酸碱度、盐度对方斑东风螺卵囊孵化率和不同饵料对幼虫生长发育、存活的影响

分别用pH6．32～9．76和盐度16．7～40．9共8个梯度的海水进行方斑东风螺(Babyloniaare Lamarck)卵囊的孵化试验。结果表明,卵囊孵化最适pH范围在8．23～9．35之间,孵化率均在80％以上,pH8．81时高达93．7％;卵囊孵化适宜盐度范围为30．3～37．0,盐度40．9时仍有67．0％的孵化率,表现出耐高盐的特性,盐度低于27．6,孵化率明显下降。幼虫在15d的培育过程中,通过投喂不同的饵料,结果显示投喂单胞藻比投喂人工配合饵料、酵母效果好,单独投喂扁藻(Platymonas subcondiformis (Wille)Hazen)幼虫生长发育最快,体长增长倍数达1．90倍;投喂扁藻、小球藻(Chdorella spp．)、扁藻 金藻(Isochrysis galbana Palbana)、扁藻 小球藻幼虫的成活率相差不明显,分别为58．5％、54．3％、63．3％和50．3％,而投喂人工配合饵料虾片、螺旋藻粉幼虫成活率则较低,只有3．6％和12．8％,投喂酵母第9天全部死亡。     

赤点石斑鱼人工配合饵料中蛋白质最适含量的研究

本文探讨了不同蛋白质含量的配合饵料对赤点石斑鱼（Epinephelusakaara）生长的影响。通过60d度验得出：在各配合饵料组中，蛋白质含量为49．52％的试验的相对增重率（46．84％）体长相对增长率（15．96％）、蛋白质效率（60．35％）和饵料转化率（29．85％）等均为最佳。配合饵料组鱼体肌肉营养成分（蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸）也均优于对照组，而更接近野生鱼。经回归方程分析，赤点石斑鱼人工配合饵料中蛋白质最适含量为48．37％～49．24％。     

饵料中钙磷含量及比值对东方对虾（Penaeus orientalis）生长的影响

本文研究了饵料中钙磷含量及钙磷比对中国对虾生长发育的影响。实验结果是：对仔虾，当饵料中钙磷总含量约为1％而钙磷比为1：7．3时，其成活率及增重最好，对幼虾，当钙磷总含量约为2％而钙磷比为1：1．7时，其增重及饵料转化率最高。钙磷总含量较低时，钙磷比中磷含量虽高，也会影响仔是的成活率和增重。本文结果和Kanazawa等报道的在饵料中最佳Ca／p比为1:1的结论不同，而和Deshimsru报道的结果一致。在饵料中可不另加钙盐，而宜加入适量的磷酸盐。     

微咸水池塘河蟹仔蟹培育试验

1998年4-5月在江苏南通微咸水池塘中进行了河蟹仔蟹温棚培育试验。本次试验仔蟹的成活率最高为56．0％,三个试验组仔蟹的平均成活率为35．6％。试验表明,仔蟹培育成活率的提高有赖于池塘水质、水温、透明度、溶解氧、盐度、大眼幼体投放密度及水体天然饵料培育和人工饵料投喂等方面的科学管理和调控,其中大眼幼体投放密度以500-1000／1／米2为宜,盐度以4-7‰为宜,温度以22±2℃为宜。     

不同饵料对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、存活的影响

使用5种不同的饵料，投喂全长6．72mm的点带石斑鱼，分析和比较不同饵料的营养成份对点带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、存活的影响．结果表明：尽管饵料中粗蛋白的含量在48．8％～72．8％之间，粗脂肪含量在5．4％～10．3％之间，相差很大，但点带斑鱼幼鱼均能正常生长，且存活率无明显的差异．对5种饵料的脂肪酸进行了分析，结果显示，饵料中高度不饱和脂肪酸DHA和EPA的含量之间的比例，对点带石斑鱼幼鱼的生长比其含量本身更加具有明显的影响，DHA与EPA相对含量的比值为6．3的1组，其幼鱼的生长速度明显快于比值为1．73～2．75的其他4个饵料组。     

