方面都已取得了一定的进展.工业革命以来,由于人类活动的影响,CO、NOx和碳氢化合物等大气污染物排放增多,使得全球对流层大气OH浓度呈下降趋势,未来对流层大气氧化性的变化很大程度上也取决于这些气体的排放情况.利用全球三维大气化学传输模式MOZART研究中国地区对流层大气OH自由基的分布和变化趋势表明,与全球OH自由基变化趋势不同,近10年来中国东部地区OH自由基浓度趋于增加.未来对流层大气氧化性研究的关键问题仍是OH自由基测量技术的提高问题,OH自由基观测结果是完善对流层光化学机制和改进大气化学模式的先决条件.     

Variscan and post-Variscan lead–zinc mineralization, Rhenish Massif, Germany: evidence for sulfide precipitation via thermochemical sulfate reduction

A mechanical decrepitation device coupled with a gas chromatograph has been used to characterize the molecular composition of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons contained in minerals. Application of this technique allows the identification of low-molecular-weight n-alkanes and some aromatic hydrocarbons in sulfides and gangue minerals from epigenetic Variscan and post-Variscan lead–zinc deposits in the Rhenish Massif, Germany. Based on the analysis of 200 samples, Variscan and post-Variscan mineralization can be distinguished by the composition of associated hydrocarbons. Variscan sulfides and gangue minerals contain high abundancies of methane. In contrast, n-alkanes in the C₂–C₉ range and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene) are dominant in post-Variscan mineralization. The absence of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in ore minerals suggests highly mature gas associated with hydrothermal activity, during which hydrothermal fluids caused an increase in thermal maturation of organic matter and the generation of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in the adjacent organic-rich rocks. The hydrocarbon compositions contained in fluid inclusions of Variscan and post-Variscan minerals are probably governed by the maturation level of the potential source rocks. In Variscan time tectonic brines (T > 175 °C) generated predominantly methane, whereas basement brines (T < 175 °C) expelled higher-molecular-weight hydrocarbons (wet gases, condensates, aromatic hydrocarbons) from adjacent rocks during the Mesozoic event. The specific role of hydrocarbons in sulfide precipitation via thermochemical sulfate reduction is indicated by geochemical characteristics of organic matter associated with the Plombières Pb–Zn deposit, in eastern Belgium. Intense alteration phenomena were observed in near-ore kerogens, compared with unaltered kerogens far from the ore body, as well as by a very high maturity (5.40% R_o), a systematic depletion in ¹²C towards the vein-type mineralization, high atomic S/C ratios (0.49), and by low atomic H/C ratios (0.29). The data suggest that hydrothermal solutions caused a drastic increase in the thermal maturation of organic matter within the adjacent wall rock. Increased thermal maturation resulted in increased δ¹³C-values of organic carbon due to the preferential release of ¹²C. The change in the organic matter to a H-depleted and S-enriched bulk composition in association with sulfide ores strongly suggests that thermochemical sulfate reduction was responsible for organic degradation. Thus, thermochemical sulfate reduction probably triggered base metal sulfide precipitation in Variscan and post-Variscan ore deposits of the Rhenish Massif. Finally, based on data from this study and previous investigations, new genetic models are presented for both Variscan and post-Variscan mineralization in the Rhenish Massif. Received: 15 September 1999 / Accepted: 2 December 1999     

天然气运移的气体同位素地球化学示踪

本文通过鄂尔多斯等含油气盆地内岩石酸解烃、罐顶气和同源多产层天然气碳同位素组成的变化，从实例剖析出发，探讨了天然气运移时气体同位素组成的变化及其对天然气运移的示踪。天然气在通过沉积地层中孔隙系统和微裂隙运移时，天然气中的甲烷碳同位素会发生一定的分馏，而乙烷以上重烃碳同位素几乎不发生分馏；在天然气层所在深度，罐顶气甲烷碳同位素组成与天然气一致，在天然气层附近，罐顶气甲烷碳同位素则明显偏离了热演化趋势线；烃源岩酸解烃与其同源的天然气重烃碳同位素组成具有较好的一致性和可比性。由此，可利用气体组分碳同位素的上述变化特征，追索天然气的运移作用。     

