共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The theory that magnetic fields are instrumental in the formation and propagation of jets in active galactic nuclei dates
back four decades. Despite a recent growing consensus on this notion stemming from the results of numerical simulations of
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows near black holes, the precise dynamical role of magnetic fields in observed parsec and kiloparsec
jets remains uncertain. Some of the unanswered fundamental questions about extragalactic jets include the location where the
flow becomes relativistic and where acceleration and collimation terminate, as well as the specifics of how the flow interacts
with the ISM. Such observed properties as superluminal motions and wiggled structures based on numerical simulations to constitute
the foundation of an MHD paradigm for extragalactic jets. We particularly focus our attention to the M87 jet, which is one
of the best candidates to investigate relativistic outflows in extragalactic system. 相似文献
2.
Attilio Ferrari 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2004,293(1-2):15-26
I review the most recent results obtained in numerical simulations of jets from accretion disks, with specific reference to the phases of acceleration, propagation and termination. The approximations adopted, both in the physics and the numerical methods, are pointed out and possible developments are suggested. 相似文献
3.
Fabien Casse 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2004,293(1-2):91-98
In this proceeding I present recent works dealing with magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations describing resistive accretion disks continuously launching large-scale, self-collimated MHD jets. In particular, I discuss the physical conditions required to produce these outflows and the related numerical issues. As an illustration I also present axisymmetric MHD numerical simulations of such accretion-ejection engines, demonstrating the mechanism controlling these flows. 相似文献
4.
The jets observed to emanate from many compact accreting objects may arise from the twisting of a magnetic field threading
a differentially rotating accretion disk which acts to magnetically extract angular momentum and energy from the disk. Two
main regimes have been discussed, hydromagnetic jets, which have a significant mass flux and have energy and angular momentum
carried by both matter and electromagnetic field and, Poynting jets, where the mass flux is small and energy and angular momentum
are carried predominantly by the electromagnetic field. Here, we describe recent theoretical work on the formation of relativistic
Poynting jets from magnetized accretion disks. Further, we describe new relativistic, fully electromagnetic, particle-in-cell
(PIC) simulations of the formation of jets from accretion disks. Analog Z-pinch experiments may help to understand the origin
of astrophysical jets. 相似文献
5.
S. S. Komissarov & S. A. E. G. Falle 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,297(4):1087-1108
The large-scale flow produced by classical and relativistic jets in a uniform external medium is explored using a combination of general arguments and numerical simulations. We find that in both cases, jets with finite initial opening angles are recollimated by the high pressure in the cocoon and that the outer flow becomes approximately self-similar at large times. However, if the opening angle is significantly less than 20°, then there is an intermediate stage during which the working surface propagates at a constant speed, which is of the same order as that in the jet. The behaviour of the relativistic and classical jets is very similar, except that the relativistic jets generate lighter cocoons. Application of the model to Cygnus A gives estimates of the source age and advance speed which agree very well with spectral ageing observations. Quantitative estimates and general arguments suggest that the regularly spaced knots in the Cygnus A jet can be interpreted as shocks associated with reconfinement of an initially free jet, knot 3 of the Cygnus A jet being identified with the reflection point of the reconfinement shock. However, the model predicts too large an initial opening angle for the Cygnus A jets. It is possible that this discrepancy is due to our imposition of axisymmetry which allows the numerical jets to become much better collimated after the reconfinement than they would be in the three-dimensional case. Further study is needed to test this idea. 相似文献
6.
The combination of accretion disks and supersonic jets is used to model many active astrophysical objects, viz., young stars, relativistic stars, and active galactic nuclei. However, existing theories on the physical processes by which these structures transfer angular momentum and energy from disks to jets through viscous or magnetic torques are still relatively approximate. Global stationary solutions do not permit understanding the formation and stability of these structures; and global numerical simulations that include both the disk and jet physics are often limited to relatively short time scales and astrophysically out-of-range values of viscosity and resistivity parameters that are instead crucial to defining the coupling of the inflow/outflow dynamics. Along these lines we discuss self-consistent time-dependent simulations of the launching of supersonic jets by magnetized accretion disks, using high resolution numerical techniques. We shall concentrate on the effects of the disk physical parameters, and discuss under which conditions steady state solutions of the type proposed in the self-similar models of Blandford and Payne can be reached and maintained in a self-consistent nonlinear stationary state. 相似文献
7.
