The spatial—temporal dynamic characteristics of the marsh in the Sanjianlg Plain

Using the methods of combining landscape ecology with GIS spatial analysis,this paper analyses the dynamics of the marsh landscape stucture of the Sanjing Plain in the past 20 years,furthermore,taking Fujin County,located in the north of the plain,as an example,analyzes the conversion between marsh and other land use types.It is shown that the marsh in the Sanjiang Plain decreased greatly in the past 20 years,but the trend has begun to reverse,The marsh area decreased by 51.33% from 1980 to 1996,whereas it decreased by 4.19% from 1996 to 2000.The fragmentation of the marsh increased;the number of the patches increased by 326 from 1986 to 1996,whereas it only increased by 18 patches from 1996 to 2000,It is obvious that the speed of patches number diminished and the marsh fragmentation decreased,which shows that the reclamation of the marsh converted from the fragmentation to the brim in a large area of the marsh.The reclaimed marsh has mainly converted to paddy field and dry land .Large area of the marsh.The reclaimed marsh has mainly converted to paddy fiedld and dry land.Large-scale reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain influences its natural environment directly:the climate of the region turns from cold and wet to warm and dry,which makes the marsh both in the low-temperature northern part and in the deeply stagnant eastern part suitable for further agricultural development.     

Agricultural Climate Change and Wetland Agriculture Study under the Climate Change in the Sanjiang Plain

With linear curvefitting, Mann-kendall method and Yamamoto method, ≥10 ℃accumulated temperature and precipitation from May to September of 6 meteorological stations (Baoqing, fujin, Jiamusi, Hegang, Jixi and Hulin) from 1978 to 2007 were used to explore 30-year agricultural climate change and trend in the Sanjiang Plain. The results showed that ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature of the 6 stations have risen by 141.0 ℃ to 287.4 ℃ when estimated by their significant linear trends (n=30, α=0.05) over the last 30 years (1978 to 2007). The rates of warming for the last 30 years range from 4.70 ℃per year to 9.58 ℃ per year. There are not significant linear trends on precipitation from May to September of the 6 stations over the last 30 years. The period of 1978 to 1998 in which ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature is lower is consistent with that in which there is more precipitation from May to September, and warming and drying period has occurred in the Sanjiang Plain since 1999. Under the background of warming and drying agricultural climate, high yield cultivation of Phragmites australis and establishment of Phragmites australis-fish (crab) symbiosis ecosystem in natural mire are the ways for reasonable use of natural wetland. The area of paddy fields has been increasing from 7.25×104 ha in 1978 to 121.2×104 ha in 2006. It is proposed that paddy field range should not be expanded blindly toward the north in the Sanjiang Plain, and chilling injury forecast and prevention should be pay attention to. In the area that the chilling injury happens frequently, the rotation between rice and other crops should be implemented. Measures, which combine drainage, store and irrigation, should be taken instead of single drainage on comprehensive control of regional low and wet croplands to ensure controlling drought and flood.     

VECTOR ANALYSIS THEORY ON LANDSCAPE PATTERN （VATLP） IN SANJIANG PLAIN MARSH, CHINA

Landscape indices are popular for the quantification of landscape pattern. But all landscape indices being used so far are scalar quantity, which measure patterns without considering sufficiently the pattern size and the directionality together. Based on planar characteristics defined in mechanics such as centroid, moment of inertia, product of inertia, principal axes and so on, vector analysis theory on landscape pattern (VATLP) is explored here. Firstly we establish a coordinate system of centroidal principal axes (CSCPA) of a patch or patches. Some related new indices including those describing the direction of pattern distribution (patch orientation (PO), vectorial patch orientation (VPO)), and those indicating the shape of patch‘s equivalent ellipse (major axis (MJA), minor axis (M1A) and eccentric rate (ER)) are deduced. These landscape metrics are then applied to the pattern analysis of Sanjiang plain marsh, the study area. Two temporal vector-based data sets of the study area come from interpretation of remote sensing images M SS (1980) and T M (2000). The application of the theory captures some shape properties of riparian wetland in Sanjiang plain marsh. The dissymmetrieal featires of Sanjiang plain marsh around principal axes due to agricultural development could also be explained.     

