S变换数据重构地震映像在六威线六盘水车站煤窑采空区勘探中的应用

地震映像对现场施测条件的要求较低,非常适合小煤窑采空区的勘探,应用前景十分广泛.传统的地震映像方法通常通过观察岩溶附近绕射波的方法来识别,但常常受制于噪声的影响,探测效果不佳,制约了该项技术的发展.本文提出在选择最佳偏移距,最佳频段的基础上,将地震映像资料经S变换数据重构至频率域,以地震波频率衰减的强弱作为识别物探异常区域的标志,并将其应用至六威线六盘水车站煤窑采空区铁路工程物探中,经过与同测线超高密度电法资料对比,物探异常分布基本一致,且与钻孔验证吻合.通过对地震映像法资料进行S变换等特殊处理,为小煤窑采空区物探技术发展提供了一种新思路.     

江西某核电站选址地质灾害研究及防治对策

本文通过对江西某核电站选址及附近详细的地质灾害调查,结合拟选场地的地质环境条件分析,对地质灾害发育特征进行了仔细的研究,并进行了地质灾害预测;重点是覆盖岩溶区地面塌陷的易发性研究,根据岩溶地面塌陷产生的地质条件和诱发影响因素,采用了定性-半定量判别法评价岩溶地面塌陷的易发性;并针对核电站工程建设布局提出了相应的防治对策建议;为工程建设选址提供地质科学依据。     

可控源音频大地电磁法在岩溶塌陷勘察中的应用

本文利用可控源音频大地电磁法对广西来宾市吉利村的岩溶塌陷分布特征进行了研究,研究结果表明吉利村岩溶塌陷主要沿断层带发育,并预测了部分隐伏断层-管道型岩溶塌陷隐患,给出了具体位置.可控源音频大地电磁法可以大致圈定断层引起的强岩溶发育区域,为寻找这类岩溶塌陷提供可靠的依据,但对地下隐伏岩溶塌陷位置、埋深、规模、充填物性质等的探测还需结合其他物探方法.     

岩溶区地下溶洞综合物探探测试验研究——以福建省永安大湖盆地为例

基于隐伏岩溶区地下溶洞的发育特征对城市开发建设的影响,利用综合物探方法开展灰岩区地下溶洞探测试验研究,获得地下溶洞探测物探方法的有效性具有重要的理论意义和应用价值.通过对包括福建永安大湖盆地内两处岩溶国家地下水监测井钻孔旁在内的三条综合物探剖面选用电测深法、高密度电法和微动探测法进行试验,并与钻孔资料进行对比分析、总结各种方法的岩溶物性特征,为探测地下溶洞提供物理依据.试验结果表明:区内地下溶洞在电测深和高密度电法勘探结果上主要表现为低阻异常,在微动探测成果上表现为S波速度低速异常;视S波速度为300～850 m/s及视电阻率小于100Ω·m的半圈闭低阻异常,可作为研究区判断地下溶洞的地球物理依据.上述三种地面物探方法探测地下溶洞的有效性依次是:电测深法高密度电法微动探测法.对隐伏岩溶大范围进行地面探测时应结合测区的实际条件(如地质构造、地下水、溶洞充填物等情况)选用综合物探方法,并进行对比映证,从而揭示研究区的隐伏溶洞的分布发育规律,以此来指导岩溶区工程勘察,为钻探孔布置提供地球物理依据,减少钻探工程量和缩短探测周期.     

高密度电法与GMD法在灰岩区滑坡勘查中的应用

灰岩区滑坡勘查通常采用物探查明覆盖层厚度、岩溶洞穴、滑面位置等工程地质条件,分析滑坡形成机制,但物探解译往往没有结合工程地质分析和力学机制分析进行,使解译的成果与工程实际差别较大.我们利用高分辨率电阻率成像技术,勘查了江西省南部的九连山山脉某复杂滑坡,识别了滑体与基岩之间的不连续面,并圈定了可能存在岩溶的区域和潜在滑面;对这个地质条件复杂、岩溶多点分布的滑坡进行定线定点钻探,并对视电阻率色谱图与工程地质剖面进行对比分析,确定了岩溶存在区域、滑动地层岩性和埋藏深度;最后,考虑高密度电法和钻孔约束的关键滑面和岩溶分布范围,利用FLAC2D对进行滑坡二维应力应变动态响应分析,反演复活滑坡变形破坏的全过程.发现该类型滑坡为深埋的重力斜坡,兼具圆弧滑动和平滑两种方式,明显地具有倾向于中前缘的岩溶洞穴沉降塌陷引起的牵引式滑动特征.该综合方法的运用结果表明:灰岩区滑坡勘查,应充分考虑地质条件-岩溶分布对斜坡稳定性的影响,重点位置多重布线、主滑方向平行布线,可获得切合实际双极-偶极数据生成的电法成像;等间距高密度电法视电阻率色谱图可初步划分出地层岩性和灰岩区的分布区域;钻探法可约束地层的分布情况及滑面位置;而GMD法计算结果可验证上术两种方法确定的地层参数,反演复活滑坡的动态响应全过程,提高物理参数解译的可靠性.该方法对灰岩区滑坡勘查设计和科学治理具有积极意义.     