Halogens and noble gases in sedimentary formation waters and Zn–Pb deposits: A case study from the Lennard Shelf,Australia

Halogen ratios (Br/Cl and I/Cl) and concentrations provide important information about how sedimentary formation waters acquire their salinity, but the possible influence of organic Br derived from sedimentary wall-rocks is rarely quantified. Here, it is demonstrated that Br/Cl versus I/Cl mixing diagrams can be used to deconvolve organic Br contributions; that organic matter has a limited range of Br/I ratios; and that organic Br is a more significant component in Zn–Pb deposit ore fluids than previously recognised. The significance of these findings is illustrated for the Lennard Shelf Zn–Pb deposits of Western Australia.Fluid inclusions related to Lennard Shelf Zn–Pb mineralisation have variable salinity and hydrocarbon contents. The halogen data from these fluid inclusions require mixing of three fluid end-members: (1) an evaporated seawater bittern brine (30 wt.% NaCl equiv.) with greater than seawater Br/Cl ratio; (2) a lower salinity pore fluid (?5 wt.% NaCl equiv.) with moderately elevated Br/Cl and I/Cl; and (3) fluids with Br/Cl ratios of ～5 times seawater and extremely elevated I/Cl ratios of ～11,500 times seawater. The first two fluids have ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar of 300–400 and greater than air saturated water ³⁶Ar concentrations that are typical of fluid inclusions related to Zn–Pb mineralisation. The third ‘organic-rich’ fluid has the highest ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio of up to 1500 and a depleted ³⁶Ar concentration.Mineralisation is interpreted to have resulted from mixing of Zn-rich evaporitic brines and H₂S present in hydrocarbons. It is suggested that aqueous fluids acquired organic Br and I from hydrocarbons, and that hydrocarbons exsolving from the aqueous fluid removed noble gases from solution. Interaction of variably saline brines and hydrocarbons could account for the variable Br/Cl and I/Cl composition, and ³⁶Ar concentrations, recorded by Lennard Shelf fluid inclusions. The distinct ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar signature of the fluid with the highest I/Cl ratio suggests the hydrocarbons and brines were sourced independently from different parts of the sedimentary basin. These data indicate the complementary nature of halogen and noble gas analysis and provide new constraints on important mixing processes during sediment-hosted Zn–Pb mineralisation.     

Hydrocarbon products of coals as revealed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography

The hydrocarbon products generated and released from coals continue to be debated. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic southern hemisphere coals have been described as being capable of generating significant quantities of heavy hydrocarbons (oil-like material) when compared to the Paleozoic coals of the northern hemisphere because of changes in the coal forming community. This hypothesis was examined by comparing the pyrolysis-gas chromatography results of a collection of coals. Preliminary results indicate that the most significant difference in pyrolytic products is in the less than nC₁₅ fraction. The data further indicate that coals generate similar types of hydrocarbons independent of age or geographic position if they contain similar bulk maceral content. Coals rich in vitrinite generate predominately aromatic hydrocarbons with lesser amounts of n-paraffins. Coals rich in algae and other exinites generate largely paraffinic hydrocarbons. Coals rich in resins generate naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The petroleum generating potential of coals also depends on the coal's expulsion efficiency, which is not addressed by this study.     