Hydrochemical characteristics of salt marsh wetlands in western Songnen Plain

According to classification system of wetland in Ramsar Convention, salt marsh belongs to inland salt lake formed by regional hydrogeologic and climatic conditions[1]. In western Songnen Plain, the most distinct characteristic of water environment in salt marsh wetlands is that many water bodies have high salt contents and pH values, so salt marsh wetlands are categorized as a special natural synthesis[2]. 1 Natural environment in western Songnen PlainThe Songnen Plain lies to the east of …     

华北平原冬小麦种植面积变化及对地下水消耗的影响（英文）

The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in severe environmental problems. Accurate estimation of crop water consumption and net irrigation water consumption is crucial to guarantee the management of agricultural water resources. An actual crop evapotranspiration(ET) estimation model was proposed, by combining FAO Penman-Monteith method with remote sensing data. The planting area of winter wheat has a significant impact on water consumption; therefore, the planting area was also retrieved. The estimated ET showed good agreement with field-observed ET at four stations. The average relative bias and root mean square error(RMSE) for ET estimation were –2.2% and 25.5 mm, respectively. The results showed the planting area and water consumption of winter wheat had a decreasing trend in the Northern Hebei Plain(N-HBP) and Southern Hebei Plain(S-HBP). Moreover, in these two regions, there was a significant negative correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The total net irrigation water consumption in the N-HBP and S-HBP accounted for 12.9×10~9 m~3 and 31.9×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016, respectively. Before and after 2001, the decline rate of groundwater table had a decreasing trend, as did the planting area of winter wheat in the N-HBP and S-HBP. The decrease of winter wheat planting area alleviated the decline of groundwater table in these two regions while the total net irrigation water consumption was both up to 28.5×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016 in the Northwestern Shandong Plain(NW-SDP) and Northern Henan Plain(N-HNP). In these two regions, there was no significant correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The Yellow River was able to supply irrigation and the groundwater table had no significant declining trend.     

向海自然保护区鹤类生境优化水位的模拟

The probaility of crane living in reedy wetlands can reach 100%, at the same time,the area of reed ,the water level and adjacent water area are main factors which control the crane‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘s habitat selection.We all know that all these factors are spatially heterogeneous.For the Xianghai wetland safety and to protect the Xianghai wetland habitat of crane,this paper has mainly identified a solution to these problems.The wetland in formation is extracted from the TM images,which reflect the whole wetland landscape and are very important for both quantitative analysis of remote sensing observation of the earth system and positioning analysis in GIS database that is automatically extracted from DEM.The DEM for Xianghai characteristics of topography is created.On the basis of the GRID SUBMODULE,applying the GIS spatial overlay analysis,the relationship between the water level and the reed area below the water level and the rating distribution maps of reed area above water level is established ,When the water level reaches the altitude of 165 n ,the reed area,981.2 ha is maximum,i.e., the water level of 165 m is the optimal.     

河南沿黄湿地景观格局及其动态

By using GIS and remote sensing techniques, the paper discusses how human activities have changed along the Yellow River in Henan province, China and how these altered activities have influenced the wetland landscape pattern change from 1987 to 2002. Results show that the total area of the wetland reduces dramatically compared to 1987, the total area of wetland reduces by 19.18%, the number of the patches in 2002 increases by 21.17%, the density increases by 50%, and the total perimeter increases by 1,290,491 m. Disturbed by human activities, landscape diversity index decreases from 1.1740 in 1987 to 0.9803 in 2002. During the last 20 years, the total area of the rice wetland increases, while the others decrease. Among those, the area of the bulrush wetland decreases most. In 1987, it takes 0.5% of the total area, but in 2002, it only takes 0.11%. The interpenetration of human influences on the wetland natural system has been long and close. The impacts of human activities on the spatial pattern of the wetland landscape along the Yellow River in Henan from 1987 to 2002 are great.     

