单轴压缩条件下锚杆对含三维表面裂隙试样的锚固效应试验研究

在岩石相似材料试件中设置三维表面裂隙,制作不同锚固方式的试件,对其进行单轴压缩试验,研究锚杆对试件强度以及预置裂隙扩展模式的影响。试验结果表明,与无锚试件相比,4种加锚试件的抗压强度和压缩弹性模量均有不同程度的提高,而且锚杆对压缩弹性模量的增强效果比对抗压强度的增强效果更显著。4种加锚试件的残余强度大体相等,比无锚试件的残余强度提高了2.0～2.5倍。加锚试件的破坏过程大致分4个阶段:孔隙裂隙压密阶段、弹性变形至微弹性裂隙发展阶段、非稳定破坏阶段和破裂后阶段,试件表面宏观裂纹均出现在破裂后阶段。由于锚杆的加固止裂作用,预置裂隙的扩展模式发生变化,加锚试件内部出现了弧形破裂面和剪切薄弱面。试验中共出现3种裂纹:张拉裂纹、剪切裂纹和拉剪复合裂纹。     

加锚岩石抗弯特性试验研究

采用煤层顶板岩石作为加锚基体,用钢丝模拟锚杆,薄钢片模拟钢带,对加锚体进行了三点弯试验,并与常规试件进行对比分析。结果表明,因岩石抗压与抗拉性能的差异,试件在弯曲过程中,下表面拉应变的增长速度大于上表面压应变的增长速度,裂纹最先在下表面产生并逐渐向上发展。加锚试件,因锚杆改善了锚固区域岩石的力学性能,且钢带与锚杆共同承担了一定的拉应力,锚固试件抗弯能力有所增强。试件截面应力状态可以结合破坏过程分为3个阶段,第1阶段为弹性阶段;第2阶段为裂纹产生与扩展阶段,岩石承载能力逐渐劣化,拉应力逐渐向钢带转移,岩石裂纹发展受限,试件抗弯能力有较大提升;第3阶段为破坏阶段,锚杆失黏,挠度持续增加而试件承载能力趋于稳定。     

单轴压缩下含层理加锚岩石力学特性研究EI北大核心CSCD

为分析锚固方式和层理对加锚岩石力学特性影响规律,采用相似材料预制含层理岩石,室内钻取0°和90°层理标准试件,以45号钢加工而成的螺杆模拟锚杆,分别对试件进行端部锚固和全长锚固,从而得到不加锚杆、端部锚固、全长锚固3种试件,而后在MTS815岩石力学试验系统上对试件进行单轴压缩试验分析其变形、强度特征。结果表明:锚杆可提高岩石的强度,且层理方向和锚固方式影响其对强度的提高幅度。层理相同的加锚试件,全长锚固下岩石的抗压强度提高幅度大于端部锚固岩石;同一锚固方式下,90°层理加锚试件的单轴抗压强度提高幅度大于0°层理加锚试件。锚固方式不同,加锚试件的破坏形式亦有所差别。根据锚固方式不同,可将破坏形式分为剪切拉伸和剪切错断2种。锚固方式对加锚试件锚杆失效模式无影响,二者均表现为岩体与灌浆界面滑脱,但全长锚固与端部锚固所不同的是,全长锚固锚杆与岩石粘结长度更大,粘结强度更高,失效时可带出更多、更厚的岩石碎屑。     

单轴压缩下含层理加锚岩石力学特性研究

为分析锚固方式和层理对加锚岩石力学特性影响规律,采用相似材料预制含层理岩石,室内钻取0°和90°层理标准试件,以45号钢加工而成的螺杆模拟锚杆,分别对试件进行端部锚固和全长锚固,从而得到不加锚杆、端部锚固、全长锚固3种试件,而后在MTS815岩石力学试验系统上对试件进行单轴压缩试验分析其变形、强度特征。结果表明:锚杆可提高岩石的强度,且层理方向和锚固方式影响其对强度的提高幅度。层理相同的加锚试件,全长锚固下岩石的抗压强度提高幅度大于端部锚固岩石;同一锚固方式下,90°层理加锚试件的单轴抗压强度提高幅度大于0°层理加锚试件。锚固方式不同,加锚试件的破坏形式亦有所差别。根据锚固方式不同,可将破坏形式分为剪切拉伸和剪切错断2种。锚固方式对加锚试件锚杆失效模式无影响,二者均表现为岩体与灌浆界面滑脱,但全长锚固与端部锚固所不同的是,全长锚固锚杆与岩石粘结长度更大,粘结强度更高,失效时可带出更多、更厚的岩石碎屑。     