镇江大杨林岩溶塌陷及地裂缝灾害机理分析

镇江大杨林地区发生的民房墙体开裂、地面裂缝等地质灾害现象,从破坏特征看,应属地面塌陷和地裂缝共同作用的结果。根据地质调查资料,辅以物探（csAMT法）、钻探、槽形钻等工程勘查手段,基本查明了该地区内地质灾害发生的地质环境背景、形成条件及影响因素,重点分析了岩溶塌陷及地裂缝的形成机制。认为地下水开采是诱发岩溶塌陷的主要因素,并由此引发了居民区墙体及地面开裂,地袁水入渗侵蚀与持续干旱天气促进了农田地裂缝的形成。     

中国岩溶区的地震及其震害特征

对岩溶塌陷及诱发地震进行了初步探讨。塌陷及其地震对水利工程的危害，已成为岩溶发育区最重要的环境岩土工程问题之一。     

综合物探方法在碳质灰岩库区岩溶渗漏带调查中的应用研究

桂林市全州县洛潭水库常年处于不能正常蓄水状态,水量少,水位浅,为了查明桂林市全州县洛潭水库岩溶渗漏带发育的位置,为帷幕灌浆提供依据,笔者采用综合物探方法对库区进行研究,研究结果表明:受碳质灰岩影响,高密度电法及跨孔电阻率透视对低阻异常体辨识度降低,高密度电法低阻反演异常体范围变大,α2装置对低阻异常体的分辨率小于β装置,跨孔电阻率透视在低阻异常段电阻率等值线容易形成圈闭现象;在碳质灰岩地区,地震折射法、地震反射法及微动法受碳质影响小,采用该三方法组合的方式能较好的确定岩溶渗漏带发育的位置及分布范围;1号岩溶渗漏带分别通过7-2测线515~534 m测点段及大坝钻孔ZK1~ZK2,7-2测线534~592 m测点段为1号岩溶渗漏带隐患区;2号渗漏带分别通过7-2测线655~672 m测点段及大坝钻孔ZK7~ZK8,钻孔ZK6~ZK7为2号岩溶渗漏带隐患区,1、2号渗漏带主要为裂隙渗漏.     

岩溶地面塌陷区地质灾害治理措施分析

人类活动是岩溶地面塌陷问题的主要诱导因素,其对岩溶地面塌陷区域地质造成了一定的不利影响。本文从已塌陷区域、未塌陷不稳定区域两个方面入手,结合检测、控制渗漏、坍塌坑处理、控制抽水等岩溶地面塌陷区域地质灾害的治理原则,提出了动力压深夯实、灌浆法、清除添堵法等多种岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害的治理方法,以便为岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害治理效果的提升提供有效的依据。     

电磁波CT技术在城市隧道岩溶勘查工程中的应用

随着城市发展过程越来越快,交通与环境的矛盾日益突出,为了保全地面建筑物,采用隧道方案也越来越多。城市岩溶探测以钻探为主,再辅以高密度电法、浅层地震反射法等传统物探方法,这些方法效率低,且受场地条件限制,很难实施。电磁波CT技术作为近些年发展起来的地球物理探测技术,具有分辨率高、野外作业便利等优势,可以较好的揭露地下岩溶发育规模及特征。本文在传统的数据处理基础上,运用电磁波CT探测技术,通过反演设置最低限值、选用反射投影结果作为初始模型、利用低通滤波和角度限制技术和采取连续测线模式架构程序进行归一化计算处理等处理技术方法,大大提高电磁波CT资料解译的精确度。研究表明,电磁波CT探测技术在岩溶勘查中有很好的应用效果,探测结果对于城市隧道工程建设具有较大的指导意义。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.