中国天山冰川生态服务功能及价值评估（英文）

Mountain glaciers, which perform a unique and irreplaceable ecological service, provide the material basis and characteristic cultural foundation of the ecological environment and sustainable socio-economic development in arid areas. However, few studies have estimated the service value of glaciers in regulating ecological environment and providing human welfare. According to the statistics of the First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory(FCGI/SCGI), this study analyzed the variations in glacier area and ice volume in the Tianshan Mountains in China and modeled the ecosystem service function of mountain glaciers. The service value per unit area and equivalent factor methods were combined to determine the annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area. The results show that:(1) In the period 1970–2010, the glacier area decreased by 1274 km~2(the ratio of area shrinkage was 13.9%) and the annual average decrease in ice volume was 4.08′10~9 m~3. The increase in glacier area at high altitudes( 5200 m) may be due to the fact that glacier accumulation caused by increasing precipitation is greater than glacier melting caused by rising temperatures.(2) The annual value of the ecological service provided by glaciers in the study area is 60.2 billion yuan. The values of climate regulation, hydrological regulation, and freshwater resource supply account for 66.4%, 21.6%, and 9.3% of the total value respectively. The annual value of the ecological service provided by hydroelectric power is 350 million yuan.(3) From a comparative analysis of the glaciers, forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems, the supply of freshwater resources/physical production and ecological regulation represent the main contributions of the four types of system, and the ecosystem service value of glaciers per unit area is higher than that of other types of ecosystem. This research will improve the understanding of the impact of glaciers on human welfare and maintenance of the ecological environment and will promote the ecological security of the cryosphere, environmental protection, and the sustainable use of resources.     

乌梁素海湿地环境演变

The environment evolution of Wuliangsuhai wetland since 1986 is analyzed based on the remote sensing principle. The total water area of Wuliangsuhai lake has been increased during the past 17 years. The open water area had an increasing trend before 1987, and the trend was decreasing up to 1996, then the trend has increased again since 2000; the variation of the water area with dense aquatic weed is basically contradictory to the variation of open water area. The natural reed area had been decreased before 1987, and then it has been increased. The areas of shallow water and swamp have been slightly increased, in fact, the variations are quite steady. The artificial reed area has been increased since the reed plantation was started in 1988. The relationships of the water environment, the climate, hydrology and different types of areas are discussed, and then the technological measures for sustainable development and utilization of Wuliangsuhai lake water environment are proposed.     

2000–2050年东北三省土地利用时空格局变化过程模拟及其生态服务影响研究（英文）

Land use and its dynamics have attracted considerable scientific attention for their significant ecological and socioeconomic implications.Many studies have investigated the past changes in land use,but efforts exploring the potential changes in land use and implications under future scenarios are still lacking.Here we simulate the future land use changes and their impacts on ecosystem services in Northeast China(NEC) over the period of 2000–2050 using the CLUE–S(Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent) model under the scenarios of ecological security(ESS),food security(FSS) and comprehensive development(CDS).The model was validated against remote sensing data in 2005.Overall,the accuracy of the CLUE–S model was evaluated at 82.5%.Obtained results show that future cropland changes mainly occur in the Songnen Plain and the Liaohe Plain,forest and grassland changes are concentrated in the southern Lesser Khingan Mountains and the western Changbai Mountains,while the Sanjiang Plain will witness major changes of the wetlands.Our results also show that even though CDS is defined based on the goals of the regional development plan,the ecological service value(ESV) under CDS is RMB 2656.18 billion in 2050.The ESV of CDS is lower compared with the other scenarios.Thus,CDS is not an optimum scenario for eco-environmental protection,especially for the wetlands,which should be given higher priority for future development.The issue of coordination is also critical in future development.The results can help to assist structural adjustments for agriculture and to guide policy interventions in NEC.     

The spatial-temporal dynamic characteristics of the marsh in the Sanjiang Plain

Using the methods of combining landscape ecology with GIS spatial analysis, this paper analyses the dynamics of the marsh landscape structure of the Sanjiang Plain in the past 20 years, furthermore, taking Fujin County, located in the north of the plain, as an example, analyzes the conversion between marsh and other land use types. It is shown that the marsh in the Sanjiang Plain decreased greatly in the past 20 years, but the trend has begun to reverse. The marsh area decreased by 51.33% from 1980 to 1996, whereas it decreased by 4.19% from 1996 to 2000. The fragmentation of the marsh increased; the number of the patches increased by 326 from 1986 to 1996, whereas it only increased by 18 patches from 1996 to 2000. It is obvious that the speed of patches number diminished and the marsh fragmentation decreased, which shows that the reclamation of the marsh converted from the fragmentation to the brim in a large area of the marsh. The reclaimed marsh has mainly converted to paddy field and dry land. Large-scale reclamation in the Sanjiang Plain influences its natural environment directly: the climate of the region turns from cold and wet to warm and dry, which makes the marsh both in the low-temperature northern part and in the deeply stagnant eastern part suitable for further agricultural development.     