《New Astronomy Reviews》2002,46(2-7):365-379
Relationships between jet physics and the evolutionary phases of radio galaxies are discussed. This includes the connection between the properties of relativistic jets and the Fanaroff–Riley classes of radio galaxies and the interaction of jets with the interstellar medium in Gigahertz Peak Spectrum and Compact Steep Spectrum Radio Sources. Jets in Seyfert galaxies are compared with those in classical radio galaxies and recent work suggesting that there are major differences between the two types of jets is summarized. The proposed major differences are principally that Seyfert jets are thermally dominated with subrelativistic speeds whereas Radio Galaxy jets are relativistic electron/positron flows. Hence, the production of jets in Seyferts and radio galaxies are fundamentally different. 相似文献
8.
Patrick Hartigan 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,287(1-4):111-122
This review focuses on physics of the cooling zones behind radiative shocks and the emission line diagnostics that can be used to infer physical conditions and mass loss rates in jets from young stars. Spatial separations of the cooling zones from the shock fronts, now resolvable with HST, and recent evidence for C-shocks have greatly increased our understanding of how shocks in outflows interact with the surrounding medium and with other material within the flow. By combining multiple epoch HST images, one can create `movies' of flows like those produced from numerical codes, and learn what kinds of instabilities develop within these systems. 相似文献
9.
The banded structures observed on the surfaces of the gas giants are associated with strong zonal winds alternating in direction with latitude. We use three-dimensional numerical simulations of compressible convection in the anelastic approximation to explore the properties of zonal winds in rapidly rotating spherical shells. Since the model is restricted to the electrically insulating outer envelope, we therefore neglect magnetic effects.A systematic parametric study for various density scaleheights and Rayleigh numbers allows to explore the dependence of convection and zonal jets on these parameters and to derive scaling laws.While the density stratification affects the local flow amplitude and the convective scales, global quantities and zonal jets properties remain fairly independent of the density stratification. The zonal jets are maintained by Reynolds stresses, which rely on the correlation between zonal and cylindrically radial flow components. The gradual loss of this correlation with increasing supercriticality hampers all our simulations and explains why the additional compressional source of vorticity hardly affects zonal flows.All these common features may explain why previous Boussinesq models were already successful in reproducing the morphology of zonal jets in gas giants. 相似文献
10.
Markus Böttcher 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,307(1-3):69-75
Some recent developments in the study of relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei and microquasars are reviewed. While
it has been well established for some time that extragalactic jets found in radio galaxies, quasars, and BL Lac objects are
the site of ultrarelativistic particle acceleration, the recent identification of the Galactic jet source and microquasar
LS~5039 as a source of very-high-energy gamma-ray emission has underlined the striking similarity between the two types of
astrophysical jet sources. In this paper, I will present an overview of the dominant radiation and particle acceleration processes
and observational tests to distinguish between such processes. The wide-ranging analogies between Galactic and extragalactic
jets, but also their distinct differences, in particular those caused by the presence of the companion star in Galactic microquasar
systems, will be exposed. 相似文献
11.
Resolution improvements achieved with the ongoing space VLBI mission VSOP provide an excellent opportunity for studying compact, parsec-scale jets in active galactic nuclei. Visibilities on space baselines contain structural information that cannot be recovered by super-resolving ground-array data at the same frequency. We illustrate this by discussing the results of recent VSOP observations of parsec-scale jets in 0836+710 and 3C273. 相似文献
12.
Lourdes De Juan Luis Colina Ismael Pérez-Fournon 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1993,205(1):209-216
We have used a numerical method based on elliptical fitting of isophotes to analyse the structural parameters of three pairs of elliptical galaxies containing radio jets. The relationship between tidal interactions and radio activity is also investigated. 相似文献
13.
