松辽盆地南部钱家店铀矿床姚家组砂岩地球化学特征及地质意义

沉积物的地球化学成分在沉积岩物源分析及构造背景的研究中具有重要的作用.对研究区4口钻孔中的姚家组砂岩进行了详细的岩石学和地球化学研究,结果显示,砂岩碎屑颗粒石英含量最高,长石次之,岩屑含量最低,平均值分别为42%、37%和21%,具有锆石+钛磁铁矿+石榴子石的重矿物组合,反映源岩以酸性岩浆岩或变质岩为主,Dickinson判别图解表明物源主要来自于大陆物源区;姚家组砂岩的稀土元素以轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦、中度铕负异常为特征.砂岩CIA值为52.02~60.16,平均值为56.69,反映了干燥气候背景下弱的化学风化作用.源岩属性判别图解表明源岩为再旋回的古老沉积物及长英质火山岩.主量、微量和稀土元素的构造背景判别图解综合表明姚家组砂岩物源区为被动大陆边缘构造环境,结合区域构造演化,认为姚家组砂岩的物源为华北克拉通北缘燕山陆内造山带发育的火山-沉积岩系.      

鸡西盆地白垩纪碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源的制约

鸡西盆地白垩系包括下白垩统滴道组、城子河组、穆棱组、东山组、猴石沟组及上白垩统海浪组等。白垩纪碎屑岩主量元素地球化学特征具有高SiO2、低Fe2O3、FeO、MgO的特点,说明白垩纪碎屑岩的源岩主要为长英质岩石。岩石的稀土元素具轻稀土元素富集,重稀土相对亏损,具弱的负Eu异常,其特征类似于上地壳特征。白垩纪碎屑岩微量元素的含量与上地壳微量元素的含量基本一致。综合分析砂岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的地球化学特征和构造判别图解,可以认为,城子河组砂岩主要反映被动大陆边缘的源区构造背景,穆棱组砂岩反映活动大陆边缘源区背景,猴石沟组砂岩反映的源区为大陆岛弧源区构造背景。结合古水流方向和岩屑所反映的源区岩性特点,认为小兴安岭—张广才岭造山带构造杂岩是鸡西盆地白垩纪沉积碎屑岩的主要物源。但随着物源区剥蚀深度的增加,基底古老变质岩也占有相当的比重。     

一个前寒武纪安底斯复理石——皖南羊栈岭组复理石的岩石学及地球化学

晚元古代羊栈岭组复理石的砂屑岩为岩屑杂砂岩,石英含量中等,富含火山岩及浅变质岩岩屑与长石。复理石沉积时有中酸性岩浆喷出。轻矿物、重矿物以及岩屑特征表明,复理石的物源区由中酸性火山岩、花岗岩、浅变质岩及沉积岩组成。砂屑的颗粒格架组分及常量元素与稀土元素地球化学特征一致说明,复理石盆地是在实底斯型构造背景下发育的弧间盆地。     

一个前寒武纪安底斯复理石--皖南羊栈岭组复理石的岩石学及地球化学

晚元古代羊栈岭组复理石的砂屑岩为岩屑杂砂岩,石英含量中等,富含火山岩及浅变质岩岩屑与长石。复理石沉积时有中酸性岩浆喷出。轻矿物、重矿物以及岩屑特征表明,复理石的物源区由中酸性火山岩、花岗岩、浅变质岩及沉积岩组成。砂屑的颗粒格架组分及常量元素与稀土元素地球化学特征一致说明,复理石盆地是在实底斯型构造背景下发育的弧间盆地。     

西秦岭造山带徽成盆地早白垩世地层物源综合分析

徽成盆地是西秦岭造山带内一个具有代表性的盆地,保留较完整的地层记录.早白垩世田家坝组、周家湾组和鸡山组为一套砂砾岩沉积组合序列.本文通过对早白垩世砂岩的古水流恢复、砾石成分与含量、重矿物和地球化学分析,对沉积岩物源区特征和原型盆地进行探讨.古水流恢复和砾石成分统计表明,沉积物主要是近源堆积,主要来自于盆地南缘和北部.重矿物研究结果表明,早白垩世砂岩母岩以岩浆岩为主,并有少量变质岩/沉积岩.地球化学分析表明,早白垩世砂岩为成熟度较低的硬砂岩和长石/岩屑砂屑岩.稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦和弱Eu负异常特征.砂岩物源区组成判别图研究表明,早白垩世砂岩的物源区主要出露长英质火山岩.砂岩源区构造环境判别图解及特征指数分析表明,早白垩世砂岩源区主要形成于大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘.结合区域资料和前人研究,表明早白垩世徽成地区发育走滑拉分盆地.     

南堡凹陷新近系馆陶组砂岩地球化学、构造背景和物源探讨

对南堡凹陷馆陶组(粉)砂岩的主量、微量及稀土元素的地球化学特征研究表明：多数主量元素含量中等,SiO₂、Al₂O₃等主元素含量及其相关比值反映大多数砂岩属于岩屑砂岩和长石砂岩,个别为杂砂岩;镁铁族元素(Co,Cr,Ni,Sc,V)和大离子亲石元素(Rb,Cs,Ba,Sr)含量类似于上地壳。砂岩十分相似的REE分布模式显示了相似的物源和构造背景。SiO₂-K₂O/Na₂O图解、主元素双变量判别图解及Th-Sc-Zr/10和Th-Co-Zr/10等构造背景判别图解均表明,馆陶组物源区属于活动大陆边缘构造背景。根据主元素物源判别方程图、La/Sc-Co/Th和Th-Hf-Co图投影及(Gd/Yb)_N值,表明馆陶组物源主要来自由长英质岩石组成的后太古宙上陆壳。通过与燕山地区不同时代(期)中酸性火山岩和花岗岩REE的对比,表明母岩主要来自燕山褶皱带地区于燕山期发育的中酸性火山岩和/或花岗岩体。     

