The spatial morphological determining mechanism in a evolution of RBD and its typical scenic tourist city： The case study of Yangshuo County

在讨论游憩商业区（RBD）定义与深度访谈的基础上,通过形状指数、土地利用动态度等指标测度典型旅游城市阳朔县RBD的形成与发展,并对其影响因素与成长机制进行路径分析,研究表明：（1）阳朔RBD的形成源于旅游业的发展,西街是RBD演变的初始地。以西街为基础衍生出“十字”、“工字”、南北“日字”与网状结构的RBD形态。1979～2005年,阳朔RBD空间形态上经历了从线性状态向网状的空间形态变化,而土地利用类型的动态变化经历了较长时期的平稳扩展时期后,2003～2005年开始急速扩展。（2）在土地市场、地方政府政策、大型事件以及外部控制等多种因素的影响下,阳朔RBD的变化呈现短期均衡,这种均衡是“旅游投资一旅游产业规模”,“游客人数一旅游产业规模”正反馈,“消费预期一游客人数”、“旅游121碑一游客人数”、“旅游产业规模一地价”负反馈共同作用下旅游用地从西街向其外围拓展,并不断循环的结果。（3）在客观存在的竞标地租与利益群体的集体选择行为下,阳朔RBD呈现从西街开始向外围扩展并最终形成以其为中心的网状结构。由于RBD的边界尚未有权威的界定,其外部性也没有办法得到量化。     

The application of very high resolution satellite image in urban vegetation cover investigation: a case study of Xiamen City

With the technological improvements of satellite sensors, we will acquire more information about the earth so that we have reached a new application epoch of observation on earth environmental change and cartography. But with the enhancement of spatial resolution, some questions have arisen in the application of using traditional image processing and classification methods. Aiming for such questions, we studied the application of IKONOS very high resolution image (1 m) in Xiamen City on Urban Vegetation Cover Investigation and discussed the difference between the very high resolution image and traditional low spatial resolution image at classification, information abstraction etc. It is an advantageous test for the large-scale application of very high resolution data in the future.     

应用高精度卫星图像进行城市植被覆盖调查:以厦门市为例

With the technological improvements of satellite sensors, we will acquire more informationabout the earth so that we have reached a new application epoch of observation on earthenvironmental change and cartography. But with the enhancement of spatial resolution, somequestions have arisen in the application of using traditional image processing and classificationmethods. Aiming for such questions, we studied the application of IKONOS very high resolutionimage (1 m) in Xiamen City on Urban Vegetation Cover Investigation and discussed the differencebetween the very high resolution image and traditional low spatial resolution image at classification,information abstraction etc. It is an advantageous test for the large-scale application of very highresolution data in the future.     

城市地域地表温度-植被覆盖定量关系分析--以深圳市为例

地表温度-植被覆盖间的关系一直是城市热岛研究的热点之一,两者均为描述生态系统特征的重要参数。本文利用深圳市2004年的ETM+影像,基于遥感技术提取相关的下垫面类型、地表温度和植被覆盖等信息,探讨不同下垫面类型对地表温度-植被覆盖关系的影响,并结合分形维度计算方法,比较不同分辨率下地表温度、植被覆盖及其相关关系的变化。研究结果表明,植被覆盖程度与地表温度之间存在明显的负相关,并且在不同的植被覆盖程度下,地表温度-植被覆盖关系呈现分段线性关系。下垫面类型及其组合主要通过植被覆盖的分布对地表温度产生影响。而在不同空间分辨率下(30m至960m),地表温度和植被覆盖的空间变异程度均表现为先升后降,在120m的分辨率下,两者的相关程度达到最高。结果证实区域植被覆盖状况可直接影响辐射、热动力以及土壤水分等多种地表特征,从而导致地表温度分异等。     

基于遥感的民勤绿洲植被覆盖变化定量监测

基于混合像元条件下的TM影像植被覆盖度遥感反演,定量研究了甘肃省民勤绿洲1987年至2001年植被覆盖时空变化的规律与特点。结果表明,15年中,民勤绿洲的植被覆盖发生了很大的变化,农田植被(耕地)面积增加了53.11%,而中、高盖度植被的面积却减少了25.21%,这对民勤绿洲的长久生态安全构成了严重的威胁。民勤绿洲植被覆盖变化的空间转化过程复杂,但总体属于开垦—植被退化型。15年中因开垦和植被退化而损失的中、高盖度植被达42204.81hm2,占原面积的81.73%,而且损失的主要是绿洲边缘的防风固沙植被,其中因开垦损失的面积为18776.08hm2,占损失面积的44.5%。超采地下水引起的地下水位快速下降是导致绿洲边缘天然和人工灌丛植被退化的主要原因。控制开垦并培育相对稳定的灌丛型植被,应该是研究区生态环境建设的重点。     

Dynamic change of net primary productivity and fractional vegetation cover in the yellow river Basin using multi-temporal AVHRR NDVI Data

An exponential relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and integrated NDVI has been found in this paper. Based on the relationship and using multi-temporal 8 km resolution NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of NPP and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 1982 to 1999 are analyzed. Finally, the effect of rainfall on NDVI is examined. Results show that mean NPP and fractional vegetation cover have an inclining trend for the whole basin, and rainfall in flood season influences vegetation cover most.     

Dynamic change of net primary productivity and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin using multi-temporal AVHRR NDVI Data

An exponential relationship between net primary productivity (NPP) and integrated NDVI has been found in this paper. Based on the relationship and using multi-temporal 8 km resolution NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data, the spatial distribution and dynamic change of NPP and fractional vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 1982 to 1999 are analyzed. Finally, the effect of rainfall on NDVI is examined. Results show that mean NPP and fractional vegetation cover have an inclining trend for the whole basin, and rainfall in flood season influences vegetation cover most.     