巷道浅层破碎围岩锚注加固承载特性试验研究

为明确巷道浅层破碎围岩锚注加固承载特性,开展了不同岩体粒径、岩性、锚杆数量等因素影响下对比试验。研究结果表明：（1）试件承载能力随粒径增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,与相同条件下无锚试件相比,含锚试件峰值应力平均提高了53.38%,峰值应变平均减小了46.43%。（2）含锚条件下,与支护面相对的自由面及附近为宏观破裂优先发展区域,支护面破坏一般均滞后于自由面,试件由拉伸破坏为主,逐渐过渡到拉剪混合式破坏;无锚条件下,试件以拉伸破坏为主。（3）锚杆数量增加,试件承载能力逐渐增大,但是增长速率逐渐变缓,峰值应变减缓与峰值应力增长拐点一致。（4）试件具有渐进再破坏的3个特征：一是应力峰值前产生的裂纹在峰后阶段继续扩展;二是支护面表面材料随着裂纹拉伸产生剥落;三是裂纹由表面逐渐向试件内部发展,先是岩块脱落,随后宏观破坏发展到锚杆区域,造成试件整体承载能力丧失。     

加锚岩体流变特性及锚固控制机制分析

通过室内蠕变试验和理论分析,对加锚改善岩石流变力学特性进行了研究,并探讨了锚固控制岩石流变的力学机制。采用RLJW-2000型流变试验机,对红砂岩及其加锚试件进行分级加载（100 h以上）单轴压缩试验,结果表明,加锚后岩石的流变应力阀值提高了20%～30%? c,且不同应力水平流变量均能得到一定控制,加锚使试件的长期强度增加了5%～10%? c。此外,基于整体协调变形原理,建立了加锚体流变本构方程,推导出了一维B-K模型解答,算例分析表明,锚杆密度越大,对岩石流变控制效果越好,得出锚杆等效刚度是约束岩石流变的主导因素,但从技术经济角度考虑,锚杆支护密度与岩石流变参数之间存在一个合理的匹配区间。研究结果对长期使用的岩体工程锚固支护设计提供了理论依据。     

基于颗粒离散元模型的不同加载速率下花岗岩数值试验研究

不同加载速率条件下岩石的力学特性,对于其动载下破裂内在机制的研究具有积极的意义。基于颗粒流理论,通过黏结颗粒模型（bonded particle model,简称BPM）虚拟实现不同加载速率0.001～0.500 m/s下花岗岩单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,定量分析加载速率对应力-应变、破裂形态、应变能率及声发射的影响。结果表明：单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度及其对应峰值应变随加载速率增加而非线性增长;单轴压缩作用下,随加载速率增加,试样由单一斜截面破坏向多斜截面破坏转变,且主控裂隙带宽度急剧增大,由裂纹数量及水平向高应变率区域变化规律可明显看出,试样破坏程度随着加载速率增加而逐渐加剧;巴西劈裂作用下试样从一条主控裂隙向多条主控裂隙转变,且裂纹向圆盘试样两侧边缘部分延伸,破坏程度加剧;单轴压缩和巴西劈裂作用下,声发射事件及应变能率均随加载速率增加而呈现出非线性增长趋势。     

不同岩石的抗压和抗拉破坏特征试验研究

为探究不同岩性岩石在发生破裂时的演化模式,采用声发射监测系统对大理岩、花岗岩、灰岩、砂岩的巴西劈裂试验和单轴压缩试验监测。试验结果表明,巴西劈裂试验应力变化为非线性变化和线性变化,且不同岩石在巴西劈裂破坏时会产生二次破坏;单轴压缩条件下不同岩样在发生破坏时具有典型的全应力–应变曲线特征,声发射参数变化随应力变化较为一致,但不同岩性对于声发射参数的响应存在差异;在劈裂和压缩过程中,振铃计数和撞击计数对于岩石破坏的发生更为敏感,且岩石越坚硬,发生破坏时释放的能量越多。     