The origin of zonal jets on the jovian planets has long been a topic of scientific debate. In this paper we show that deep convection in a spherical shell can generate zonal flow comparable to that observed on Jupiter and Saturn, including a broad prograde equatorial jet and multiple alternating jets at higher latitudes. We present fully turbulent, 3D spherical numerical simulations of rapidly rotating convection with different spherical shell geometries. The resulting global flow fields tend to be segregated into three regions (north, equatorial, and south), bounded by the tangent cylinder that circumscribes the inner boundary equator. In all of our simulations a strong prograde equatorial jet forms outside the tangent cylinder, whereas multiple jets form in the northern and southern hemispheres, inside the tangent cylinder. The jet scaling of our numerical models and of Jupiter and Saturn is consistent with the theory of geostrophic turbulence, which we extend to include the effect of spherical shell geometry. Zonal flow in a spherical shell is distinguished from that in a full sphere or a shallow layer by the effect of the tangent cylinder, which marks a reversal in the sign of the planetary β-parameter and a jump in the Rhines length. This jump is manifest in the numerical simulations as a sharp equatorward increase in jet widths—a transition that is also observed on Jupiter and Saturn. The location of this transition gives an estimate of the depth of zonal flow, which seems to be consistent with current models of the jovian and saturnian interiors. 相似文献
14.
Yoshiaki Kato 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,307(1-3):11-15
In spite of the large number of global three-dimensional (3-D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of accretion disks and
astrophysical jets, which have been developed since 2000, the launching mechanisms of jets is somewhat controversial. Previous
studies of jets have concentrated on the effect of the large-scale magnetic fields permeating accretion disks. However, the
existence of such global magnetic fields is not evident in various astrophysical objects, and their origin is not well understood.
Thus, we study the effect of small-scale magnetic fields confined within the accretion disk. We review our recent findings
on the formation of jets in dynamo-active accretion disks by using 3-D MHD simulations. In our simulations, we found the emergence
of accumulated azimuthal magnetic fields from the inner region of the disk (the so-called magnetic tower) and also the formation
of a jet accelerated by the magnetic pressure of the tower. Our results indicate that the magnetic tower jet is one of the
most promising mechanisms for launching jets from the magnetized accretion disk in various astrophysical objects. We will
discuss the formation of cosmic jets in the context of the magnetic tower model. 相似文献
15.
Michael D. Smith Alexander Rosen 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(2):691-700
Molecular outflows and the jets which may drive them can be expected to display signatures associated with rotation if they are the channels through which angular momentum is extracted from material accreting on to protostars. Here, we determine some basic signatures of rapidly rotating flows through three-dimensional numerical simulations of hydrodynamic jets with molecular cooling and chemistry. We find that these rotating jets generate a broad advancing interface which is unstable and develops into a large swarm of small bow features. In comparison to precessing jets, there is no stagnation point along the axis. The greater the rotation rate, the greater the instability. On the other hand, velocity signatures are only significant close to the jet inlet since jet expansion rapidly reduces the rotation speed. We present predictions for atomic, H2 and CO submillimetre images and spectroscopy including velocity channel maps and position–velocity diagrams. We also include simulated images corresponding to Spitzer IRAC band images and CO emission, relevant for APEX and eventual ALMA observations. We conclude that protostellar jets often show signs of slow precession but only a few sources display properties which could indicate jet rotation. 相似文献
16.
自从人们获得河外射电源的第一个结构图像以来,30多年时间已经过去了。在这段时间的后半期,人们对许多源中的喷流状结构作了大量研究。目前,我们正在分析所获得的有关喷流的第一代结果。这包括高分辨率观测,数值模拟和理论研究等诸方面的成就。在本文 详细地讨论河外射电源中的喷流。 相似文献
17.