The effect of minor to moderate biodegradation on C5 to C9 hydrocarbons in crude oils

A suite of 18 oils from the Barrow Island oilfield, Australia, and a non-biodegraded reference oil have been analysed compositionally in order to detail the effect of minor to moderate biodegradation on C₅ to C₉ hydrocarbons. Carbon isotopic data for individual low molecular weight hydrocarbons were also obtained for six of the oils. The Barrow Island oils came from different production wells, reservoir horizons, and compartments, but have a common source (the Upper Jurassic Dingo Claystone Formation), with some organo-facies differences. Hydrocarbon ratios based on hopanes, steranes, alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes indicate thermal maturities of about 0.8% R_c for most of the oils. The co-occurrence in all the oils of relatively high amounts of 25-norhopanes with C₅ to C₉ hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and cyclic alkanes implies that the oils are the result of multiple charging, with a heavily biodegraded charge being overprinted by fresher and more pristine oil. The later oil charge was itself variably biodegraded, leading to significant compositional variations across the oilfield, which help delineate compartmentalisation. Biodegradation resulted in strong depletion of n-alkanes (>95%) from most of the oils. Benzene and toluene were partially or completely removed from the Barrow Island oils by water washing. However, hydrocarbons with lower water solubility were either not affected by water washing, or water washing had only a minor effect. There are three main controls on the susceptibility to biodegradation of cyclic, branched and aromatic low molecular weight hydrocarbons: carbon skeleton, degree of alkylation, and position of alkylation. Firstly, ring preference ratios at C₆ and C₇ show that isoalkanes are retained preferentially relative to alkylcyclohexanes, and to some extent alkylcyclopentanes. Dimethylpentanes are substantially more resistant to biodegradation than most dimethylcyclopentanes, but methylhexanes are depleted faster than methylpentanes and dimethylcyclopentanes. For C₈ and C₉ hydrocarbons, alkylcyclohexanes are more resistant to biodegradation than linear alkanes. Secondly, there is a trend of lower susceptibility to biodegradation with greater alkyl substitution for isoalkanes, alkylcyclohexanes, alkylcyclopentanes and alkylbenzenes. Thirdly, the position of alkylation has a strong control, with adjacent methyl groups reducing the susceptibility of an isomer to biodegradation. 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene is the most resistant of the C₃ alkylbenzene isomers during moderate biodegradation. 2-Methylalkanes are the most susceptible branched alkanes to biodegradation, 3-methylalkanes are the most resistant and 4-methylalkanes have intermediate resistance. Therefore, terminal methyl groups are more prone to bacterial attack compared to mid-chain isomers, and C₃ carbon chains are more readily utilised than C₂ carbon chains. 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane and 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane are the most resistant of the alkylcyclohexanes and alkylcyclopentanes to biodegradation. The straight-chained and branched C₅–C₉ alkanes are isotopically light (depleted in ¹³C) relative to cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The effects of biodegradation consistently lead to enrichment in ¹³C for each remaining hydrocarbon, due to preferential removal of ¹²C. Differences in the rates of biodegradation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons shown by compositional data are also reflected in the level of enrichment in ¹³C. The carbon isotopic effects of biodegradation show a decreasing level of isotopic enrichments in ¹³C with increasing molecular weight. This suggests that the kinetic isotope effect associated with biodegradation is site-specific and often related to a terminal carbon, where its impact on the isotopic composition becomes progressively ‘diluted’ with increasing carbon number.     

Molecular Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of Natural Gas from Dissolved Hydrocarbon in Ordovician Formation Waters in Central Ordos Basin

1IntroductionTheOrdosBasinisthesecondlargestoilandgas bearingbasininChina .ItislocatedinthePaleo zoicplatformandbelongstoacratonbasin ,whichisincongruencewiththePaleozoicdepressionattheedgesoftheplatformandtheMesozoic Cenozoicdepressionwithintheplatform .SincethediscoveryofnaturalgasesinWellShancan 1andWellYu 3in 1989,theassessmentandexplorationofOrdovicianweatheringcrustnaturalgasesintheOrdosBasinhaveattractedextensiveatten tion (YangJunjieetal.,1996 ;DaiJinxingetal.,1997) .Thecentral…     