含横向节理的柱状节理岩体力学特性试验研究

针对柱状节理岩体的构造特性,采用水泥砂浆等材料制作出具有不同柱体倾角且含有横向节理分布的柱状节理岩体模型,并通过单轴压缩试验,研究柱体倾角和横向节理对岩体各向异性力学特性及破坏机制的影响。结果表明：试样峰值强度和变形模量随柱体倾角变化曲线均近似为U形,并体现出典型的各向异性特征;随着柱体倾角的变化,试样单轴压缩破坏模式可分为垂直于柱体轴向的劈裂破坏、沿纵向节理面的剪切滑移破坏、滑移破坏与劈裂破坏同时发生的复合破坏和平行于柱体轴向的劈裂破坏4类;横向节理的存在降低了柱状节理岩体沿柱轴方向的完整性,并影响了劈裂破坏裂纹的分布与扩展,因此,横向节理切割柱体是影响柱状节理岩体承载能力的重要因素。     

基于图像检索技术的岩石单轴压缩破坏过程CT描述

基于X射线的CT扫描技术,因其具有多层位、对同一岩石试件可连续、无损扫描等优点,在岩石力学与工程研究中得到了广泛应用。对岩石单轴压缩破坏过程进行实时CT扫描,也是岩石力学研究的重要内容之一。针对三维显微CT试验系统实时监测煤岩单轴压缩破坏过程中,因位移误差会引起扫描层定位不准确,进而影响试验结果这一基本问题,提出了基于图像检索技术的CT扫描图像处理方法。通过对煤岩试样在单轴载荷作用下破坏过程的CT实时监测,并引入基于Manhattan距离的相似性计算方法,检索出岩石试件同一层位在不同应力状态下的相似扫描层。结果表明,采用图像检索的方法,可以有效地减小煤岩在加载破坏过程中位移误差的影响,更好地通过CT图像来描述煤岩在不同应力状态下的微裂纹分布状况和演化规律,从而在细观层次上揭示岩石在单轴压缩条件下破坏的基本规律。     

加锚预制裂隙类岩体锚固机制试验研究及其数值模拟

为研究锚杆对裂隙岩体的锚固机制及其影响因素,对预制锚固单排裂隙试件进行单轴破断试验。提出了主控裂纹的概念,即控制试件强度弱化和最终破坏的一条或几条大裂纹称为主控裂纹。在不同的锚固条件下主控裂纹会有不同的产状：在有效锚固范围内,裂隙试件具有横向和纵向两类主控裂纹,而在无锚或有效锚固范围之外的试件仅有纵向一条主控裂纹贯通。通过声发射和应力监测表明,在有效锚固范围内锚杆能延迟主控裂纹产生和提高裂隙试件强度。另外,利用ANSYS软件对不同锚固条件下的裂隙尖端应力强度因子进行数值计算,得到了锚固距离和锚固倾角与裂隙尖端应力强度因子之间的关系;通过FLAC3D模拟了不同锚固距离下主控裂纹贯通模式,数值模拟与试验结果比较吻合。     

Digital spatial cracking behaviors of fine-grained sandstone with precracks under uniaxial compression

X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging and digital image correlation techniques are applied to study spatial cracking behaviors of sandstone under uniaxial compression, in which the angle between precracks is 45°, 90°, and 135° and the crack depth is 7.5 mm and 10 mm, respectively. Layered anisotropy damages and spatial cracking evolution are quantitatively analyzed by the defined digital layered anisotropy index and digital damage ratio, respectively. Three cases with different array of precracks evidence the depth effects of precracks on spatial crack propagation. Results show that the failure process of samples is first controlled by the coalescence of surface cracks in 2D space and then the samples are failed by the propagation of coalesced cracks (shear cracks with different shapes). The crack types for samples with precrack depth of 7.5 mm are all shear cracks for Cases 1‑3. Nevertheless, the crack types for samples with precrack depth of 10 mm are, respectively, the half X-shape crack for Case 1, X-shape crack for Case 2, and double shell crack for Case 3. The precrack has a significant promotion effect on the failure process when the angle between the two precracks is β = 90°, and the precrack has little to no effect on the failure process when the angle between the two precracks is β = 135°. As the depth of precrack increases to 10 mm, the crack types are changed in this study. The peak strength of sample subjected to uniaxial compression decreases with increasing depth of precracks, implying the decrease of the rock strength by the discontinuity.     