L.Scheck M. A.Aloy J. M.Martí J. L.Gómez E.Müller 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,331(3):615-634
We study the influence of the matter content of extragalactic jets on their morphology, dynamics and emission properties. For this purpose we consider jets of extremely different compositions, including pure leptonic and baryonic plasmas. Our work is based on two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of the long-term evolution of powerful extragalactic jets propagating into a homogeneous environment. The equation of state used in the simulations accounts for an arbitrary mixture of electrons, protons and electron–positron pairs. Using the hydrodynamic models, we have also computed synthetic radio maps and the thermal bremsstrahlung X-ray emission from their cavities.
Although there is a difference of about three orders of magnitude in the temperatures of the cavities inflated by the simulated jets, we find that both the morphology and the dynamic behaviour are almost independent of the assumed composition of the jets. Their evolution proceeds in two distinct epochs. During the first one, multidimensional effects are unimportant and the jets propagate ballistically. The second epoch starts when the first larger vortices are produced near the jet head, causing the beam cross-section to increase and the jet to decelerate. The evolution of the cocoon and cavity is in agreement with a simple theoretical model. The beam velocities are relativistic ( Γ ≃4) at kiloparsec scales, supporting the idea that the X-ray emission of several extragalactic jets may be due to relativistically boosted CMB photons. The radio emission of all models is dominated by the contribution of the hotspots. All models exhibit a depression in the X-rays surface brightness of the cavity interior, in agreement with recent observations. 相似文献
Although there is a difference of about three orders of magnitude in the temperatures of the cavities inflated by the simulated jets, we find that both the morphology and the dynamic behaviour are almost independent of the assumed composition of the jets. Their evolution proceeds in two distinct epochs. During the first one, multidimensional effects are unimportant and the jets propagate ballistically. The second epoch starts when the first larger vortices are produced near the jet head, causing the beam cross-section to increase and the jet to decelerate. The evolution of the cocoon and cavity is in agreement with a simple theoretical model. The beam velocities are relativistic ( Γ ≃4) at kiloparsec scales, supporting the idea that the X-ray emission of several extragalactic jets may be due to relativistically boosted CMB photons. The radio emission of all models is dominated by the contribution of the hotspots. All models exhibit a depression in the X-rays surface brightness of the cavity interior, in agreement with recent observations. 相似文献
18.
用Sekanina 等的方法和小波处理方法分别对1997 年3 月3 日至5 日在紫金山天文台行星室观测得到的海尔- 波普彗星的近核现象CCD 图像加以增强处理和分析比较,明显地从CCD 图像还原出壳层(shell) 和喷流(jet) 结构,结果表明小波处理方法比Sekanina 等的方法在小视场图像处理中效果更佳 相似文献
19.
The ZaP sheared-flow Z-pinch produces high density Z-pinch plasmas that are stable for up to 2000 times the classical instability times. The presence of an embedded radial shear in the axial flow is correlated with the observed stability, and is in agreement with numerical predictions of the stability threshold. The case is made that using a higher-Z working gas will produce supersonic plasma jets, consistent with dimensionless similarity constraints of astrophysical jets. This would allow laboratory testing of some regimes of astrophysical jet theory, computations, and observations. 相似文献
20.
M. Bocchi J. P. Chittenden A. Ciardi F. Suzuki-Vidal G. N. Hall P. de Grouchy S. V. Lebedev S. C. Bott 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2011,336(1):27-31
The aim of this work is to model the jets produced by conical wire arrays on the MAGPIE generator, and to design and test
new setups to strengthen the link between laboratory and astrophysical jets. We performed the modelling with direct three-dimensional
magneto-hydro-dynamic numerical simulations using the code GORGON. We applied our code to the typical MAGPIE setup and we
successfully reproduced the experiments. We found that a minimum resolution of ∼100 μm is required to retrieve the unstable
character of the jet. We investigated the effect of changing the number of wires and found that arrays with less wires produce
more unstable jets, and that this effect has magnetic origin. Finally, we studied the behaviour of the conical array together
with a conical shield on top of it to reduce the presence of unwanted low density plasma flows. The resulting jet is shorter
and less dense. 相似文献