影响萼花臂尾轮虫种群增长的生态学因子的研究：温度和饵料密度的影响

本文研究了在5个温度梯度和4个饵料密度的20个试验组合下，萼化臂尾轮虫（Brachionuscalyciflorus）的种群增长规律。结果表明，该轮虫实验种群的最适温度范围是28—32℃，临界高温是36－40℃；最适饵料密度是45－65×106个／ml。这两个生态因子的最佳组合是温度32℃，饵料密度为65×106个／ml，此时，种群达最大密度3．4×103个／ml。     

刺参稚参对蛋白质和脂肪需求量的初步研究

实验设计了粗蛋白水平分别为12％,18％,26％,32％,37％,44％,粗脂肪水平分别为3％,5％,8％,以藻粉、白鱼粉和酪蛋白等为主要原料的刺参实验饲料,用以饲喂平均体质量为0．90g的刺参(Stiehopus japonicus)。经过66d的饲养实验,测定了试验刺参的质量增长率．脏壁比和体成分等指标。结果显示,饲料中粗蛋白、粗脂肪水平对刺参的生长和脏壁比有明显影响。实验刺参在粗蛋白水平为18．21％～24．18％、粗脂肪为5％时获得最大生长,同时获得最低的脏壁比。体成分等指标没有受到饲料中粗蛋白和粗脂肪水平的明显影响。因此可以认为,刺参的最佳蛋白质和脂肪需要量分别为18.21％～24.18％和5％。     

东风盐场卤水中可溶性糖的研究──Ⅰ、盐田卤水中可溶性糖的季节变化及其与海盐产量和质量之间的关系

对东风盐场9个站位卤水中由藻类植物产生的可溶性糖浓度的变化规律及其与海盐产量和质量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，各站位可溶性糖含量的变化范围为0．7－124．3mg／L，以6月份最高，2月份最低；卤水中可溶性糖在111mg／L－215mg／L范围内，结晶盐的产量随卤水中可溶性糖含量的增加而提高，但同时降低了NaCl的含量，并增加了可溶性杂质及水分的含量，从而降低了盐质。初始可溶性糖浓度为111mg／L、137mg／L、160mg／L、193mg／L和215mg／L的25．4°Be’的卤水，在日照下实验12天，其对应结晶盐的NaCl含量分别为91．66％、90．63％、90．48％、90．23％和88．46％，可溶性杂质的含量分别为3．05％、3．32％、3．33％和4．54％。     

氯霉素暴露对杂色鲍免疫活性的影响

杂色鲍的免疫机能主要是由血细胞以吞噬的方式来完成．本研究将杂色鲍分别暴露在1、2、5Ixg／cm3不同含量氯霉素的水体中60d（每天暴露4h）,检测其主要免疫指标的变化．实验结果表明,经氯霉素暴露实验后,杂色鲍的主要免疫指标出现了下降．对照组与各药物含量组（1、2、5μg／cm3）中杂色鲍血细胞对溶藻弧菌的吞噬率分别为89．83％±3．66％、75．33％±4．89％、68．67％±5．05％和37．00％±9．21％;其吞噬指数分别为3．84±0．27、2．54±0．35、2．12±0．47和1．18±0．32;其血细胞密度分别为（2．72±0．33）×10’、（1．87±0．09）×10^7、（1．46±0．17）x10^7、（1．03±0．14）×10^7个／cmA^3．对照组与各药物含量组在水温3l℃高温胁迫下杂色鲍半致死时间（,Jk）分别为10、8、6、4h．各实验组的壳长、体重生长率、成活率与对照组比较,高含量组均显著小于对照组．含量为lμg／cm^3和2μg／cm^3的氯霉素暴露对杂色鲍的生长有轻微的促进作用．各实验组酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的酶活指标变化与氯霉素的暴露含量无明显相关性．     

淡化速度和幅度对凡纳对虾幼体存活和活力的影响

进行了淡化速度、幅度对凡纳对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的影响试验,结果表明：每36h和24h降低盐度2～3的两种淡化速度,对虾苗存活率较高,分别为86．7％和83．3％;淡化时间分别为396h和264h。每12h降低盐度2～3的淡化速度,从盐度29．7降至16．3,存活率为90．0％;从盐度16．3降至0,成活率为60.3％。每次降幅为1．3～1．4和2．6～2．7时,最终存活率较高,最终淡化到纯淡水中的存活率分别为83.3％和80．0％。每次降幅度为5.3～5．4时,在降到19．0以前,存活率都还较高,但此后的效果不佳,淡化至淡水时,成活率仅为53.3％。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.