单轴压缩条件下含三叉裂隙类岩石试样力学特性的细观研究

三叉裂隙是自然界普遍存在的一种岩体缺陷形式,其对岩体的力学特性有重要影响。对含预制三叉裂隙的水泥砂浆试样进行室内单轴压缩试验,配合使用摄像机拍摄裂纹的起裂、扩展、贯通过程,通过数字图像技术处理获取试样的应变场云图,并结合PFC2D程序研究不同?、? 条件下试样的强度特征、裂纹模式和裂纹演化扩展规律。研究表明：三叉裂隙对试样单轴抗压强度有明显的削弱作用。当? 恒定为120°时,试样在? = 30°时达到最大抗压强度;当? 恒定为90°时,随?增大,试样抗压强度呈先减小后增大的趋势,且当? = 45°时达到最大抗压强度。试样产生的裂纹可分为3类,分别是张拉型裂纹(Ⅰ型裂纹)、剪切型裂纹(Ⅱ型裂纹)、混合型裂纹(Ⅲ型裂纹)。这3类裂纹通常从裂隙尖端开始产生,并且Ⅰ型裂纹沿加载方向扩展,通常未扩展至试样边界;Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型裂纹通常与加载方向呈一定角度扩展至试样边界。通过对裂纹的几何形态和组成宏观裂纹的微裂纹成分的分析,得知导致含三叉裂隙试样在单轴压缩条件下失效的是张拉破坏。数字图像技术得到的应变云图表明,当载荷达到一定阶段,裂隙尖端出现应力集中,微破裂开始发育并聚集成微破裂区,微破裂区扩大产生宏观裂纹。通过对主应变和剪应变云图分析,发现导致试样失效的是张拉破坏,剪应变在裂纹扩展过程中的影响较小。     

乌鲁木齐地铁隧道互层岩体力学特性及几何特征因子敏感性模拟

为研究地铁隧道中软硬互层岩体力学特性及破坏机制,本文首先在乌鲁木齐泥岩、砂岩物理力学参数获取的基础上,对互层岩体物理力学参数进行微观参数标定,然后通过颗粒流数值模拟单轴压缩试验,分析互层岩体层厚、层厚比、岩层倾角作用下互层岩体强度响应规律及裂纹变化。分析结果表明：随着互层岩体层厚的增加,其单轴抗压强度在降低,裂纹数量也在降低,裂纹发展速度加快;随着互层岩体层厚比的增加,其单轴抗压强度在不断降低,在层厚比大于1时单轴抗压强度的变化相对稳定,且层厚比小于0.6时裂纹发展趋势较为快速,层厚比大于0.6时裂纹发展趋势较为缓慢;互层岩体岩层倾角的增加使单轴抗压强度的变化大体呈U字形变化趋势,40°时单轴抗压强度最低,90°时裂纹数量最多,发展趋势最为缓慢;由正交试验分析得出层厚比对单轴抗压强度敏感性最大,并分析得出了最优组合;最优组合为：层厚6 cm、层厚比0.1、岩层倾角0°。     

Effects of Grain Size on the Initiation and Propagation Thresholds of Stress-induced Brittle Fractures

Summary The microstructure of rock is known to influence its strength and deformation characteristics. This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation into the effects of grain size on the initiation and propagation thresholds of stress-induced brittle fracturing in crystalline rocks with similar mineralogical compositions, but with three different grain sizes. Strain gauge and acoustic emission measurements were used to aid in the identification and characterization of the different stages of crack development in uniaxial compression. Results indicate that grain size had only a minor effect on the stress at which new cracks initiated. Crack initiation thresholds were found to be more dependent on the strength of the constituent minerals. Grain size did have a significant effect, however, in controlling the behaviour of the cracks once they began to propagate. The evidence suggests that longer grain boundaries and larger intergranular cracks, resulting from increased grain size, provide longer paths of weakness for growing cracks to propagate along. This promoted degradation of material strength once the longer cracks began to coalesce and interact. Thus, rock strength was found to decrease with increasing grain size, not by inducing crack initiation at lower stresses, but through a process where longer cracks propagating along longer planes of weakness coalesced at lower stresses.     