额尔齐斯河流域中亚段植被覆盖遥感动态监测

利用中亚北部额尔齐斯河流域2000-2008年的中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate ResolutionImaging Spectrometer,MOD IS)数据,分析了额尔齐斯河中亚段不同区域的归一化植被指数(Nor-malized D ifference Vegetation Index,NDVI)随季节变化的规律,并合成全年最大NDVI值代表当年植被最好时期的NDVI值,应用混合像元分解模型,计算研究区内的植被覆盖度并根据植被覆盖度的高低将研究区内的植被覆盖程度分为六个等级:无覆盖、极低覆盖度、低覆盖度、中覆盖度、中高覆盖度和高覆盖度。通过研究区内植被覆盖度的变化情况在一定程度上揭示研究区内植被变化情况。2000-2003年,研究区的植被覆盖水平有降低趋势,2003-2007年呈增加趋势,2007覆盖水平与2002年相近,2008年覆盖水平降低明显,为9 a来最低,是由研究区当年降水量减少引起;植被覆盖水平高的区域主要分布在研究区东北部的山区和西北部的平原区,植被覆盖水平较低的区域集中在流域中西部的干旱草原;高覆盖区域的植被覆盖年际变化幅度较中低覆盖区域的小。     

基于垂直带谱的南北过渡带1:5万植被类型图遥感制图研究——以太白山为例

The compilation of 1:250,000 vegetation type map in the North-South transitional zone and 1:50,000 vegetation type maps in typical mountainous areas is one of the main tasks of Integrated Scientific Investigation of the North-South Transitional Zone of China.In the past,vegetation type maps were compiled by a large number of ground field surveys.Although the field survey method is accurate,it is not only time-consuming,but also only covers a small area due to the limitations of physical environment conditions.Remote sensing data can make up for the limitation of field survey because of its full coverage.However,there are still some difficulties and bottlenecks in the extraction of remote sensing information of vegetation types,especially in the automatic extraction.As an example of the compilation of 1:50,000 vegetation type map,this paper explores and studies the remote sensing extraction and mapping methods of vegetation type with medium and large scales based on mountain altitudinal belts of Taibai Mountain,using multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data,previous vegetation type map and forest survey data.The results show that:1)mountain altitudinal belts can effectively support remote sensing classification and mapping of 1:50,000 vegetation type map in mountain areas.Terrain constraint factors with mountain altitudinal belt information can be generated by mountain altitudinal belts and 1:10,000 Digital Surface Model(DSM)data of Taibai Mountain.Combining the terrain constraint factors with multi-temporal and high-resolution remote sensing data,ground survey data and previous small-scale vegetation type map data,the vegetation types at all levels can be extracted effectively.2)The basic remote sensing interpretation and mapping process for typical mountains is interpretation of vegetation type-groups→interpretation of vegetation formation groups,formations and subformations→interpretation and classification of vegetation types&subtypes,which is a combination method of top-down method and bottom-up method,not the top-down or the bottom-up classification according to the level of mapping units.The results of this study provide a demonstration and scientific basis for the compilation of large and medium scale vegetation type maps.     

Classification of snow cover days in western China and comparison with satellite remote sensing data

The daily snow cover data from 232 meteorological stations to the west of 105°E in China for the period 1951–2004 were used to classify the snow cover and analyze decadal variations of snow cover types in western China, and comparison was made between the observational data and those retrieved from passive microwave remote sensing data (SMMR and SSM/I) in 1980–2004. The results show that stable snow-covered areas included northern Xinjiang, the Tianshan Mountains, and the eastern Tibetan Plateau with more than 60 snow cover days; no snow cover was found in the center of the southern Xinjiang Basin, the Sichuan Basin, and southern Yunnan. In addition to the above-mentioned, there were unstable snow-covered areas in western China. Furthermore, the snow cover types in northern Xinjiang, the Tianshan Mountains, the Hexi Corridor, and the vast areas from Chengdu to Kunming were unchanged. In the 1980s, the south-north dividing line between the major snow-covered area and snow-free area advanced to its most southern position. The snow cover days calculated from satellite remote sensing were generally longer than those from observational data in western China, mainly in the higher-altitude mountains, the Hexi Corridor, and the western Sichuan Plateau.     

植被NDVI对城市扩展及气候变化的响应——以西安及其附近区域为例

植被 NDVI 对城市扩展及气候变化响应研究,对于科学评估区域生态环境变化及调整与约束人类活动具有重要理论和现实意义。以西安及其附近区域为例,基于区域土地利用、MODIS NDVI、气温和降水数据,分析了植被 NDVI 对城市扩展及气候变化的响应,结果表明：（1）2000-2014 年研究区植被 NDVI 变化过程划分为2000-2007 年的显著增加阶段和2007-2014 年的显著减少阶段,前者主要分布于区域北部黄土高原、南部秦岭北坡,后者主要分布于区域中部关中平原尤其是西安及其附近区域。（2）2000-2015 年研究区建设用地增加1 428.27 km² ,建设用地增加区域植被 NDVI 呈显著减少趋势。（3）研究区植被 NDVI 与年降水量的相关性高于年平均气温,同时西安及其以南区域植被 NDVI 与年平均气温、年降水量均呈负相关关系,反映出城市扩展等人类活动对植被 NDVI 变化的影响超过了气候变化的影响。研究结果表明植被 NDVI 总体受气候变化控制,但局部受人类活动影响更为严重,并且植被 NDVI 对气候变化的响应表现出波动性,而对城市扩展表现出线性减少趋势性,为通过植被 NDVI 变化区分自然因素与人为因素对环境影响提供了可能。