Geo-microbial prospecting studies of surface sediments from petroliferous region of the Mehsana Block,North Cambay Basin

Surface adsorbed gas surveys and geo-microbiological surveys are well known techniques of petroleum exploration and aim towards risk reduction in exploration by way of identifying the areas warm with hydrocarbons and to establish inter-se exploration priorities amongst the identified warm areas. The thermogenic surface adsorbed gaseous hydrocarbons distribution patterns in petroliferous areas are considered to be a credible evidence for the upward migration of hydrocarbons. The present investigation aims to explore correlation between the adsorbed gas distribution pattern and microbial oxidizers in identifying the upward migration of hydrocarbons especially in the tropical black soil terrain of known petroliferous Mehsana Block of North Cambay Basin, India. A set of 135 sub-soil samples collected, were analyzed for indicator hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria, adsorbed light gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon isotope ratios (¹³C_methane and δ¹³C_ethane). The microbial prospecting studies showed the presence of high bacterial population for methane (5.4 × 10⁶ cfu/gm), ethane (5.5 × 10⁶ cfu/gm), propane (4.6 × 10⁶ cfu/gm) and butane oxidizing bacteria (4.6 × 10⁶ cfu/gm) in soil samples. The light gaseous hydrocarbon analysis showed that the concentration ranges of C₁, C₂, C₃, iC₄ and nC₄ are 402 ppb, 135 ppb, 70 ppb, 9 ppb and 18 ppb, respectively, and the value of carbon isotope ranges of methane ?29.5 to ?43.0‰ (V-PDB) and ethane ?19.1 to ?20.9‰ (V-PDB). The existence of un-altered petroliferous microseep (δ¹³C, ?43‰) of catagenetic origin is observed in the study area. Geo-microbial prospecting method and adsorbed soil gas and carbon isotope studies have shown good correlation with existing oil/gas fields of Mehsana. Microbial surveys can independently precede other geochemical and geophysical surveys to delineate area warm with hydrocarbons, and mapped microbiological anomalies may provide focus for locales of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Mehsana Block of Cambay Basin.     

Hornblende etching and quartz/feldspar ratios as weathering and soil development indicators in some Michigan soils

Weathering can be used as a highly effective relative age indicator. One such application involves etching of hornblende grains in soils. Etching increases with time (duration) and decreases with depth in soils and surficial sediments. Other variables, related to intensity of weathering and soil formation, are generally held as constant as possible so as to only minimally influence the time-etching relationship. Our study focuses on one of the variables usually held constant—climate—by examining hornblende etching and quartz/feldspar ratios in soils of similar age but varying degrees of development due to climatic factors. We examined the assumption that the degree of etching varies as a function of soil development, even in soils of similar age. The Spodosols we studied form a climate-mediated development sequence on a 13,000-yr-old outwash plain in Michigan. Their pedogenic development was compared to weathering-related data from the same soils. In general, soils data paralleled weathering data. Hornblende etching was most pronounced in the A and E horizons, and decreased rapidly with depth. Quartz/feldspar ratios showed similar but more variable trends. In the two most weakly developed soils, the Q/F ratio was nearly constant with depth, implying that this ratio may not be as effective a measure as are etching data for minimally weathered soils. Our data indicate that hornblende etching should not be used as a stand-alone relative age indicator, especially in young soils and in contexts where the degree of pedogenic variability on the geomorphic surface is large.     

Results of multiyear studies on the dynamics of pollution of lake Baikal by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the area waste water discharge from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant

New data on the concentration and spatial distribution of the benz(a)pyrene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediments in the testing area of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant (BPPP) waste water discharge in 1981–1988 and 2010 are presented in this paper. The bottom sediments in this section of the lake are strongly polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Mineralized Microbiota: A Possible Indicator of Hydrocarbon Flows in the Rift Zone of Iceland

Relationships of mineralized microbiota with the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hydrothermal systems are considered. It has been established that the mineralized microbiota can serve as an indicator of hydrothermal hydrocarbon flows in present-day and ancient deposits.     