Strength degradation and anchoring behavior of rock mass in the fault fracture zone

Rock mass in the fault fracture zone has some characteristics such as low strength and poor self-stability, so the control mechanism of stability has been a difficulty in the research of underground engineering. A set of laboratory simulation method of fault fractured rock mass is developed to reflect the natural forming process of fault fracture zone. Compared with intact rock mass, the fault fractured rock mass has an obvious degradation in strength and deformation parameters, and the degradation index is between 22.79 and 84.06%. The bolt has a certain supporting effect on the fault fractured rock mass, and in the situation of end anchoring, the greater the pretightening force is, the better the enforcement effect will be. The stress field produced by high pretightening force can relieve the stress concentration around the bolt hole and make the initial cracks of rock mass away from the bolt plate. The evolution curve of bolt axial force in the process of uniaxial compression of large-scale specimen shows four stages, which are the initial compression stage, pre-peak joint load-bearing stage, post-peak joint load-bearing stage and the residual stage. Research results could provide some theory reference for the stability control of rock mass in the fault fracture zone.     

循环冻融条件下节理岩体损伤破坏试验研究

通过循环冻融和相似材料试验,研究了节理岩体在冻融条件下的损伤破坏机制及其相应的力学特性。通过对经历冻融循环后的试件损伤破坏模式的观察和单轴压缩试验,重点研究了节理倾角、节理贯通度、节理条数、节理充填物厚度、节理充填物类型、试件饱和度、冻融循环次数等对试件冻融损伤破坏模式、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量的影响。研究发现：节理存在及其物理力学性质对岩体的冻融损伤破坏模式及强度均有很大影响。节理倾角通过影响冻融裂纹的起裂位置进而影响其破坏模式和强度;随着贯通度的增加,试件表面裂纹由稀变密;随着节理条数增加,试件受冻融影响明显加剧;随着节理充填物厚度增加,试件冻融损伤程度先增加后减小;节理充填物类型对试件冻融损伤程度也有一定影响;随着试件饱和度的增加,试件冻融损伤程度先减小后增加;随着冻融循环次数的增加,节理试件表面因冻胀引起的裂纹逐渐增多、变宽,且其抗冻融特性较完整试件差。上述研究成果对寒区岩体工程建设及安全运营具有重要的参考价值。     

Influence of inclination angles and confining pressures on mechanical behavior of rock materials containing a preexisting crack

To deeply understand the cracking mechanical behavior of brittle rock materials, numerical simulations of a rock specimen containing a single preexisting crack were carried out by the expanded distinct element method (EDEM). Based on the analysis of crack tips and a comparison between stress- and strain-based methods, the strain strength criterion was adopted in the numerical models to simulate the crack initiation and propagation processes under uniaxial and biaxial compression. The simulation results indicated that the crack inclination angle and confining pressure had a great influence on the tensile and shear properties, peak strength, and failure behaviors, which also showed a good agreement with the experimental results. If the specimen was under uniaxial compression, it was found that the initiation stress and peak strength first decreased and then increased with an increasing inclination angle α. Regardless of the size of α, tensile cracks initiated prior to shear cracks. If α was small (such as α ≤ 30°), the tensile cracks dominated the specimen failure, the wing cracks propagated towards the direction of uniaxial compression, and the propagation of shear cracks was inhibited by the high concentration of tensile stress. In contrast, if α was large (such as α ≥ 45°), mixed cracks dominated the specimen failure, and the external loading favored the further propagation of shear cracks. Analyzing the numerical results of the specimen with a 45° inclination angle under biaxial compression, it was revealed that lateral confinement had a significant influence on the initiation sequence and the mechanical properties of new cracks.