1955~2010年小三江平原沼泽湿地景观格局变化及其对人为干扰的响应

以湿地变化较为剧烈的小三江平原为研究区域,以1955~2010年的地形图和Landsat TM遥感数据为数据源,采用网格分析法研究景观指数的时空分异规律,并分析不同时期人为干扰度对景观格局指数的影响。结果表明：① 从时间上看,1955~2010年小三江平原沼泽湿地的面积和最大斑块逐渐减小,斑块占景观比从52.87%下降到10.41%,最大斑块减少了47.6%,破碎化和分散性逐渐增加,连接度从1.02%增加到2.88%后下降为0.79%,呈先增加后降低的趋势,斑块的形状由复杂变得简单后又变得复杂,人为干扰度逐渐增加,从0.31%增加到0.6%;② 从空间上看,1955年研究区沼泽湿地景观由西南向东北破碎化逐渐减弱,1986年后变为由西南向东北破碎化逐渐增加的格局。沼泽湿地斑块类型所占景观面积比例和连接度指数的高值区主要分布在研究区的中部和东北部。人为干扰度的空间分布格局是由西南向东北逐渐减弱;③ 1955~2010年人为干扰对小三江平原沼泽湿地的邻近与连接程度的影响逐渐减弱,对沼泽湿地边缘密度影响逐渐增强,人为干扰对沼泽湿地斑块密度的影响主要受沼泽湿地面积的影响,人为干扰对沼泽湿地斑块的形状影响较小,沼泽湿地的优势景观控制力逐渐下降,人为干扰是小三江平原湿地面积减少的主要原因。     

三江平原近50年耕地面积动态变化序列重建

基于1950-2000年三江平原23个县市和3个农垦管理局耕地面积的统计数据,利用空间插值和线性时间内插方法对统计缺失数据进行插补,重建其50年耕地面积时空变化序列。重建的耕地面积变化序列显示,1950年该区域耕地面积仅有88.7万hm2,到2000年增至269.6万hm2,增加了203.9%,除20世纪60年代后期外,该区域耕地基本表现为持续增加。在空间变化方面,近50年三江平原耕地面积增加的重心表现为由早期的平原西部逐渐向中东部转移。耕地面积变化的主要原因在于该区域3个农垦管理局所辖的农场对自然湿地的大规模垦殖,其108.8万hm2的耕地面积几乎全部源于近50年的湿地垦殖。     

三江平原浓江、别拉洪河地区湿地退缩过程及其成因

20世纪50年代以来,三江平原北部的浓江、别拉洪河地区进行了大面积的开荒,使湿地面积迅速减少,同时耕地面积迅速扩大,湿地环境遭到严重干扰和破坏。本文应用景观生态学的方法,在遥感和地理信息系统的支持下,通过分析1954、1967、1976、1986以及2000年的土地利用数据,揭示研究区50年来的土地开发和湿地退缩过程。着重进行1954年与2000年、1976年与1986年景观的对比研究。并在此基础上进行了湿地面积退缩的原因分析,指出1954年以来人类开发活动是该地区湿地面积退缩的主要原因。     

三江平原湿地景观结构的时空变化

基于湿地是流域中重要的景观和生态系统的思想,结合已有历史资料和遥感资料进行不同时段景观制图和GIS分析,对三江平原挠力河流域湿地景观结构和50年 (1949~2000) 来时空变化进行了系统研究,得出的主要结论为：(1) 流域湿地具有特殊的纵向结构、横向结构的景观梯度特征和内部结构特征,并且景观梯度特征与流域地形梯度、水文梯度以及地貌结构特征相协调;(2) 流域湿地景观结构在人类活动干扰下发生了巨大变化：景观纵向结构从连续的基质景观变化为河岸带景观,横向结构从明显的景观类型梯度特征变化为单一类型景观,而景观内部结构特征则表现为镶嵌斑块体的不断丧失;(3) 大规模土地开发活动和水利工程建设是流域湿地景观结构变化的主要驱动力。     