Sources and pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons into the natural dump Arkona Basin (southern Baltic Sea)

 Surface sediments, suspended particulate matter and fluffy-layer material, collected in the Arkona Basin and the Pomeranian Bay during 1995–1997, as well as air particulate matter, collected on the island of Rügen during August 1995, were analysed for total organic carbon content, saturated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The resulting concentrations and distributions of these compounds and molecular PAH ratios are discussed in terms of matrix, origin of the organic matter and seasonal variations. The data show that the Oder river can be identified as a major source for PAH transported into the southern part of the Arkona Basin. A strong atmospheric input of PAH is noted for the central and northern part of the basin. In general, anthropogenic and bacterially degraded hydrocarbons bound to organic carbon-rich and small particles are mainly deposited in the basin center, whereas their natural counterparts accumulate mainly on the basin flanks covered by coarser grained sediments. Received: 2 March 1999 · Accepted: 8 June 1999     

Biological markers from Green River kerogen decomposition

Isoprenoid and other carbon skeletons that are formed in living organisms and preserved essentially intact in ancient sediments are often called biological markers. The purpose of this paper is to develop improved methods of using isoprenoid hydrocarbons to relate petroleum or shale oil to its source rock. It is demonstrated that most, but not all, of the isoprenoid hydrocarbon structures are chemically bonded in kerogen (or to minerals) in Green River oil shale. The rate constant for thermally producing isoprenoid, cyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons is substantially greater than for the bulk of shale oil. This may be related to the substantial quantity of CO₂ which is evolved coincident with the isoprenoid hydrocarbons but prior to substantial oil evolution. Although formation of isoprenoid alkenes is enhanced by rapid heating and high pyrolysis temperatures, the ratio of isoprenoid alkenes plus alkanes to normal alkenes plus alkanes is independent of heating rate. High-temperature laboratory pyrolysis experiments can thus be used to predict the distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons in low temperature processes such as in situ shale oil production and perhaps petroleum formation. Finally, we demonstrate that significant variation in biological marker ratios occurs as a function of stratigraphy in the Green River formation. This information, combined with methods for measuring process yield from oil composition, enables one to relate time-dependent processing conditions to the corresponding time-dependent oil yield in a vertical modified-in situ retort even if there is a substantial and previously undetermined delay in drainage of shale oil from the retort.     

基于水合物指示因子的地震识别方法

速度是水合物勘查的重要参数,但是速度的影响因素众多,给高精度识别水合物带来一定困难.水合物储层岩石物理是研究多种因素对速度影响的有效手段之一.考虑到水合物储层未固结等特征,本文采用SCA-DEM模型,重点对比了孔隙度、饱和度等对纵横波速度以及AVO特征的影响,并构建了一种新的水合物指示因子,消除了由于孔隙变化带来的假异...     

Impact of FDI on energy efficiency: an analysis of the regional discrepancies in China

Under the assumption of “technology will not be forgotten,” this study estimates and decomposes the total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) using the sequential data envelopment analysis-Malmquist productivity index and directional distance functions that consider undesirable output based on the provincial panel data of China from 2001 to 2013. On this basis, we make an empirical study of the relationship between foreign direct investment and energy efficiency with the dynamic panel model. The result shows that over the sample period, on the national level, the trend of the TFEE was upward, but the growth rate showed a downward trend. On the regional level, the TFEE in the eastern region was higher than that in the central and western regions. In addition, foreign direct investment enhanced the energy efficiency significantly, which demonstrated that the “pollution halo” effect was greater than the “pollution haven” effect. It is indicated that technical progress was the main cause of the increase in the TFEE, but technical efficiency played the opposite role. This conclusion remains valid even if the TFEE indicator is changed into the single-factor energy efficiency indicator.