云南思茅盆地江城上白垩统勐野井组稀土微量元素特征及地质意义

沉积盆地中碎屑岩的地球化学成分主要受物源区控制,因此,通过分析碎屑岩的化学成分可以揭示盆地沉积岩的源区构造背景和物源属性。思茅盆地上白垩统勐野井组（K2me）细碎屑岩的稀土元素组成分析结果表明,研究区沉积物具有轻稀土元素富集,较平坦的重稀土元素分布模式,以及中等程度 Eu 负异常的总体特征。根据样品的（Hf-La/Th、La/Sc-Co/Th和REE-La/Yb）图解,特征性微量元素比值（La/Sc、Sc/Th、Cr/Th 和 Co/Th）,并结合岩矿薄片分析,认为勐野井组细碎屑岩具有典型的上陆壳特征,源区母岩以长英质岩石为主。微量元素 Cr/Co 结合岩相古地理的分析显示勐野井组细碎屑沉积物应属于近源沉积。通过与不同构造背景下杂砂岩的稀土元素特征对比及主元素（K2O/Na2O-SiO2/Al2O3和SiO2-K2O/Na2O）判别图解,勐野井组细碎屑岩源区构造背景应属被动大陆边缘环境,这与思茅盆地所处的三江造山带构造背景相符。     

红色泥岩层系地球化学特征及物源分析——以松辽盆地东南隆起区上白垩统姚家组为例

对松辽盆地东南隆起区姚家组地层进行系统的地球化学分析,结果表明:本区细碎屑岩中含有较多的稳定组分。通过对微量元素PAAS标准化及稀土元素标准化曲线配分模式研究,研究区内姚家组地层应来自同一物源区。CIA值及Th/U值表明源区经历了中等的风化作用;Th/Sc和Zr/Sc比值变化范围小,地球化学特征基本受源岩控制,物源区岩石未经过沉积再搬运。根据源岩构造背景判别图解,并结合前人的研究成果认为:姚家组地层的母岩主要为花岗岩(海西期和燕山期),并有少量燕山期中酸性喷出岩;源岩来自大陆边缘,为大陆岛弧火山岩系。通过Sr/Cu,Ni/Co,V/Cr,U/Th等比值综合分析,姚家组沉积时为干热气候,水体富氧,因此造成姚家组厚层的红色泥岩沉积。     

广西十万大山盆地扶隆坳组地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了探究广西十万大山盆地扶隆坳组地球化学特征及其地质意义,在显微镜下对研究区砂岩进行了系统鉴定、碎屑颗粒组分统计,并利用ICP-MS对该区泥岩样品进行了微量元素和稀土元素分析,结果显示扶隆坳组砂岩碎屑颗粒组分石英颗粒含量较高,长石含量较少,岩屑以浅变质岩屑为主,Dickinson图解显示物源区为再旋回造山带;泥岩样品的REE受成岩作用改造微弱,且主要来自陆源碎屑矿物,源岩主要为沉积岩及花岗岩岩石;稀土元素和微量元素相关参数显示晚三叠世扶隆坳沉积时期气候相对湿热,沉积了一套以陆相沉积环境为主的碎屑岩。综合前述认识,结合本区构造演化史,推断扶隆坳组物源供给主要来自晚泥盆世-早石炭世钦防海槽沉积的硅质岩、硅质页岩及泥岩,源区构造背景兼有活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘的性质。     

赣中相山铀矿田基底变质岩原岩恢复及其形成环境

微古化石资料和前人研究表明,相山铀矿田基底变质岩原岩时代为新元古代青白口纪。文章通过野外地质调查和系统采样对这套变质岩的原岩组成和形成环境进行了分析。大部分变质碎屑岩样品以中等Si O2含量、高的K2O/Na2O值和较高的Fe2O3T+Mg O及低的Ca O含量为特征。所有样品的稀土元素具有∑REE总量较大、轻稀土富集和Eu亏损的特征。稀土元素分布模式图解中各样品的总体组成模式相当接近,稀土配分型式为右倾式,与后太古宙页岩和上地壳相似。西蒙南图解和涅洛夫图解表明,神山组原岩主要为复矿物砂岩和长石砂岩,库里组原岩主要为石英岩质砂岩及长石砂岩;上施组原岩主要为长石砂岩及少量硅质泥灰岩、泥质砂岩。结合变余构造特征分析认为,这套变质碎屑岩形成于滨浅海—陆棚沉积环境。所有样品中Th/Sc比值变化范围较小(0.5~1.1),而Zr/Sc比值变化范围较大(8~24),揭示了变质岩源区成分复杂,可能经过多次沉积循环。在Th-Sc-Zr/10和La-Th-Sc图解中,大部分数据落入大陆岛弧区,说明该套岩石可能沉积于靠近大陆岛弧的相关盆地。Hf-La/Th图解表明,原岩的物源大部分来源于古老地层的抬升剥蚀,酸性岛弧源区仅占少数,说明其沉积时期岩浆活动并不明显,而物源区伴有构造隆升,结合地化特征分析推测赣中相山基底变质岩原岩形成于华夏地块与扬子板块后碰撞伸展环境下的残留海盆。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.