三江平原不同流域水土流失变化特征分析

运用地理信息系统(GIS)结合美国通用水土流失方程(USLE),根据研究区现状合理选择USLE中水土流失各因子的计算方法,求算出三江平原1954年、1976年、1986年以及2000年的水土流失状况图。通过与2000年遥感普查结果进行对比,验证了方法的有效性。分别对三江平原六个流域水土流失变化情况进行分析,认为土地利用方式对水土流失有重要影响,农田开发是造成水土流失面积增加、强度增强的主要原因。土地垦荒活动强度降低以及部分旱地改种水田后,水土流失面积增加的幅度明显下降。     

三江平原沼泽湿地开垦及恢复对土壤硫酸盐还原菌数量分布的影响

对三江平原草甸沼泽土壤不同土地利用方式,小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）草甸、旱田和退耕地的土壤硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）数量及土壤pH、氧化还原电位（Eh）进行测定分析。结果表明,3种土地利用方式土壤硫酸盐还原菌数量（QSRB）均为10—30cm深度土壤高于0～10cm深度,且相同深度水平下,QSRB旱田〉QSR退耕地〉QSRB小叶章草甸;草甸沼泽土土壤pH、Eh随着湿地开垦及恢复过程,均呈先升高,再降低的趋势,均与土壤硫酸盐还原菌数量存在线性关系;土壤硫酸盐还原菌数量表现出明显的季节变化,春季硫酸盐还原菌数量最低,而秋季达到最高。     

大面积开荒扰动下的三江平原近45年气候变化

黑龙江省三江平原近45年来，经过大规模的开荒，农田已取代原来的沼泽和沼泽化湿地，成为现今三江平原的主要景观类型，其下垫面发生了巨大变化，采用1955－1999年三江平原地区21个气象台站的气温，降水，日照时数和气压4个要素的资料，分析近45年来三江平原的气候变化和发展趋势：用Yamamoto法和Mann-Kendall法对5年滑动平均的区域季节和年时间序列进行突变检测，定量地认述了三江平原地区的气候变化事实，对于各气候要素出现在20世纪60年代，70年代和80年代的突变事实，尤其是20世纪70年代以来的阶梯式的持续变暖事实，认为三江平原区域气候系统内部的变化可能是引起这些突变的直接原因。     

过去76年来射阳湖湖沼环境的动态变化

选用不同年代的地形图、以及遥感图象数据等信息源,用地理信息系统以及景观指数分析方法对射阳湖湖沼环境的动态变化进行了初步研究。结果表明,射阳湖的面积逐年减少,从1958年到1974年,射阳湖的面积减少了153.245km2,年均递减9.578km2,这两个时期的年均面积递减率是最大的。景观指数分析表明射阳湖湖沼湿地的破碎化程度和空间异质性越来越高。大量水利工程的修建导致上游来水减少是射阳湖面积减小的主要原因,滩地围垦、水产养殖业以及居民地扩展等是其变化的主要因素。     

三江平原抚远县景观格局变化研究

基于RS和GIS技术,应用集成地形图与遥感影像(MSS和TM)数据,获得抚远县6期景观类型图;通过计算各景观类型的相对变化率、转入和转出贡献率,应用景观格局分析方法,对1954~2005年三江平原抚远县湿地农田化过程进行分析。结果表明,1986年以后,耕地成为抚远县面积最大的景观类型;1954~2005年,各景观类型中耕地的相对变化率最大,1995~2000年间其相对变化率达到10.50;湿地的相对变化率在1976~1986年最大,为1.31%,湿地转出变为耕地的贡献率较大,这主要是湿地大面积被开垦为耕地的结果。景观指数在过去50多年间都发生了明显变化,最大景观形状指数(LSI)出现在1995年,为36.99;最大Shannon多样性指数(SH-DI)出现在1986年,为1.45;最大斑块聚集度指数(CONTAG)和斑块指数(LPI)出现在2005年,分别为64.14和53.35;最大斑块周长—面积分维数(PAFRAC)出现在1954年,为1.54。大规模农业开发与景观指数变化规律存在密切关系。